Bearing Capacity of Backfill Body and Roof Stability During Strip Coal Pillar Extracted with Paste Backfill

2351 working face with paste backfill method of Daizhuang coal mine in eastern China is selected as engineering background, bearing characteristics of backfill body and supporting intensity of hydraulic support during coal pillar mining with paste backfill are researched. Researches show that: Even if the confining pressure is only 1 Mpa, the paste backfill material shows typical plasticity hardening. The overlying strata of working face with paste backfill method include fractured zone, continuous deformation zone, don’t include caved zone. The distribution of vertical stress above the backfill body is not a horizontal line nor presents saddle-shaped, but presents a wave distribution. The stress above backfill body does not appear abrupt change but tends to be increasing at first and stable at last. The mechanical model of roof stability during coal pillar mining with paste backfill is built, and the mechanics related formula of supporting intensity is also concluded. The hydraulic supports used in 2351 working face can control the roof subsidence effectively, but the efficiency of hydraulic supports is lower, which should be optimized properly.     

A New Analytical Solution for the Stress State in Inclined Backfilled Mine Stopes

There are several good reasons for using backfill in underground stopes, including a reduction of mine wastes on the surface and the improvement of ground stability. Backfilling is now commonly used in underground operations worldwide, so practical methods are required to assess the stress state in stopes, on the surrounding rock mass and on support structures. The majority of existing analytical solutions for the stresses have been developed for vertical openings. In practice, stopes often have inclined walls, and this affects the stress state. Recent numerical studies have shown how the stresses distribution in inclined backfilled stopes is influenced by stope geometry and backfill strength. It has also been shown that existing analytical solutions do not capture the essential tendencies regarding these influence factors. In this paper, a new solution is proposed for the vertical and horizontal stresses in backfilled stopes with inclined walls. This solution takes into account the variation of the stresses along the opening height and width, including the difference between the hanging wall and footwall, for various inclination angles of the walls. Key results are presented and validated using recently performed numerical simulations.     

金属矿山阶段嗣后充填胶结充填体矿柱力学模型分析

矿柱宽度和充填体自立高度是阶段嗣后充填顺利实施的重要影响因素。基于弹性力学平面应变基本假设,建立阶段嗣后胶结充填体矿柱力学模型并进行理论求解。以某铁矿为工程分析实例,采用控制变量法（CVM）研究矿柱不同宽度、高度条件下,水平应力和剪应力的变化规律。研究表明：矿房极限宽度和高度分别为19.8 m和103.2 m。胶结充填体矿柱水平应力随矿柱高度的增高而逐渐增大;剪应力在矿柱中心位置达到最大,且高度越大,剪应力值也越大。在胶结充填体矿柱与非胶结充填体接触侧剪应力趋于定值。矿柱宽度分别为15、18、20 m时,其剪应力分别为243.8、292.6、325.1 kPa。而产生剪应力的主要原因是非胶结充填体受水平应力作用在与胶结充填体矿柱接触面产生滑动摩擦力所致。     

Arching in Inclined and Vertical Mine Stopes

Hydraulic fills are one of the most common backfills used by mining industries to backfill the stopes (voids) created after extracting the ore. It is important to estimate the stresses within to the stope to design the drainage and barricades. Most of the existing analytical models for the estimation of stresses within the stopes consider flat rectangular elements to include the effects of arching, although a continuous compression catenary arch of principal stresses using intersections of shear lines is the reality in field situations. In this paper, a circular compression arch of principal stresses has therefore been used to derive a general expression for stress within the inclined stopes. The results have been compared with the existing analytical and numerical models for vertical stopes as well as inclined stopes. A methodology has been presented to determine the vertical stress variation along the width of stope at different depths. The variation of stresses along the width of stope is also presented graphically.     

Design of backfilled thin-seam coal pillars using earth pressure theory

In underground coal mining any increase in coal recovery rate is dependent on a decrease in pillar size. Backfilling is one way of reducing the required size of pillars and hence the volume of coal left underground. Therefore any comparisons made between a self-supported mine layout and backfill supported mine layout are based directly on pillar design. The most effective way to examine the effect of backfill on pillar support, and subsequently the rate of recovery, would be to incorporate the mechanisms of backfill support directly into the current design procedure for coal pillars. This paper presents a review of the mechanics of backfill support, a method of estimating the magnitude of that support based on earth pressure theory, and an example that incorporates backfill support into current coal pillar design.     

Research and application of roadway backfill coal mining technology in western coal mining area

In China’s western coal mining area, the traditional room mining technology is facing coal pillar instability, mine earthquake, large-area roof subsidence in the goaf, surface subsidence, water and soil loss, vegetation deterioration, and other environmental problems. To solve the aforementioned problems and to improve coal recovery, the roadway backfill coal mining (RBCM) method was proposed as a solution and its technical principle and key equipment were presented in this paper. In addition, the microstructure and mechanical behavior (strain-stress relation in confined compressive test) of aeolian sand and loess backfill materials were studied for a rational backfill design for underground mines. Further, coal pillar stress, plastic zone change, and surface deformation of the RBCM schemes were studied using the FLAC^3D numerical simulation software, and a reasonable mining scheme of “mining 7 m and leaving 3 m” was determined. The engineering application in Changxing Coal Mine shows that the RBCM method with loess and aeolian sand as backfill materials allows a stable recovery of coal pillars with a recovery ratio of more than 70 %. The maximum accumulated surface subsidence and the maximum horizontal deformation were measured to be 15 mm and 0.8 mm/m respectively, indicating that the targeted backfilling effect can help protect the environment and also control surface subsidence.     

添加絮凝药剂的尾矿砂浆充填材料的单轴抗压强度试验研究

尾矿充填主要包括3种类型：尾矿砂浆充填、尾矿糊状充填（paste fill）和废矿石充填（rock fill）,其中前面两种充填属于水力充填,第3种属于干式充填。3种充填方法在加拿大的矿山都有应用。压缩强度和渗透性是水力充填材料的关键力学特性,直接影响井下充填的效果。一方面,为了使充填材料具有一定的强度,必须在尾矿砂浆（slurry backfill）材料中添加水泥,其用量非常大,水泥在充填成本中占有很大的比例。另一方面,尾矿砂浆水力充填是利用水力旋流器来分级固体颗粒,颗粒较细的部分将通过溢流派到废矿池中,颗粒较粗的部分回收利用作为井下充填的材料使用,有时充填的尾矿数量不够,需要另外购置砂子混合作为充填材料。如何减少水泥的使用量和从水力旋流器底流增加尾矿砂的细颗粒的固体部分产量,以达到节约充填成本的目的,一直是矿山企业所面临的重要课题。为此,专门研究絮凝药剂对尾矿砂浆充填材料的单轴抗压强度的影响。研究结果表明,絮凝药剂能够大幅度地提高尾矿砂浆充填材料的强度,而且絮凝药剂使用量有一个最优值,使强度达到最大。当过量使用絮凝药剂,尾矿砂浆充填材料的强度则有所降低。     

Development of Specimen Curing Procedures that Account for the Influence of Effective Stress During Curing on the Strength of Cemented Mine Backfill

Paste backfill used to provide ground support in underground mining is generated from full-stream tailings and is almost always placed underground with cement. For the backfill, both the rate of strength development and the final strength are important considerations for design, particularly when the backfill is subsequently exposed in the stope-mining sequence. There is strong evidence that strengths measured on specimens obtained from coring the in situ cemented backfill are much greater than laboratory-cured specimens with the same cement content. The paper reviews some of the experimental evidence showing that one of the major reasons for the different strength is the difference in effective stress acting on the backfill during curing. Laboratory specimens are (almost) always cured under zero total stress, so no effective stress develops. In contrast, backfill in a stope may cure under high effective stress, which develops due to either “conventional” consolidation in free-draining backfills, or to the so-called “self-desiccation” mechanism in fine-grained fills. Evidence is presented showing how the final strength is affected by applying stress to specimens at different stages of curing and at different rates. It is shown that a fully-coupled analysis of the filling behaviour is required to determine the appropriate effective stress regime to apply in curing laboratory specimens, where “fully-coupled” in this context means taking account of the interaction of consolidation/drainage rate, filling rate and cement hydration rate. Curing protocols for laboratory specimens are proposed, which would ensure that the strengths obtained are representative of in situ conditions.     

复杂应力下充填体破坏能耗试验研究

应用先进的MTS和INSTRON刚性伺服试验机对不同灰砂比的充填体进行了常规三轴、无侧限单轴动态、静态抗压强度试验,测得了各种相关力学参数,得到了对应的荷载-位移和应力-应变全曲线,根据所得试验力学参数和压缩试验的性质,将单个试件、单位体积、单位质量的破坏能耗作为考查指标,计算了三轴和单轴抗压动态、静态加载方式下的破坏能耗,计算过程中消除了负位移产生的不利影响,通过统计回归建立和分析了围压与能耗的函数关系和不同情况下破坏能耗的变化及规律,对矿山顺利回采矿柱、维护采场及巷道顶板稳定、控制地压、防止地表塌陷、环境保护等具有现实意义。     

沙曲矿区地应力及采场地压的综合监测与分析

作为典型复合型顶板的矿山,沙曲矿区的工程地质条件受到多条构造带影响,采煤工作面顶底板均为不稳定性软岩,并含少量裂隙水。为了调查该矿区的地应力条件及地压规律,本文在沙曲矿区的主要开拓巷道中开展了6个地点的地应力测试,结果表明该矿区的地应力场比较均匀,属于准静水应力场。采用现场应力套孔解除和室内围压率测定的方法得到最大水平主应力数值在20.11～22.87(MPa)之间,侧压系数在2.25～2.85范围内,属较高应力;针对24101等工作面的大采高综采巷道进行了煤柱支承压力的现场监测,结果表明24101工作面的巷道煤柱应力分布特点可以分为塑性破坏区、峰值应力区和原岩应力区;同时,对南翼14204工作面顶板进行了离层监测和锚杆测力计载荷观测,结果进一步揭示了随着时间的推移,巷道顶板稳定性的衰减主要是由于离层数量的增加所造成的规律。该地应力及采场地压的综合监测及分析结果对沙曲矿区的支护设计和安全生产具有重要指导和实用价值。     

Design methods for stopes and sill pillars with application to the Zinkgruvan Mine,central Sweden

Summary The design of pillars in cut-and-fill mining and open stoping in vertical and subvertical orebodies is of vital importance in optimizing mining operations. The primary requirement for a good and reliable design technique is the ability to represent the actual physical behaviour of the pillar. In this paper, a new methodology for stope roof and sill pillar design is proposed for the Zinkgruvan Mine in Sweden. Studies of failure modes, local geology and rock mass characteristics were carried out to correlate failure modes to different geomechanical environments. For preliminary design, crude and ready-to-use stress level criteria were extracted from simple linear elastic modelling. More detailed modelling was used to simulate observed failures in a mechanically realistic manner and, at the same time, to help identify the fundamental failure mechanisms. Once the correct models and input parameters were identified, a set of guidelines on choice of model and parameter values were produced. The models can be used for design of new mining areas at Zinkgruvan, and the methodology could also be applied to other mines with similar geomechanical conditions.     

地下综合管廊穿越地裂缝变形与受力特征研究

以西安市昆明路地下综合管廊穿越f3地裂缝为研究对象,基于有限元数值模拟分析了地裂缝错动作用下分段地下综合管廊的变形与受力特征。结果表明:地裂缝错动作用下地下管廊顶板竖向沉降变形整体上呈现反“S”形特征,其变形量随地裂缝错动量的增大而增大;管廊结构纵向变形大致可划分3个变形段即下盘翘曲变形段、不均匀沉降段和上盘整体沉降段;在管廊设计使用寿期100 a内地裂缝错动量为50 cm时,管廊接头部位顶板的水平位移在地裂缝带处达到峰值,为4.1 cm,而底板水平位移为3.2 cm,管廊接头部位易发生张开、错位破坏现象,应予以加固;在地裂缝带附近,上盘管廊底板的接触压力减低至0,存在底板脱空现象,应预留注浆孔便于必要时进行注浆加固处理,而下盘管廊底板的接触压力则有明显增大的趋势;当地裂缝错动量超过20 cm时管廊结构顶、底板的拉应变超过了混凝土的极限拉应变,管廊变形破坏模式主要为拉张破坏。研究结果可以为西安市及其他地裂缝发育区地下综合管廊穿越地裂缝带的结构设计提供科学依据。     

屈服矿柱渐进破坏及应力分布数值模拟

采用拉格朗日元法,在矿柱端面上不存在水平方向摩擦力条件下,模拟了屈服矿柱的剪切带图案、渐进破坏特征、水平应力及垂直应力分布及演变。在弹性阶段,煤的本构关系为线弹性。峰值强度后煤的本构模型取为莫尔库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的应变软化模型。数值计算结果表明,矿柱具有渐进破坏特征。破坏首先以剪切带的形式发生在矿柱的4个角上。然后,矿柱两帮的剪切带逐渐向矿柱内部发展,形成两套剪切带网络,直到两套网络重叠,并进一步演化。倾斜的剪切带多次穿透矿柱。当矿柱处于峰值强度后,矿柱水平及垂直应力分布曲面已经变得凹凸不平。凹陷、凸起区分别对应剪切带中心及边缘。矿柱中部的水平应力较边缘大。因此,其边缘的强度较中心低。严格地讲,水平及垂直应力的分布不是单调的,呈现锯齿型。其原因是矿柱发生了条带状局部破坏。矿柱承载能力的不均匀性由矿柱水平应力的不均匀性所决定。     

Improving Short- and Long-term Stability of Underground Gypsum Mine Using Partial and Total Backfill

The stability of underground mines represents a key issue for active and abandoned mines. Over the last few years, several collapses of underground mines in France have affected existing buildings and infrastructures. Many factors are generally identified as the cause of failures: pillar ageing, fractures, and pillars’ height to width ratio, etc. Among the treatment techniques available to prevent instability and reduce the deterioration of pillars, backfill is the most frequently used. A research programme, supported by the French Ministry of the Environment, was developed to study the operability of partial and total backfill using waste material in the Livry-Gargan gypsum mine (near Paris, France), where pillar height is 17 m. The paper focuses on: (1) the characterisation of the gypsum and fill material (laboratory and in situ tests), (2) the in situ measurements, involving 5 pillars equipped with 19 pressure cells, since 1999, (3) and numerical modelling of fractured pillars performed in order to improve understanding of the effects of backfill on the stability of room-and-pillar mines. The study clearly shows the operability and the advantages of partial and total backfill for short-term pillar stability. The induced horizontal pressure generated by backfill can reach 200 kPa. The use of numerical modelling also shows the effect of backfill on fractures and that backfill reduces indicatively the shear displacement and the opening of fractures. Numerical modelling helps in identifying the mechanisms of backfill and in a better understanding of the behaviour of backfilled mines.     

深井复合顶板条件下沿空留巷充填体水平方向稳定性分析

针对深井沿空留巷充填体常向巷道空间发生移动,分析深井复合顶板条件下充填体水平位移特征,计算顶底板对充填体的摩擦力和基于弹性地基梁理论下的采空区冒落矸石对充填体的水平挤压力。基于淮南矿区顾桥矿1115（1）工作面轨道顺槽典型深井复合顶板条件下沿空留巷工程地质条件,建立充填体力学计算模型,得到深井复合顶板条件下沿空留巷充填体内移表达式。结果表明,（1）由于复合顶板裂隙发育,垮落后具有较好的流动性,在关键块旋转下沉过程中容易对充填体产生水平挤压力,且复合顶板能够较大程度吸收关键块旋转下沉施加的给定变形,底板不易插底,充填体更易发生内移;（2）理论计算充填体位移量为0.38 m,实测位移量为0.5 m,二者能够吻合,验证了研究成果的正确性。根据充填体内移特点,提出抗剪锚杆等措施增加充填体和顶底板摩擦因数和在靠近充填体的采空区侧设置隔离桩的控制技术。     

Applications of numerical modelling in underground mining and construction

Numerical modelling has been used to investigate a variety of problems in underground mining and tunnelling: subsidence induced by longwall coal mining; stresses generated when an open stope is filled cemented backfill and the stability of exposures created during subsequent mining of adjacent stopes; the interaction of two tunnels; and the effects of under-mining a pre-existing tunnel and shaft. In each case, results from nonlinear stress analyses can be used to guide the design of excavations and rock support mechanisms.     

A solution to estimate the total and effective stresses in backfilled stopes with an impervious base during the filling operation of cohesionless backfill

Mining backfill is commonly used in underground mines. A critical concern of this practice is to evaluate the pressures and total stresses in backfilled stopes to ensure a safe and economic design of barricades, constructed to retain the backfill. When a slurried backfill is placed in a mine stope, excess pore water pressure (PWP) can instantaneously generate and progressively dissipate. The dissipation of the excess PWP and consolidation lead to the development of effective stresses, which in turn lead to an arching effect in the backfilled stope. Until now, arching effect has been largely considered for stress estimation in dry or submerged backfill. The former corresponds to the final state at the end process of the drainage and consolidation of the backfill with a pervious while the latter with an impervious barricade. However, previous studies have shown that the most critical moment for the stability of barricades is during the stope filling. Therefore, the design of barricades requires a proper estimation of the pressure and total stresses during the filling operation. This in turn needs joint consideration of the arching effect and consolidation of the backfill. In this paper, a new solution is developed to evaluate the pressures and stresses in backfilled stopes during the filling operation of cohesionless backfill by considering the self-weight consolidation and arching effect. The proposed solution is validated by numerical modeling with Plaxis2D. It can thus be used to evaluate the pressures and stresses in backfilled stopes during the stope filling with an impervious barricade.     

Lateral Variation of the Vertical Stress in Underground Mine Stopes Filled with Granular Backfills

Marston’s theory and its modifications are widely used to predict the average vertical stress variation with depth within mine stopes. However, this does not model the lateral variation in vertical stress at a particular depth. In this study, a mathematical expression to simulate the vertical stress variation is developed using the experimental shear stress data of granular backfill. The developed model is validated against average vertical stress measured in the experiment. Therefore, the developed model has the advantage of determining both the average vertical stress and its distribution respectively, at a particular depth and a cross sectional area of the mine stope.     

Coupling Rheological Behavior of Rock Mass Supported with Rockbolts Based on the Point Load Model

Rockbolts can be regarded as a permanent support structure for underground engineering. However, the coupled rheological mechanism between rockbolts and rock mass remain poorly understood. In this research, the rock mass supported with discretely mechanically or frictionally coupled rockbolts with the point load model was investigated. At first, the elastic solutions of the coupling model were solved. Subsequently, the viscoelastic analytical solutions were acquired by applying the Laplace inverse transforms. Finally, the effect of viscosity coefficients and supporting parameters on the coupling model rheological behavior were explored. The results indicated that the angle of rockbolts support has a greater influence on the radial stress and tangential stress of the rock mass in the elastic state, but has little influence on the rheological state. Moreover, the roof, the interface between the left wall and right wall should be supported strengthen; the viscosity coefficient has little influence on the radial stress and tangential stress in the rheological state and has a negative correlation with the radial displacement. In order to limit the displacement in the rheological state of the rock mass, we choose the rockbolts with a large viscosity coefficient.