矿山地质环境图件编制方法探讨——以西北地区为例

西北地区矿产资源丰富，矿山开发引发了一系列环境地质问题。将不同类型矿产、不同开发方式、不同地质环境背景区、不同规模性质的矿山企业开发产生的环境地质问题用图件形式予以形象直观的表示，是项目的重要成果之一。西北地区矿山开发地质环境系列图件包括《西北地区矿山环境地质问题历史及现状图》、《西北地区矿山环境地质问题预测分区图》、《西北地区矿山环境地质问题综合评价分区图》、《西北地区矿山地质环境恢复治理分区图》。本文着重讨论《西北地区矿山环境地质问题综合评价分区图》的编图方法、表示内容及镶表形式，作为对大区域小比例尺图件编制方法的尝试。     

一幅新的第四纪地质及地貌图的编制——以宁夏与山东为例

为了更好地与生态环境及灾害地质紧密结合,第二代全国区域地质志编制项目规定第四纪地质及地貌图为必编图件之一。图件内容包括第四纪地质体的时代、成因类型、岩性和地貌成因形态组合类型、活动断裂及海侵范围等重要地质内容,同时,附第四纪地质-地貌典型剖面和重要的地貌景点。图件特点:(1)图件的地理底图是首次用数字高程模型(DEM)数据灰度图作背景;(2)第四纪地质内容与地貌成因形态类型同编为一幅图;(3)第四纪地质体的面色用成因类型色表示;(4)地貌部分划分了不同级别成因形态类型和有特色的微地貌景点。总之,图面有立体感,地形高差明显,层次分明,色彩鲜艳,是一幅崭新的图件,可供防灾治理和地质旅游参考应用。     

承德坝上高原如意河流域地表基质调查与编图探索

地表基质调查与编图是当前自然资源调查监测体系中的全新领域,但如何开展还缺乏统一的行动指南。在总结地球关键带理论和地表基质调查研究现状的基础上,充分借鉴区域地质、工程地质、第四纪地质、水文地质、环境地质等调查与编图表达方式,以承德坝上高原如意河流域为研究区,探索建立了基于地球关键带理论的地表基质调查与图件编制方法。基于野外调查结果,将如意河流域划分为玄武岩、安山岩、凝灰岩、流纹岩、冲洪积砂砾石、残坡积砂砾石、风积沙、湖积淤泥和沼积淤泥等9种地表基质类型,研究了不同类型地表基质的分布特征、调查和监测指标,编制了风积沙厚度空间分布图、地表基质与地表覆盖层耦合关系图和地表基质层图。地表基质厚度空间分布图可展布不同类型地表基质厚度的空间分布特征,地表基质与地表覆盖层耦合关系图可直观刻画地表基质的剖面结构特征和理化性质对地表覆盖生态要素的约束作用,地表基质图能系统地反映地表基质与地表覆盖层的结构、展布、特征和耦合关系。地表基质系列图件是岩-土-水-生等地球关键带多圈层交互作用在地质图上的反映。该研究可为在全国范围开展地表基质调查与编图提供参考。     

西北地区矿山环境图件的编图特点

矿业开发诱发了种种环境地质问题,部分矿山严重的环境地质问题已制约了地区社会经济的可持续发展。为了查明西北地区矿山环境地质问题的现状,中国地质调查局自2001年起先后在西北地区部署了大区、五省区、重点矿区等不同比例尺的矿山地质环境调查和研究工作,完成了大量基础性和综合性图件的编制。初步总结了西北地区目前已完成的不同比例尺的矿山地质环境调查与研究图件的类型、内容、表达方式和特点,旨在促进矿山环境编图技术水平的不断提高和发展,为矿山地质环境保护和防治提供科学信息。     

《全国地质环境图系》编制完成

由自然资源部中国地质调查局地质环境监测院牵头负责的《全国地质环境图系》编制完成,该图系包括《中国地质环境图系》和分省地质环境图系。目前已完成了《中国地质环境图系》的编制工作,图系包含地质环境条件类图件19张、地质灾害类图件5张、地下水类图件8张、矿山地质环境类图件2张、地质遗迹类图件2张,近期已全部公开出版。     

中国矿产地质志省级“矿产地质图”和“成矿规律图”的编图思路和编图方法

中国矿产地质志省级"矿产地质图"和"成矿规律图/成矿系列图"的研编是"中国矿产地质志"研编的"文、图、库、普"四项内容之一,要体现"全覆盖"的182种矿种、18种矿床类型和多个"亚类型"、5个级别的矿产地规模、多个成矿时代的综合图例设计,要兼顾矿床成矿系列的表示方法、地质底图和构造底图优化等诸多方面,是一项复杂的"系统工程"。"编图技术要求"的制定,要本着"大道至简"的哲理、"大美至简"的审美观、"出精品"的宗旨、"编出上乘图件"的要求,提出"删繁就简构造底图,领异标新成矿系列"的编图原则。本文介绍了两图的性质、编图的思路和编图方法,并重点阐述"矿产图例设计"和"底图编制"两部分内容,以期编制出高水平图件,更集中反映和彰显项目成果。     

基于环境地质问题分区的海峡西岸经济区环境地质图编图研究

在前人资料的基础上,全面总结了区内1999年地质大调查以来的水工环地质调查的最新成果,以环境地质问题分区作为普染色,运用GIS技术编制了海峡西岸经济区环境地质图,该图件能够反映海峡西岸经济区地质环境特征、地质资源、主要环境地质问题等内容。本文从编图的基本原则、编图范围、主要内容、图面表示方法等方面进行了阐述,研究发现,以环境地质问题分区作为环境地质图主要内容的编图方法,比以往采用环境地质背景分区的方式更能直观地反映区内的环境地质问题,可以更好地为国土资源规划、地质环境保护提供支撑。     

1：5万区域地质调查中第四纪地质的研究内容与图件表示原则及方法

随着国民经济建设中第四纪沉积物和环境研究的需要增多,第四纪地质研究在１：５万区域地质调查中逐渐得到重视,为满足不同部门的需要,第四纪地质图除传统的图件外,还包括第四纪资源图,第四纪环境地质图和第四纪灾害地质图三大类图件。其表示原则有两条,一是依服务的对象而定;二是根据研究的内容而定。     

岩性—地球化学图的主要内容和编图方法讨论

通过研读中央卡兹库姆铀成矿省上白垩统康帕组—马斯特里赫特组岩性—地球化学图，总结了编制该类图件的主要内容和编图方法。又谈到了编制该类图件的几点认识和体会，以及中央卡兹库姆地区铀矿床群在岩性—地球化学环境中的定位规律。     

关中盆地城市群环境地质图编图研究

关中盆地城市群是一个人口密集、工农业发达的地区,同时也是一个环境地质问题突出区。笔者以关中盆地城市群为研究对象,开展资料集成分析和综合研究工作,编制完成《关中盆地城市群环境地质图》。笔者阐述了关中盆地城市群环境地质图的编图思路和编图原则,详细介绍了环境地质图反映的主要内容以及主图、镶图的编制方法。本图的编制为关中盆地城市群地质灾害防治和地质环境保护提供了科学依据,为城市群发展规划和政府宏观决策提供了重要支撑,也为中国其他地区环境地质图件的编制提供了参考。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.