塔里木盆地柯坪露头区寒武-奥陶纪层序构成样式

塔里木盆地柯坪露头区寒武-奥陶系为一套碳酸盐岩为主的地层,由发育在不同沉积背景上的碳酸盐岩组成,包括浅水碳酸盐岩台地、台地边缘浅滩和台地边缘生物礁、台地前积斜坡、碳酸盐岩陆棚和盆地等不同相带的碳酸盐岩.这些碳酸盐岩层序由于发育在盆地的不同相带和盆地发育演化的不同阶段,其沉积背景和构造背景明显不同,故控制这些碳酸盐岩层序形成的主导因素也有较大的差异,从而形成了一系列不同特征的碳酸盐岩层序.     

柴达木盆地南翼山地区新近系湖相碳酸盐岩成岩环境初探——碳、氧同位素和流体包裹体证据

柴达木盆地南翼山地区新近系储层类型主要为湖相碳酸盐岩.用碳、氧同位素和流体包裹体方法研究湖相碳酸盐岩的形成环境结果表明,碳酸盐岩总体形成于高盐度环境,局部地区浅层样品在成岩过程中遭受过大气淡水的改造.根据孔隙充填胶结物中流体包裹体的均一温度,推断胶结物形成于储层深埋阶段,随后地层发生抬升,导致现今较低深度的包裹体样品具有较高的均一温度.     

试论碳酸盐岩上覆红土的形成模式及演化趋势

据长期对岩溶及红土化作用等的研究成果,本文全面系统地分析了碳酸盐岩上覆红土的形成及演化规律,提出了一个新的碳酸盐岩上覆红土的形成模式,进而深入阐明了碳酸盐岩上覆红土的演化规律及其在现代气候条件下的演化趋势等,在解决岩溶及红土学术界存在的碳酸盐岩上覆红土的形成、碳酸盐岩与上覆红土之间的相互关系及其发展演化规律等一系列重大疑难问题上向前迈进了一步,对相关学科的发展将产生积极的推动作用.     

塔北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶类型、期次及叠合关系

古岩溶作用是塔里木盆地北部地区奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩储层形成的关键要素之一.本文以岩石学、地球物理资料及测试分析资料为基础,将塔北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶划分为准同生岩溶、埋藏岩溶、风化壳岩溶三大类及若干亚类.准同生岩溶作用控制早期碳酸盐岩储层的形成与分布,埋藏岩溶作用一般沿原有的孔缝系统进行,是碳酸盐岩储层优化改造的关键因素之一,风化壳岩溶作用是奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层形成的关键作用.塔里木叠合盆地的多旋回构造演化特点,形成了塔北奥陶纪不同阶段、不同类型碳酸盐岩6期古岩溶作用的叠加、改造关系,其中对于塔北地区奥陶系古岩溶储层起重要作用的为早加里东期Ⅱ幕.加里东中期Ⅰ幕、Ⅱ幕和海西早期.塔北地区奥陶系各类岩溶具有复杂而显著的叠合关系,准同生期岩溶为后期的埋藏岩溶提供了成岩介质通道,随后发育的埋藏及风化壳岩溶则是继承并叠加早期准同生岩溶通道的发育,最终成为潜在的优质储层.     

沉积碳酸盐岩及其研究对金属矿床的价值

由于碳酸盐岩层中存在巨大的油田,石油地质工作者早已注意到这类岩石对生油和储油的价值,从而导致了对现代和古代碳酸盐岩进行长期的研究.本世纪五十年代末及六十年代,反映新研究成果的碳酸盐岩分类学,岩石学,碳酸盐岩形成机理的理论,碳酸盐岩岩相古地理等方面的著作相继出现,并在七十年代引入我国.由于这些著作所反映的认识和旧有碳酸盐岩理论有很大差别,在我国地质工作者中被称之谓“碳酸盐岩新理论”.     

黔东北地区晚奥陶世岩相古地理

黔东北地区上奥陶统出露宝塔组、临湘组、五峰组和观音桥组.根据沉积物、沉积相特征变化,将黔东北地区上奥陶统划分为有障壁碳酸盐岩台地沉积、无障壁碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积和浅海陆棚沉积.板块构造运动在晚奥陶世开始变得剧烈,黔东北大部分地区因华夏板块挤压而隆起.宝塔期,黔东北地区发育碳酸盐岩缓坡模式,碳酸盐岩台地逐渐淹没,形成由古隆起...     

贵州松桃大塘坡地区南华纪早期冷泉碳酸盐岩地质地球化学特征

贵州松桃大塘坡地区的南华系是研究古代天然气渗漏及冷泉碳酸盐岩的理想地区之一.该区冷泉碳酸盐岩由两类岩石组成: 一是两界河组含砾砂岩中(Sturtian冰期早期) 的白云岩丘或透镜体; 二是之上的大塘坡组第一段黑色含锰岩系中的似层状或透镜状菱锰矿矿体及少量白云岩透镜体.该地区冷泉碳酸盐岩的碳同位素具明显的负偏特征, 充填在菱锰矿矿石气孔中的沥青碳同位素为-30.98‰, 并具有异常高的硫同位素正值.结合冷泉碳酸盐岩的空间分布、古天然气渗漏构造、菱锰矿的沉积有机质等特征分析, 认为其与现代冷泉碳酸盐岩的特征十分相近.两界河组的白云岩丘是目前所发现的最古老的冷泉碳酸盐岩, 与在它之上的菱锰矿矿体是同一个古天然气渗漏系统中不同时期的冷泉碳酸盐沉积.天然气泄漏形成的冷泉与大塘坡组烃源岩的形成关系密切.      

微生物碳酸盐岩研究进展及存在的问题

通过对国内外有关微生物碳酸盐岩的成因、分类资料的广泛阅览和对比分析,发现以蓝藻菌、减硫酸盐细菌、产甲烷细菌为主的微生物在新陈代谢过程中能够改变水体的物理化学条件而促使Ca2 、Mg2 发生沉积,或是对外来碎屑进行捕捉和粘附,或是发生自身钙化,从而引导微生物碳酸盐岩的形成.依据形成机制和宏观构造将微生物碳酸盐岩划分为叠层石、凝块石、树形石和均一石,初步建立了微生物碳酸盐岩的分类体系,是碳酸盐沉积学中的重大进展.另外,应将同样具有特殊宏观构造和重大地质意义的核形石、纹理石与叠层石、凝块石、树形石和均一石并列,归为微生物碳酸盐岩.     

南海南部北康盆地碳酸盐岩储层特征及油气成藏

在南海扩张过程中微板块断裂、碰撞、拼接的构造背景下,南海南部中新世以来发育碳酸盐岩台地及生物礁,经过后期成岩改造形成了大量碳酸盐岩储层并蕴藏着丰富的油气资源.为了了解该海域碳酸盐岩储层的发育特征和成因机制,以北康盆地高精度二维地震资料为基础并结合邻区岩心、薄片资料,对该区域碳酸盐岩储层发育的类型、储集空间、成岩作用以及控制因素开展了系统研究.结果表明,南海南部碳酸盐岩储层类型多且储集空间丰富,主要有两类,分别为礁滩储层和不整合面岩溶储层;发育多种孔隙类型,包括原生孔隙和次生孔隙,以次生孔隙为主,包括铸模孔、粒内溶孔、粒间溶孔和晶内溶孔等. 该区域碳酸盐岩储集空间主要受白垩化作用、溶蚀作用和白云岩化的建设性改造,并且主要受构造、沉积、古气候和流体活动因素的控制.北康盆地碳酸盐岩可以作为良好的储层,并具有良好的油气成藏条件,能形成“下生上储”的碳酸盐岩油气藏.      

墨西哥(E)bano-Pánuco-Cacalilao区块白垩系地层沉积相研究

墨西哥是世界主要产油国之一,海相碳酸盐岩地层分布广泛.储层是形成大型碳酸盐岩油气田的关键因素,EPC区块位于Tampico盆地,白垩系的海相碳酸盐岩是其主要的含油气储层.利用岩心、薄片、测井、地震资料,结合前人研究成果对EPC区块白垩系的主要储层进行了研究,通过分析岩心和薄片资料,确定区域地层的岩石学特征,在此基础上,结合威尔逊的碳酸盐岩沉积模式确定了白垩系地层岩石相(沉积相)展布特征和发育模式.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.