长江三峡水坝下游河道悬沙恢复和床沙补给机制

流域水库工程的修建,将改变坝下游原有的水沙输移过程,三峡水库蓄水作用对坝下游水沙输移的影响已初步显现。具体表现为：① 三峡水库坝下游洪水持续时间和流量被削减,下泄沙量大幅减少,沿程上输沙量虽得到一定恢复,但总量仍未超过蓄水前多年均值;② 2003-2014年d > 0.125 mm（粗）输沙量得到一定恢复,至监利站恢复程度最大,基本达到蓄水前均值,在恢复后其下游该组分泥沙冲淤特性与蓄水前一致,其中2008-2014年恢复程度弱于2003-2007年;③ 三峡水库蓄水后坝下游d < 0.125 mm（细）输沙量沿程上得到一定程度恢复,但总量仍小于蓄水前均值;④ 三峡水库蓄水后坝下游d > 0.125 mm泥沙输移量因河床补给作用,沿程上得到恢复,但补给量将不超过0.44亿t/y,主要受制于洪水持续时间及流量均值,而上游干流、河段间支流和湖泊分汇作用占次要地位,而d < 0.125 mm悬沙恢复受上游干流、区间支流和湖泊分汇及河床补给控制,因河床粗化使得床沙对细颗粒悬沙的补给作用减弱;⑤ 2003-2007年和2008-2014年两时段间宜昌至枝城、上荆江为粗细均冲,下荆江为淤粗冲细,汉口至大通河段为淤粗冲细,城陵矶至汉口河段2003-2007年为淤粗冲细,2008-2014年为粗细均冲,这一差异受控于螺山站洪水流量持续时间和量值。     

三峡水库一、二期蓄水对下游悬沙通量影响的计算

水库对坝下游泥沙通量影响的定量估算是一个国际前沿的科学问题.本文利用长江干流上寸滩、宜昌、汉口、大通四站及其间的支流控制站的水沙监测数据,结合对于流两侧不在支流控制站监测范围的"未测区"水沙贡献的估算,建立了悬沙收支平衡和悬沙输运经验关系,从而定量分析了三峡水库一、二期蓄水对大坝下游(至河口)悬沙通量的影响.结果表明:(1)三峡水库一期(2003-2005年)和二期(2006-2007年)蓄水期间水库的悬沙淤积比分别为64%和83%.(2)受坝下游河床冲刷和支流来沙补给的影响,三峡水库一、二期蓄水分别导致宜昌站悬沙通量下降62%和82%,汉口站悬沙通量下降37%和54%,大通站悬沙通量下降28%和40%.(3)与蓄水前的5年(1998-2002年)相比,蓄水后的2003-2007年上述三站悬沙通量分别下降354×109、172×109和163×109kg/a,其中三峡水库蓄水的贡献分别占41%、55%和45%.以上认识对科学和客观的评价河流建坝的环境效应提供了启示.     

长江干流河道对流域输沙的调节作用

利用长江干流和主要支流上测站1956~2004年的输沙量资料,对干流未测区域的来沙进行了估计。根据泥沙平衡 (Sediment budget) 概念,对长江干流河道的冲淤对来水来沙的响应以及对入海泥沙的影响进行研究发现,长江干流屏山至大通河道平均淤积速率为88.58×10⁶ t/a,河道淤积占总的来沙量及大通站输沙量比例分别为14%与21%。由于河道淤积,大通站输沙量减少了17.5%。总体来说上游淤积较轻,宜昌至汉口区间淤积严重,汉口至大通区间为微冲。长江干流的河道冲淤与流域总的来沙具有显著的相关关系,但各段河道的冲淤对流域来沙的响应各不一样。上游的冲淤与流域的径流量和来沙量均没有很好的相关性,宜昌-汉口段河道冲淤的变化与宜昌站的来沙具有显著的相关性;影响汉口-大通间河道的冲淤变化的主要因素是流域的来水量,河道的冲淤与大通站径流量的存在显著的负相关关系。三峡水库蓄水后整个长江干流的冲淤形势发生了根本的变化。三峡水库的蓄水运用有效地减轻了洞庭湖的泥沙淤积,同时也降低了洞庭湖的对长江干流泥沙的调节作用;长江上游干流河道淤积增强,中下游河道出现冲刷,但不同的河段表现不一;中下游河道冲刷量小于预测值,三峡水库的蓄水运用直接导致了长江入海泥沙的减少。     

上荆江枯水位对河床冲刷及水库调度的综合响应

为系统揭示长江中游近期枯水情势及其对三峡水库蓄水的直接和间接响应,本文以冲刷剧烈、枯水位降幅最大的上荆江为例,通过统计其不同形式枯水位的变化特征,建立了水位下降与河床冲刷、水库不同运行方式的相关关系。结果表明,沙市站同流量枯水位几乎与枯水河槽河床平均高程等幅下降,枝城站枯水位下降幅度较小与本底河床形态、河床粗化及航道整治工程有关。上荆江汛前枯水位降幅、最低水位及极枯水位历时等枯水情势会受到三峡水库补水调度的影响,这种补水效应沿程递减,至沙市站补水调度仍然无法抵消河床下切对枯水位造成的影响。     

三峡水库175m蓄水后库尾河段减淤调度控制指标研究

重庆主城区河段河道泥沙冲淤事关防洪、航运及码头作业等,是三峡水库泥沙问题的重点内容之一。本文依据原型观测资料,以三峡水库175 m试验性蓄水前后河段的泥沙冲淤规律为基础,结合河床组成分析和一维数学模型,计算提出河段悬移质泥沙走沙基本条件,并应用于减淤调度实践中。结果表明：① 三峡水库175 m试验性蓄水后至2012年重庆主城区河段河床冲刷强度下降,主走沙期推迟至汛前消落期,2013年后上游来沙减少使得河床冲刷强度再次增大;② 当寸滩站流量大于4000 m ³/s、坝前水位低于167 m时,河段开始走沙;当寸滩站流量增大至超过5000 m ³/s、坝前水位下降至163 m时,河段走沙能力增强;加大水库自163 m水位的消落速度,能够避免库尾河段产生累积性淤积。     

长江中下游河床沉积物分布特征

对长江中下游武汉至河口段304处河床沉积物样品进行了粒度测量与分析,通过各参数间的模拟、统计及对比,探讨了沉积物粒度、水动力因素及河床地貌三者间的关系。研究结果表明：本区河床沉积物以中、细砂为主,床底搬运十分微弱,河道相对稳定;从上至下沿程有明显的“粗-细-粗-细”粒径变化,主要反映河流动力地貌、动力沉积特征;粒径在河床的沿程分布总体为北粗南细,说明北岸侵蚀,南岸淤积的特点。研究同时也表明,颗粒因河型不同而迥异;颗粒偏态度-峭度在不同河型中表现各异,对区分顺直微弯分汊和鹅头形分汊河道尤为显著。     

三峡大坝下游水位变化与河道形态调整关系研究

三峡水库蓄水利用已有13年,对坝下游洪、枯水位和河道形态调整的影响已初步显现,通过对1955-2016年长江中游水位、河道地形等资料的分析,结果表明：① 坝下游各水文站同流量枯水位下降、洪水位变化不大,最低水位上升,最高水位下降趋势;② 2002年10月-2015年10月枯水河槽冲刷量占平滩河槽冲刷量的95.5%,冲淤分布由蓄水前“冲槽淤滩”转为“滩槽均冲”,不同蓄水阶段存在差异;③ 河槽冲刷过程中,上荆江及以上河段枯水位下降趋势趋缓,下荆江及以下河段下降速率增加,应采取防控措施遏制河道水位下降趋势;④ 枯水河槽冲刷是长江中下游航道水深提升的基础,枯水位降幅小于深槽下切深度,在河道和航道整治工程综合作用下航道尺度提升,提前5年实现了2020年航道尺度规划目标;⑤ 平滩水位以上河槽形态调整不大,在河床粗化、岸滩植被、人类活动等综合作用下河道综合阻力增加,出现了中洪水流量—高水位现象,应引起足够重视。三峡水库汛期调蓄作用可有效提升中下游洪水防御能力,但不排除遭遇支流洪水叠加效应,中下游洪水压力仍然较大。     

流域环境变化的河流沉积物粒度响应——澜沧江案例

河流沉积物对流域环境变化具有敏感响应,其粒度参数能反映水动力环境。本文以澜沧江为研究案例,探究河流沉积物粒度对流域环境变化的响应。从澜沧江干流19个主要控制断面采集河床沉积物样品,用筛分法和吸管法对沉积物样品粒度参数进行测定,并分析了粒度参数的时空变化规律及其对流域水能开发为主的人为环境变化的响应。研究结论认为:1在空间尺度上,上游高原区,河谷宽坦,下蚀微弱,水流平缓,沉积物粒度较小,分选较好,呈负偏或近对称小峰度分布;中游高山峡谷河段,水流湍急,沉积物粒径变粗,分选相对上游较差,但整体分选良好,粒度出现较多正偏尖峰分布;下游中低山宽谷区受到梯级大坝的影响,河床沉积物中值粒径和平均粒径明显增大,且平均粒径增大更明显,分选变差,偏态趋向正偏,峰态尖锐化。2不同时间的样品粒度变化,反映梯级大坝致使坝下游沉积物中值粒径和平均粒径明显增大,且中值粒径增大更明显,分选变差,偏态趋向正偏,峰态尖锐化。研究结果既符合河流上下游沉积物粒度分布规律,也反映了河流环境变化对沉积物粒度组成的影响。     

渭河宝鸡市区段河床沉积物磁性特征分析

利用环境磁学的方法可以有效地示踪河流沉积物的物源,对渭河宝鸡市区段干流及其支流河床沉积物全面系统的磁学特征分析表明：渭河干流和支流沉积物的磁性矿物含量总体相对较高,磁性矿物类型主要以亚铁磁性矿物磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿为主,同时存在不完全反铁磁性矿物赤铁矿,磁晶粒以PSD（假单畴）和MD（多畴）颗粒为主。渭河干流沉积物的磁性特征在空间上表现出了一定的差异,根据χ_ARM/χ（非磁滞剩磁磁化率/磁化率）值的变化规律将渭河宝鸡市区段沉积物的来源分成了两段,第一段从宝鸡峡到神龙大桥,沉积物χ_ARM/χ 值逐渐减小,磁性颗粒逐渐变粗;第二段从神龙大桥到千河入渭口,沉积物χ_ARM/χ 值逐渐增大,沉积物的颗粒呈现出由粗变细的特征,指示了渭河宝鸡市区段河流沉积物存在一定的物源差异,渭河宝鸡市区段干流沉积物的物质来源主要以上游携带为主导,从神龙大桥向下游,支流对河床沉积物具有一定的贡献,北岸比南岸流域贡献的物质相对较多。     

澜沧江河床沉积物重金属污染评价

河床沉积物是河流水体与泥沙环境中重金属的主要积存载体,能反映水环境的重金属污染状况。本文选取澜沧江为对象,通过对澜沧江干流西藏和云南境内22个河段的河床沉积物重金属测定分析,得到了8种主要的重金属元素(Cr、Mn、Ni、Zn、As、Pb、Cu和Co)的含量,并采用沉积物富集系数法与地质积累指数法分别对所测得沉积物的重金属污染程度进行了评价。结果表明:①澜沧江干流大部分河段污染情况并不明显,但在中游的旧州和功果桥河段,因该区域的地质金属背景值和支流沘江流域铅锌矿开采,地表的重金属元素被雨水冲刷到该河段,导致沉积物重金属富集现象明显,出现了轻度到较强度污染;②澜沧江流域受人为干扰的区域集中于中游与下游,部分河段(功果桥附近)Cu、Pb和Zn等元素呈轻度或偏中度污染;③大坝对河流的阻隔效应使得干流沉积物重金属污染呈现片段化分布,河流沿岸城市化等人类活动对附近河段沉积物重金属污染状况也有较明显的影响。     

Seasonal variations of sediment discharge from the Yangtze River before and after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam

Over the past decades, > 50,000 dams and reforestation on the Yangtze River (Changjiang) have had little impact on water discharge but have drastically altered annual and particularly seasonal sediment discharge. Before impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) in June 2003, annual sediment discharge had decreased by 60%, and the hysteresis of seasonal rating curves in the upper reaches at Yichang station had shifted from clockwise to counterclockwise. In addition, the river channel in middle-lower reaches had changed from depositional to erosional in 2002.During the four years (2003–2006) after TGD impoundment, ~ 60% of sediment entering the Three Gorges Reservoir was trapped, primarily during the high-discharge months (June–September). Although periodic sediment deposition continues downstream of the TGD, during most months substantial erosion has occurred, supplying ~ 70 million tons per year (Mt/y) of channel-derived sediment to the lower reaches of the river. If sand extraction (~ 40 Mt/y) is taken into consideration, the river channel loses a total of 110 Mt/y. During the extreme drought year 2006, sediment discharge in the upper reaches drastically decreased to 9 Mt (only 2% of its 1950–1960s level) because of decreased water discharge and TGD trapping. In addition, Dongting Lake in the middle reaches, for the first time, changed from trapping net sediment from the mainstem to supplying 14 Mt net sediment to the mainstem. Severe channel erosion and drastic sediment decline have put considerable pressure on the Yangtze coastal areas and East China Sea.     

三峡大坝对长江宜昌——城陵矶河道沙洲动力地貌演变的影响（英文）

Sandbars are of vital ecological and environmental significance, which however, have been intensively influenced by human activities. Morphodynamic processes of sandbars along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach of the Changjiang River, the channel immediately downstream of the Three Gorges Dam(TGD), are assessed based on remote sensing images between 2000 and 2016. It can be found that the entire area of sandbars reduces drastically by 19.23% from 149.04 km~2 in 2003 to 120.38 km~2 in 2016, accompanied with an increase in water surface width. Owing to differences in sediment grain size and anti-erosion capacity, sandbar area in the upstream sandy gravel reach(Yichang-Dabujie) and downstream sandy reach(Dabujie-Chenglingji) respectively decreases by 45.94%(from 20.79 km~2 to 11.24 km~2) and 14.93%(from 128.30 km~2 to 109.14 km~2). Furtherly, morphological evolutions of sandbars are affected by channel type: in straight-microbend channel, mid-channel sandbars exhibit downstream moving while maintaining the basic profile; in meandering channel, point sandbars show erosion and deposition in convex and concave bank respectively, with mid-channel sandbars distributing sporadically; in bending-branching channel, point sandbars experience erosion and move downstream while mid-channel sandbars show erosion in the head part along with retreating outline. We document that the primary mechanism of sandbars shrinkages along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach can be attributed to TGD induced suspended sediment concentration decreasing and increasing in unsaturation of sediment carrying capacity. Additionally, channel type can affect the morphological evolution of sandbars. Along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach, sandbars in straight-microbend channel are more affected by water flow than that in bending-branching channel.     

Immediately downstream effects of Three Gorges Dam on channel sandbars morphodynamics between Yichang-Chenglingji Reach of the Changjiang River,China

Sandbars are of vital ecological and environmental significance, which however, have been intensively influenced by human activities. Morphodynamic processes of sandbars along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach of the Changjiang River, the channel immediately downstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), are assessed based on remote sensing images between 2000 and 2016. It can be found that the entire area of sandbars reduces drastically by 19.23% from 149.04 km² in 2003 to 120.38 km² in 2016, accompanied with an increase in water surface width. Owing to differences in sediment grain size and anti-erosion capacity, sandbar area in the upstream sandy gravel reach (Yichang-Dabujie) and downstream sandy reach (Dabujie-Chenglingji) respectively decreases by 45.94% (from 20.79 km² to 11.24 km²) and 14.93% (from 128.30 km² to 109.14 km²). Furtherly, morphological evolutions of sandbars are affected by channel type: in straight-microbend channel, mid-channel sandbars exhibit downstream moving while maintaining the basic profile; in meandering channel, point sandbars show erosion and deposition in convex and concave bank respectively, with mid-channel sandbars distributing sporadically; in bending-branching channel, point sandbars experience erosion and move downstream while mid-channel sandbars show erosion in the head part along with retreating outline. We document that the primary mechanism of sandbars shrinkages along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach can be attributed to TGD induced suspended sediment concentration decreasing and increasing in unsaturation of sediment carrying capacity. Additionally, channel type can affect the morphological evolution of sandbars. Along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach, sandbars in straight-microbend channel are more affected by water flow than that in bending-branching channel.     

砒砂岩地区降雨与植被耦合关系对侵蚀产沙的影响

研究降雨--植被耦合关系对侵蚀产沙的影响,为侵蚀治理提供数据支持.基于TRMM降雨数据和MODIS 250 m NDVI,分析降雨和植被的年内分布模式和匹配关系,并构建降雨--植被耦合指数RV,用于反映侵蚀产沙状况.进一步利用年降雨量,NDVI以及其分布参数(峰度系数和偏斜度)与输沙量进行相关分析和多元回归分析.结果显示:降雨的集中,偏斜程度和波动性要比植被更为明显;RV与实际输沙量的相关系数为0.84,可以很好地反映侵蚀产沙的相对大小;年输沙量与降雨的分布参数相关性最高,达到0.94和0.87,对提高回归模型的拟合程度影响也最大;考虑降雨量,NDVI及其分布参数的模型的拟合程度最好,R_a²达到0.9232.因此,降雨与植被的年内匹配模式对侵蚀产沙具有重要影响.     

Interacting effects of multiple factors on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam

Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management. However, relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolution of meandering reaches. Using hydrological and topographical data, we analyzed the factors that influence and regulate the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Our conclusions are as follows. (1) The meandering reaches can be classified into two types based on their evolution during the pre-dam period: G1 reaches, characterized by convex point bar erosion and concave channel deposition (CECD), and G2 reaches, characterized by convex point bar deposition and concave channel erosion (CDCE). Both reach types exhibited CECD features during the post-dam period. (2) Flow processes and sediment transport are the factors that caused serious erosion of the low beaches located in the convex point bars. However, changes in the river regime, river boundaries and jacking of Dongting Lake do not act as primary controls on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches. (3) Flood discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s result in greater erosion of convex point bars. The point bars become scoured if the durations of these flows, which are close to bankfull discharge, exceed 20 days. In addition, the reduction in bedload causes the decreasing of point bar siltation in the water-falling period. (4) During the post-dam period, flood abatement, the increased duration of discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s, and a significant reduction in sediment transport are the main factors that caused meandering reaches to show CECD features. Our results are relevant to other meandering reaches, where they can inform estimates of riverbed change, river management strategies and river protection.     

多因素对三峡水库下游弯曲河型演变的迭加效应（英文）

Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management.However,relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolution of meandering reaches.Using hydrological and topographical data,we analyzed the factors that influence and regulate the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam(TGD).Our conclusions are as follows.(1)The meandering reaches can be classified into two types based on their evolution during the pre-dam period:G1 reaches,characterized by convex point bar erosion and concave channel deposition(CECD),and G2 reaches,characterized by convex point bar deposition and concave channel erosion(CDCE).Both reach types exhibited CECD features during the post-dam period.(2)Flow processes and sediment transport are the factors that caused serious erosion of the low beaches located in the convex point bars.However,changes in the river regime,river boundaries and jacking of Dongting Lake do not act as primary controls on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches.(3)Flood discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m3/s result in greater erosion of convex point bars.The point bars become scoured if the durations of these flows,which are close to bankfull discharge,exceed 20 days.In addition,the reduction in bedload causes the decreasing of point bar siltation in the water-falling period.(4)During the post-dam period,flood abatement,the increased duration of discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m3/s,and a significant reduction in sediment transport are the main factors that caused meandering reaches to show CECD features.Our results are relevant to other meandering reaches,where they can inform estimates of riverbed change,river management strategies and river protection.     

SHORELINE CHANGE AT THOMPSON ISLAND,BOSTON HARBOR,MASSACHUSETTS, 1938-1977

A photogrammetric and sediment analysis is presented to illustrate the relationship between beach erosion and seacliff recession on Thompson Island, Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. Aerial photographs taken in 1938, 1952, 1963, and 1977 were measured to determine rates of shoreline change around the island. The 39-year average rate of beach erosion is 0.3 m/yr ± 2% with an average rate of cliff recession at 0.2 m/yr ± 2%. Rates of beach erosion between six orientations that reflect principal wave approach to the island were not found to be significantly different (0.05) for the 39-year period. The rank order correlation between beach erosion and cliff recession for these six orientations was moderately well correlated (0.63). To determine possible controls of cliff erosion, 58 sediment samples were collected from glacial cliffs along the shoreline. The textural composition was determined, and then tested with discriminant function analysis. Partial correlation analysis between beach erosion and cliff recession holding a surrogate for sediment size constant improved the rank order from 0.63 to 0.84. The results indicate that coarser-grained cliffs recede at faster rates, but with less erosion occurring on adjacent beaches. Alternatively, finer-grained cliffs recede at slower rates, but with greater erosion occurring on adjacent beaches.     

黄土坡面产流产沙过程及微地形变化特征

坡面土壤侵蚀过程不仅可以通过坡面的产流产沙过程反映,还可以通过降雨过程中坡面微地形变化特征来反映。对9°、12°、15°、20°、25°坡度下面积较小坡面模拟降雨,获取降雨过程中径流泥沙数据及降雨前后坡面微地形变化数据。结果显示：（1）初始产流时间随着坡度的增加先增加后减小,且初始产流时间较长;（2）15°、20°时的产流率不稳定,18 min后产沙率规则性波动起伏;（3）随着坡度的增大,降雨过程后坡面比表面积值随着坡度的增大而增大,坡面的高程变异系数都有所增大。