亚洲夏季风爆发的基本气候特征分析

利用统一的亚洲热带夏季风爆发指标,重新制作了季风爆发日期的推进图,确证了亚洲热带夏季风最早在热带东印度洋与中印半岛中南部爆发的观点,这发生在26候(5月10日前后),28候(5月20日前后)在南海地区相继爆发,这两个地区的爆发是属同一季风系的不同爆发阶段。以后通过对海陆热力对比、季节内振荡等多方面的分析,对夏季风的爆发机制问题进行了深入的研究,提出了气候学意义下影响亚洲热带夏季风爆发的关键影响因子。在此基础上,给出了夏季风最早在热带东印度洋-中印半岛-南海地区爆发机理的一种概念模式图,即大气环流的季节进程是季风爆发的背景条件;而中印半岛及其邻近地区对流活动和感热与潜热加热的迅速增强与北推、印缅槽的强烈加深,以及高原东部地区的西风暖平流作用是夏季风爆发的主要驱动力,其结果是使经向温度梯度首先在这个地区反向并建立强的上升运动区,使热带季风和降水迅速发展和加强;来自不同源地的低频30—60 d和10—20 d季节内振荡的锁相则是夏季风爆发的一种触发因子,正是这些因子的共同作用导致了亚洲热带夏季风在这个地区的最早爆发。     

关于亚洲夏季风爆发的动力学研究的若干近期进展

资料分析显示,与850 hPa风场相比,地面风的变化能更好地表征亚洲各季风系统的特征。基于地面风的季节性反转和降水的显著变化所构建的亚洲夏季风(ASM)爆发指数和等时线图表明:亚洲热带夏季风(TASM)在5月初首先在孟加拉湾(BOB)东南部爆发后不是向西传播,而是向东经中印半岛向东推进,于5月中到达中国南海(SCS),6月初到达热带西北太平洋。印度夏季风的表面低压系统源于近赤道阿拉伯海地区,于6月初到达印度西南部喀拉拉邦,印度夏季风随之爆发。亚洲副热带夏季风(STASM)5月初在西北太平洋日本本州东南的海区发生后向西南伸展,于6月初与南海季风降水区连接,形成东北—西南向雨带,夏季风在中国东南沿海登陆,日本的“梅雨”(Baiu)开始。6月中该雨带向北到达长江流域和韩国,江淮梅雨和韩国的“梅雨”(Changma) 开始。本文还回顾了亚洲热带夏季风爆发的动力学研究的若干近期进展。春季青藏高原和南亚海陆分布的联合强迫作用使海表温度(SST)在BOB中东部形成短暂但强盛的暖池,在高层南亚高压的抽吸作用下,常伴有季风爆发涡旋(MOV)发展,使冬季连续带状的副高脊线在孟加拉湾东部断裂,导致亚洲热带季风首先在BOB爆发。BOB东/西部有东/西风型垂直切变,利于激发/抑制对流活动,并增加/减少海洋向大气的表面感热加热,从而使得亚洲夏季风爆发的向西传播在BOB西海岸遇到屏障。季风爆发逐渐向东伸展引发南海和热带西太平洋夏季风相继爆发。季风降水释放的强大潜热使南亚高压发展西伸,纬向非对称位涡强迫显著增强;在阿拉伯半岛强烈的表面感热加热所诱发的中层阿拉伯反气旋的共同作用下,位于阿拉伯海近赤道的低压系统北移发展成为季风爆发涡旋,导致印度季风爆发。由此可见,历时约一个月的亚洲热带夏季风爆发的三个阶段(孟加拉湾、南海和印度季风爆发)是发生在特定的地理环境下受特定的动力—热力学规律驱动的接续过程。     

南海季风区地面温度变化特征及其与季风爆发的联系

分析1979年1月至1995年12月17a南海季风区修平均地面温度资料的时空变化特征发现，中南半岛西北部和印度半岛分别为地面修平均温度标准差的大值区，其位置和强度在南海季风爆发前后月份具有显著差异。从候平均温度纬圈偏差的时间演变来看，中南半岛地区纬圈温度偏差由正转负的时间早于印度半岛地区，并分别与南海夏季风和印度夏季风爆发的时间其本对应。在夏季风爆发之前，印度半岛和中南半岛地区的地面温度是逐候增加的，季风爆发以后地面温度迅速降低，而海洋上的表面温度增温幅度明显小于与其相邻地陆地，此外，从南海季风爆发早晚年中南半岛与南海地区表面温度距平差和各自温度距平的时间演变看，中南半岛地区地面温度的变化在触发南海季风爆发及其年际变化过程中可能起主导作用。     

亚洲季风区地面感热通量的区域变化特征

采用1979－1995年（缺1986、1987、1993）NCEP／NCAR再分析资料中的逐旬感热通量资料，对亚洲季风区地面感热通量的空间结构及时间演变进行了旋转经验正交函数（REOF）分析。结果表明：印度半岛和中南半岛地区感势通量的变化与亚洲季风的爆发及演变有密切关系，是季风爆发的主要关键区。这两个地区的感热积累是东亚季风爆发的触发因素之一，尤其是印度半岛北部感热通量的突变对印度夏季风演变十分重要。印度半岛北部与青藏高原西部的热力差异在季风的爆发和维持中占有重要地位。而东北亚与西北太平洋的热力差异只对东亚夏季风的演变有影响，与冬季风则无直接关联。在东亚季风的爆发中居主导地位的还是印度半岛北部和青藏高原西北部的感热加热作用。     

2007年南海夏季风爆发前后大气环流的非典型性突变特征

南海夏季风爆发的一般特征是南亚高压移至中南半岛北部;西太平洋副热带高压连续向东撤出南海地区,移到120°E以东的热带洋面上;高（低）空东北（西南）气流占据南海大部分地区,相应的105°E附近的越赤道气流建立,南海季风槽形成并同时伴有对流降水的发展和温、湿等要素的突变。国家气候中心的监测表明,2007年南海夏季风于5月第5候爆发。该年季风爆发后,虽然源自热带地区的低空西南气流迅速占据南海上空,高空盛行东北气流,且南亚高压西移至中南半岛上空,但对流、高度场以及降水场的突变特征均很不明显,表现为季风爆发后南海上空的对流依然偏弱,副高没有马上撤离南海,同时华南地区的降水量也没有迅速增强。因此,2007年南海夏季风爆发前后大气环流的变化特征具有非典型性。     

1998年青藏高原东部及其邻近地区大气热源与南海夏季风的关系

利用 1998年 5 8月南海季风试验期间的站点观测资料及NCEP再分析资料 ,计算了大气热源和水汽汇 ,并分析了南海季风爆发前后季风区对流层温度演变及其热力机制。结果表明 :南海夏季风的爆发与季风区对流层中高层南北温度梯度的逆转密切相关。南北温度梯度最先在孟加拉湾以东季风区发生逆转 ,半个月后在印度半岛及其以西地区逆转。季风爆发前中南半岛北部对流层中高层的迅速增温是由感热和潜热共同造成的 ,而华南及南海北部地区的增温则是由暖平流所致。 5、6月高原东部对流层中高层由非绝热加热造成的显著增温对东亚夏季风的北进和维持是非常重要的。 5、6月高原地区热源以感热为主 ;7、8月感热和潜热共同起作用     

关于亚洲夏季风爆发及北半球季节突变的物理机理的诊断分析:Ⅰ季风爆发的阶段性特征

该工作将亚洲季风区作为一个复杂的海-陆-气耦合系统,来深入考察季风区海-气、陆-气相互作用的基本事实和物理过程,探讨它们在决定亚洲季风爆发及北半球行星尺度大气环流的季节突变的物理机理。本文是系列文章的第一篇,着重研究亚洲夏季风爆发的区域性和阶段性特征,以及过渡季节热带、副热带地区海-气、陆-气相互作用的基本事实,初步分析了它们之间的联系。研究表明,热带季风对流于4月底到5月初越过赤道进入北半球,首先出现在孟加拉湾东部-中南半岛西南部地区,然后于5月中旬和6月上旬末分别出现在南海和印度半岛地区,呈阶段性爆发的特征。季风对流在孟加拉湾东部-中南半岛西南部地区爆发阶段,在大气环流变化和对流活动中心位置出现区别于南海季风和印度季风爆发的特征。通过对地表感热通量和海表潜热通量的分析,表明热带海洋上海表感热通量甚小于海表潜热通量,南海季风爆发时期印度洋上海表潜热通量显著增大,印度季风爆发后海表潜热通量的高值中心在孟加拉湾和阿拉伯海上建立起来。印度洋上低层增强的过赤道气流引起的强烈的海-气相互作用导致海表水汽的大量蒸发,并通过其输送作用,为季风对流的爆发提供了充足的水汽来源。过渡季节在副热带地区(沿27.5～37.5°N纬带上), 青藏高原和西太平洋上地(海)表感热通量和潜热通量均有迅速的季节变化性, 但趋势相反。当青藏高原上地表感热通量和潜热通量呈阶段性的显著加大, 西太平洋上海表感热通量和潜热通量迅速减小。这种大陆和海洋对大气加热的显著的季节化的差异, 影响着大气环流的季节转变。     

2011年南海夏季风爆发过程及其与长江中下游梅雨的联系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY2E-TBB及台站降水资料,对2011年南海夏季风爆发前后的环流特征进行分析。结果表明:2011年强对流活动由孟加拉湾扩展到南海地区,同时伴随着南亚高压移至中南半岛北部,西太平洋副热带高压向东撤出南海地区,南海夏季风于5月第4候(第28候)爆发;季风爆发后,印度-孟加拉湾季风槽形成,南海地区低空开始盛行西南气流,并伴有对流降水的发展和温、湿等要素的突变。随着季风活动的推进,我国雨带北抬,长江中下游一带进入梅雨期,出现降水大值区。通过分析发现长江中下游梅雨与南海夏季风均受副热带高压影响,且两者的强度为显著的负相关关系,梅雨开始时间与南海夏季风爆发时间呈显著的正相关关系。2011年南海夏季风偏弱,爆发时间偏早,长江中下游梅雨强度偏强,入梅时间异常偏早。     

关于亚洲夏季风爆发及北半球季节突变的物理机理的诊断分析:Ⅱ青藏高原及邻近地区地表感热加热的作用

本文是系列文章的第二篇,首先分析了１９８９年亚洲夏季风爆发时期青藏高原及邻近地区地表感热通量和大气温度场季节变化的基本特征,着重讨论了春季高原地表感热加热和亚洲季风爆发的联系,然后分析了１９８０～１９８９年１０ａ南海季风爆发的气候学特征。上述工作表明,在春末初夏过渡季节,高原上空大气温度变化出现阶段性的跃升,并同亚洲夏季风阶段性的爆发有很好的对应关系。高原地表感热通量的持续增大导致了对流层高层局地反气旋式扰动环流的出现,使南亚反气旋北进的过程明显受到高原局地热力环流的调制,而热带东风急流入口区所产生的强烈的高层辐散,提供了有利于热带季风对流在南海地区首先爆发的动力学条件。此外,从５月份至６月中下旬,青藏高原、伊朗—阿富汗上空强大暖中心相继建立的结果,直接导致了热带地区上空大气南北温度梯度的反向依次在南海—孟加拉湾东部和阿拉伯海—印度次大陆由东向西相继建立,从而决定了亚洲季风建立的过程在不同地区爆发的时间不同。     

青藏高原地面热源对亚洲季风爆发的热力影响

利用多年NCEP/NCAR再分析全球逐候平均气象场资料和逐旬感热、潜热资料，对亚洲夏季风爆发期间青藏高原及其邻近地区地面加热场的特征进行分析。着重讨论了高原和邻近地区感热加热对亚洲夏季风爆发的影响，具体分析了高原感热加热对亚洲夏季风推进的影响机制，以及对热带低层西风气流的作用。结果发现，中纬度主原的感热加热所造成的经、纬向热力差异是导致亚洲夏季风爆发的原因。亚洲夏季风建立区域和时间的差异与高原感热加热的区域性有关。高原感热加热在南海夏季风爆发前后对南海地区低层西风所流所起的作用不同，在季风爆发前是加速低层西风，在季风爆发后起削弱西风气流的作用。对亚洲夏季风爆发早年和晚年的感热加热进行了对比分析，发现亚洲夏季风爆发时间的年际变化与热源的年际变化有关。     

The Earliest Onset Areas and Mechanism of the Tropical Asian Summer Monsoon

The multi-yearly averaged pentad meteorological fields at 850 hPa of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dada and the TBB fields of the Japan Meteorological Agency during 1980-1994 are analyzed. It is found that if the pentad is taken as the time unit of the monsoon onset, then the tropical Asian summer monsoon (TASM) onsets earliest, simultaneously and abruptly over the whole area in the Bay of Bengal (BOB), the Indo-China Peninsula (ICP), and the South China Sea (SCS), east of 90°E, in the 27th to 28th pentads of a year (Pentads 3 to 4 in May), while it onsets later in the India Peninsula (IP) and the Arabian Sea (AS), west of 90°E. The TASM bursts first at the south end of the IP in the 30th to 31st pentads near 10°N, and advances gradually northward to the whole area, by the end of June. Analysis of the possible mechanism depicts that the rapid changes of the surface sensible heat flux, air temperature, and pressure in spring and early summer in the middle to high latitudes of the East Asian continent between 100°E and 120癊are crucially responsible for the earliest onset of the TASM in the BOB to the SCS areas. It is their rapid changes that induce a continental depression to form and break through the high system of pressure originally located in the above continental areas. The low depression in turn introduces the southwesterly to come into the BOB to the SCS areas, east of 90°E, and thus makes the SCS summer monsoon (SCSSM) burst out earliest in Asia. In the IP to the AS areas, west of 90°E, the surface sensible heat flux almost does not experience obvious change during April and May, which makes the tropical Indian summer monsoon (TISM) onset later than the SCSSM by about a month. Therefore, it is concluded that the meridian of 90°E is the demarcation line between the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM, i.e., the TISM) and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM, including the SCSSM). Besides, the temporal relations between the TASM onset and the seasonal variation of the South Asian high (SAH) are discussed, too, and it is found that there are good relations between the monsoon onset time and the SAH center positions. When the SAH center advances to north of 20°N, the SCSSM onsets, and to north of 25°N, the TISM onsets at its south end. Comparison between the onset time such determined and that with other methodologies shows fair consistency in the SCS area and some differences in the IP area.     

The effects of the thermal anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau and its vicinities on climate variability in China

The evident effects of the thermal anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and its vicinities are summarized and discussed in this paper. By the singular value decomposition (SVD) technique and numerical simulations of the effect of the snow depth anomaly over the TP, it is shown that the snow depth anomaly, especially in winter, is one of the factors influencing precipitation in China, and the winter snow anomaly is more important than the spring one. The relations between the sensible heat anomaly over the TP and the intensity of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) are studied, too, and two key areas of the sensible heat anomaly over the TP are found. The relationships between the South Asia High (SAH). and the precipitation in the years with typical droughts or floods in the mid to lower valleys of the Yangtze River (MLVYR) and North China are investigated in some detail. It is found that not only the intensity of the SAH over the TP, but also the 100-hPa height in a large area influences the precipitation in the above two regions. The effects of the SAH on the onsets of the tropical Asian summer monsoon (TASM) including the SCSSM and the tropical Indian summer monsoon (TISM) are studied as well. It is found that the onset times of both the SCSSM and the TISM are highly dependent upon the latitudinal position of the SAH center.     

赤道涡旋与南海夏季风爆发

文中应用１９７９－１９９５年共１７ａ的８５０ｈＰａ风场资料和ＮＯＡＡ卫星的ＯＬＲ资料，分析了南海夏季风爆发的特征。证实南海夏季风爆发，落后于同纬度的中南半岛和菲律宾岛屿地区。但在南海的东部和西部，季风爆发几乎是同时的，具有某种驻波的特征。文中还证实，大多数年份的４，５月间在１０５°Ｅ附近有赤道涡旋形成，这个涡旋引导它上游的赤道西风或南半球西风进入南海南部，为南海的季风爆发创造有利条件。这种涡旋不活跃的年份，季风爆发往往偏晚。它们之间可能存在某种联系。４月中旬，这个涡旋的形成和１０５°Ｅ越赤道气流的初步建立是同时的。进入５月份，这支越赤道气流逐渐加强。南海夏季风的活动与这支气流可能关系密切。如果称位于１０５°Ｅ附近的赤道涡旋为东亚的爆发涡旋，它显然与南亚季风的情况有较大差别。南亚的爆发涡旋与季风爆发的关系是直接的，而在东亚，则是间接的，这也说明了东亚季风比南亚季风更具有复杂性。     

亚洲夏季风爆发前后西北太平洋和孟加拉湾热带气旋活动统计特征

亚洲夏季风爆发始于孟加拉湾,然后向中国南海和印度次大陆扩展,其过程约持续1个月。各地区夏季风爆发时间呈明显的年际变化。利用热带气旋资料和气象再分析资料,统计了1951-2010年孟加拉湾和中国南海夏季风爆发前后西北太平洋热带气旋、孟加拉湾气旋风暴活动和夏季风爆发的关系。结果表明,在孟加拉湾夏季风爆发过程中,共有36 a出现孟加拉湾气旋风暴,并且夏季风爆发偏早年出现风暴的几率最高,为80%。在孟加拉湾夏季风爆发偏早、正常和偏晚3种类型中,孟加拉湾风暴活动频率高峰期多出现在夏季风爆发前后几天内。并且在孟加拉湾风暴活动频率高峰出现前期,西北太平洋热带气旋最先出现活动频率高峰。孟加拉湾夏季风爆发前有40%-50%的年份西北太平洋出现热带气旋活动,其中,夏季风爆发偏早年,爆发前西北太平洋热带气旋活跃的时间偏早（4月第2候）,且多活动在中国南海和菲律宾附近;爆发正常年,西北太平洋热带气旋活跃的时间为4月第4候,多活动在略偏东的海域;爆发偏晚年,西北太平洋热带气旋活跃的时间为5月初,活动区域最偏东。中国南海夏季风爆发过程中,60 a中共有29 a西北太平出现热带气旋,其中爆发偏早和正常年出现热带气旋的频率较高,并且热带气旋多出现在爆发当日和爆发后一段时间。整体来看,亚洲夏季风爆发前,西北太平洋热带气旋活动频率最先开始增强,然后孟加拉湾风暴开始活跃并伴随着孟加拉湾夏季风爆发,夏季风爆发偏早和正常年,孟加拉湾夏季风爆发后,西北太平洋热带气旋再次增强,中国南海夏季风爆发。      

高分辨率卫星实测资料揭示的近年亚洲热带夏季风爆发进程

利用高分辨率卫星观测资料,从气候态角度分析了亚洲热带夏季风爆发特征。研究表明,亚洲热带夏季风最先在中南半岛西部爆发,随后在整个中南半岛和孟加拉湾东部,然后扩大至孟加拉湾西部和南海。夏季风爆发后,与孟加拉湾和南海相比,中南半岛雨量增强形势不明显。第26—28候（即5月第2候—5月第4候）是亚洲热带夏季风的爆发阶段。整个爆发过程,低层风场的时空演变与对流降水相对应,海表温度场增温较海表风场提早约1候左右;华南地区以锋面降水为主,即副热带季风降水。采用对流降水和海表上空10 m风场分别代表夏季风降水和盛行风向的时空演变特征较常规资料更为准确、精细。     

EFFECT OF THE INDIAN PENINSULA ON THE COURSE OF THE ASIAN TROPICAL SUMMER MONSOON

In terms of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3),the effect of the Indian Peninsulaon the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon is simulated in this paper,and numericalexperimental results show that the Indian Peninsula plays a critical role in the establishmentprocess of the Asian tropical summer monsoon.When the CCM3 includes the Indian Peninsula,the model successfully simulates out the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon,i.e.theSouth China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon at first bursts in middle May,while the Indian monsoonjust establishes until middle June.However when the Indian Peninsula topography is deleted in themodel,the Indian and SCS summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish in late May.Numerical results further indicate that in the former experiment the sensible heating of the IndianPeninsula warms the air above and produces evident temperature contrast between the peninsulaand its adjacent SCS and Bay of Bengal (BOB).which results in the strengthening and maintenanceof the BOB trough in the low-middle layer of the troposphere in the end of spring and early summerand thus the earliest establishment of the Asian tropical summer monsoon in the SCS in middleMay.However,the Indian summer monsoon just establishes until middle June when the strongwest wind over the Arabian Sea shifts northwards and cancels out the influence of the northwestflow behind the BOB trough.In the latter experiment the effect of Tibetan Plateau only produces avery weak BOB trough,and thus the SCS and Indian summer monsoons almost simultaneouslyestablish.     

EFFECT OF THE INDIAN PENINSULA ON THE COURSE OF THE ASIAN TROPICAL SUMMER MONSOON*

In terms of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3),the effect of the Indian Peninsula on the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon is simulated in this paper,and numerical experimental results show that the Indian Peninsula plays a critical role in the establishment process of the Asian tropical summer monsoon.When the CCM3 includes the Indian Peninsula,the model successfully simulates out the course of the Asian tropical summer monsoon,i.e.the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon at first bursts in middle May,while the Indian monsoon just establishes until middle June.However when the Indian Peninsula topography is deleted in the model,the Indian and SCS summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish in late May.Numerical results further indicate that in the former experiment the sensible heating of the Indian Peninsula warms the air above and produces evident temperature contrast between the peninsula and its adjacent SCS and Bay of Bengal (BOB).which results in the strengthening and maintenance of the BOB trough in the low-middle layer of the troposphere in the end of spring and early summer and thus the earliest establishment of the Asian tropical summer monsoon in the SCS in middle May.However,the Indian summer monsoon just establishes until middle June when the strong west wind over the Arabian Sea shifts northwards and cancels out the influence of the northwest flow behind the BOB trough.In the latter experiment the effect of Tibetan Plateau only produces a very weak BOB trough,and thus the SCS and Indian summer monsoons almost simultaneously establish.     

THE TIMING OF SOUTH-ASIAN HIGH ESTABLISHMENT AND ITS RELATION TO TROPICAL ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON AND PRECIPITATION OVER EAST-CENTRAL CHINA IN SUMMER

The timing of the South Asian High (SAH) establishment over the Indochina Peninsula (IP) from April to May and its relations to the setup of the subsequent tropical Asian summer monsoon and precipitation over eastern-central China in summer are investigated by using NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data and the daily precipitation data from 753 weather stations in China. It is found that the transitions of the zonal wind vertical shear and convection establishment over tropical Asia are earlier (later) in the years of early (late) establishment of SAH. In the lower troposphere, anti-cyclonic (cyclonic) anomaly circulation dominates the equatorial Indian Ocean. Correspondingly, the tropical Asian summer monsoon establishes earlier (later). Furthermore, the atmospheric circulation and the water vapor transport in the years of advanced SAH establishment are significantly different from the delayed years in Asia in summer. Out-of-phase distribution of precipitation in eastern-central China will appear with a weak (strong) SAH and western Pacific subtropical high, strong (weak) ascending motion in the area south of Yangtze River but weak (strong) ascending motion in the area north of it, and cyclonic (anti-cyclonic) water vapor flux anomaly circulation from the eastern-central China to western Pacific. Accordingly, the timing of the SAH establishment at the upper levels of IP is indicative of the subsequent onset of the tropical Asian summer monsoon and the flood-drought pattern over eastern-central China in summer.