圆弧破坏边坡反演设计的ANN方法与ANFIS方法的比较研究

圆弧破坏边坡反演设计方法,是根据边坡的岩土力学参数及边坡高度,在确保安全系数满足要求的前提下,对圆弧破坏边坡的边坡角进行设计的一种新方法。建立圆弧破坏边坡反演设计方法的关键,就是要对大量稳定圆弧破坏边坡实例加以集成,以建立从{ , c, , H, F}到 的映射。文中收集了大量稳定圆弧破坏边坡实例,采用ANN和ANFIS对其进行了集成,分别建立了圆弧破坏边坡反演设计的ANN方法和ANFIS方法,进而又采用圆弧破坏边坡实例对两者的反演结果进行了比较。结果表明,ANFIS更适合于用来建立圆弧破坏边坡反演设计方法。     

基于破坏机理与破坏模式的道路边坡分类浅析

边坡在道路(铁路公路)带状工程中占比较高,边坡工程可靠性对道路工程建设投资以及后期运营安全影响较大。影响边坡可靠性的因素很多,其中边坡破坏机理、边坡破坏模式直接影响边坡工程设计的有效性和针对性。本文在总结经验的基础上,提出基于边坡破坏机理与破坏模式的道路边坡分类,并对各类边坡的基本特征、边坡破坏机理与破坏模式等进行了探讨,以期为我国道路边坡工程的勘察设计提供借鉴。     

多层软弱夹层边坡岩体破坏机制与稳定性研究

以大量的实际工程为基础,基于Sarma极限平衡法和有限元强度折减法探讨层状岩质边坡在不同岩层倾角θ、边坡坡角β、结构面间距h条件下的安全系数与破坏面位置的变化规律,揭示复杂多层软弱夹层边坡岩体的破坏机制及稳定性特征。结果表明：不同θ条件下边坡岩体失稳机制和破坏面位置不同,随着θ的增大,破坏机制表现为滑移破坏→滑劈破坏→崩塌破坏→倾倒破坏→滑移破坏;当β、h一定时,直立层状边坡的稳定性略大于水平层状边坡,反倾向边坡的稳定性明显大于顺层边坡;β直接影响边坡岩体破坏特征,当β由30°增大至60°时,顺层边坡的安全系数约降低53%;反倾向层状边坡的安全系数约降低40%;h对边坡岩体破坏机制的影响较小,但对稳定性的影响较大,建议工程实践中加强密集结构面岩质边坡的监测和加固工作。     

边坡渐进破坏的模糊随机可靠性研究

研究边坡的渐进破坏过程对边坡稳定性的影响,认为边坡破坏是由局部向整体扩展的渐进过程,它具有随机性和模糊性双重特性.渐进破坏模糊随机法能很好地反映边坡体内局部破坏的产生、扩展及对边坡整体可靠性的影响.基于岩土体的空间变异性,考虑了随机变量和极限状态函数的模糊性,以模糊随机变量为基本变量建立了边坡渐进破坏的模糊极限状态方程...     

基于不同地质要素土质边坡的地震变形破坏颗粒流模拟

为探讨地震作用下松散堆积体边坡的变形破坏特征,采用颗粒流模拟程序（PFC2D）输入水平向汶川地震波,对不同坡度及不同细观参数的土质边坡进行动力作用下变形破坏的全过程模拟。研究表明,相同地震力作用下坡度主要影响土质边坡的破坏范围,边坡越陡,破坏深度越大,破坏边界越靠后;而细观参数则影响边坡的破坏形式,黏性土边坡的滑体保持了较好的整体性,滑面呈弧形;而砂性土边坡的破坏具有流变性且滑面呈上陡下缓的折线形。     

坡面形态对边坡动力变形破坏影响的模型试验研究

采用自主制作的单向振动试验台,对不同坡面形态土质边坡进行了失稳破坏过程的模型试验研究。试验设计了凹面坡、凸面坡和凹凸面组合型3类边坡共8个模型,通过单向振动试验台施加初始位移,触发模型边坡失稳破坏,利用摄像机对模型边坡破坏过程进行跟踪记录,并对变形破坏特征进行分析。试验表明：凹面坡主要由坡面上形成的横向裂隙带动整个坡体发生破坏,而凸面坡则是由于坡顶上形成的横向裂隙带动整个坡体发生变形破坏,凹凸面组合型边坡的破坏则是受坡面凸起部位所控制;进一步研究发现,凹凸程度越强的边坡越容易发生变形破坏,其变形破坏的程度越大。研究成果有助于了解不同形态坡面边坡的破坏特征,为工程边坡设计提供借鉴意义。     

边坡可靠性与经济风险性分析及其应用

本文在边坡渐进破坏可靠性分析的基本原理和计算方法基础上 ,分析了影响边坡渐进破坏的主要因素 ,对白云鄂博铁矿的主矿边坡进行了二维渐进破坏可靠性计算 ;然后围绕边坡方案的可靠性分析结果 ,把经济决策理论引入边坡的经济分析中 ,结合边坡工程具体特点对边坡进行了投资效益风险性分析。     

基于强度折减的土质边坡破坏及稳定分析

边坡的破坏过程是由土体局部破坏向整体失稳发展的过程,其塑性区的开展及其水平位移增量的变化较完美地展现了这个过程。根据边坡的实际破坏和有限元数值模拟情况,提出了以特征点位移增量的突变及塑性区贯通作为边坡的失稳判断准则;并以此为判据,采用基于强度折减的大变形有限元方法分析了土质边坡的破坏及稳定性。研究表明,采用强度折减有限元法可有效分析边坡的破坏及其稳定性;此外还分析了带有软弱夹层黏土边坡的破坏性状及其稳定性,并比较了大、小变形有限元的计算结果,结果表明,带有软弱夹层黏土边坡的破坏性状随软弱夹层土体性质的变化而变化,由大小变形有限元分析得到的边坡稳定安全系数较为一致,但边坡的破坏机制随软弱夹层土体性质变化的转变点不同。     

不同压实度下黄土填方边坡失稳的模型试验研究

黄土填方边坡在降雨入渗下容易发生滑坡。为了探讨降雨入渗下压实度对黄土填方边坡变形破坏机制、失稳模式以及滑动机理的影响,基于室内降雨系统,结合传感器监测和三维激光扫描技术,开展了边坡压实度为80%（低压实度）、90%（中压实度）、95%（高压实度）的降雨模型试验研究,分析了压实度对填方边坡体积含水率、基质吸力以及变形破坏过程的影响规律。结果表明:压实度的不同,边坡首先破坏的位置不一。中、高压实度下的边坡最先破坏发生在坡脚处,表现出滑塌破坏;而低压实度则是在坡顶,为湿陷沉降破坏。边坡压实度越大,其变形破坏过程持续时间越长,所需累积雨量就越大,但滑动距离和滑面深度越小。随压实度的增加,边坡破坏模式由深层整体破坏向浅层多级破坏转变。低压实度边坡为湿陷沉降-深层蠕滑拉裂式,中压实度边坡为深层蠕滑拉裂式破坏,而高压实度边坡则为浅层多级后退式失稳。     

类土质边坡研究初探

通过大量的现场调查及理论分析,完善了类土质边坡的概念,总结了类土质边坡的特性,并按构成介质的不同对类 土质边坡进行了分类,在此基础上,归纳出几种常见的边坡破坏形式,分析了各种破坏形式的破坏原因,分析了破坏机理,为 类土质边坡的进一步研究打下基础。     

爆炸荷载下岩石损伤机理及其力学特性研究

基于所建立的反映岩石冲击压缩、拉伸损伤理论模型以及深孔微差爆破数值模拟结果,研究了爆炸载荷作用下岩石损伤演化和破碎规律,分析了岩石的动态力学特性;通过对水平边界条件下爆破破岩物理、力学过程的研究,探讨了深孔微差爆破的作用机制和爆破设计原则。     

土方开挖粘塑性模糊随机损伤机理研究

以基坑工程为例分析了开挖损伤演变的模糊随机性并建立了广义非确定性空间O：Б（s,f）。提出了初始损伤有效张量的概念模型,在“损伤源汇”概念基础上提出了模糊衰减模型,构造了粘塑性模糊随机损伤增量方程并实现了基坑开挖过程的模糊随机损伤模拟。在线性算子基础上提出了模糊随机损伤矢量极限值{Ωu},进而建立了以损伤有效张量为基础的粘塑性模糊随机损伤本构模型及粘塑性非线性模糊随机数值方法。在粘塑性模糊随机损伤有限元基础上建立了粘塑性模糊随机损伤变化率方程,实现了对基坑开挖过程中模糊随机损伤演变发展的全面模拟,完成了模糊随机卸荷损伤模型的构建。     

补水压力对土体冻胀的影响北大核心CSCD

为了研究冷端温度、土质和补水压力对土体冻胀影响的强弱以及现行评价土体冻胀敏感性的方法在土体有压补水冻结时的适用性,开展了三因素三水平的冻胀正交试验。基于灰色关联度法得到的结果表明,影响土体冻胀率的因素由强到弱依次为补水压力、冷端温度和土质。补水压力、冷端温度与冻胀率的关联度较大,土质与冻胀率的关联度较小。在较高的补水压力作用下,非冻胀敏感性的砂类土产生了明显的冰透镜体,且部分砂类土的冻胀率超过了黏质土的冻胀率。发现仅凭细粒含量评价水压作用下砂类土的冻胀敏感性存在缺陷,应根据土体所处的实际环境进行综合评估。通过讨论冻胀敏感性、融沉敏感性与冻害敏感性之间的关系,提出受水压影响的寒区工程构筑物须通过设置隔水和排水设施以及使用换填法来综合防治冻害的方法,可为相关工程的设计及安全运营提供参考。     

Numerical Analyses of the Influence of Blast-Induced Damaged Rock Around Shallow Tunnels in Brittle Rock

Most of the railway tunnels in Sweden are shallow-seated (<20 m of rock cover) and are located in hard brittle rock masses. The majority of these tunnels are excavated by drilling and blasting, which, consequently, result in the development of a blast-induced damaged zone around the tunnel boundary. Theoretically, the presence of this zone, with its reduced strength and stiffness, will affect the overall performance of the tunnel, as well as its construction and maintenance. The Swedish Railroad Administration, therefore, uses a set of guidelines based on peak particle velocity models and perimeter blasting to regulate the extent of damage due to blasting. However, the real effects of the damage caused by blasting around a shallow tunnel and their criticality to the overall performance of the tunnel are yet to be quantified and, therefore, remain the subject of research and investigation. This paper presents a numerical parametric study of blast-induced damage in rock. By varying the strength and stiffness of the blast-induced damaged zone and other relevant parameters, the near-field rock mass response was evaluated in terms of the effects on induced boundary stresses and ground deformation. The continuum method of numerical analysis was used. The input parameters, particularly those relating to strength and stiffness, were estimated using a systematic approach related to the fact that, at shallow depths, the stress and geologic conditions may be highly anisotropic. Due to the lack of data on the post-failure characteristics of the rock mass, the traditional Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion was assumed and used. The results clearly indicate that, as expected, the presence of the blast-induced damage zone does affect the behaviour of the boundary stresses and ground deformation. Potential failure types occurring around the tunnel boundary and their mechanisms have also been identified.     

The role of the lowermost boundary conditions in the hydrological response of shallow sloping covers

In many areas of the world, slopes covered by shallow unsaturated non-plastic soil layers experience rainfall-induced landslides causing heavy damage and casualties every year. Landslide occurrence depends on the amount of water infiltrated and stored. Among the contributing factors are the hydraulic conditions at the lowermost boundary, a feature that is often disregarded. The paper focuses on this topic, presenting the results of some laboratory and numerical experiments on ash-pumice interfaces. A strategy is then proposed for selecting the lowermost boundary condition, and some studies are carried out to compare the results obtained with the proposed solution and other more popular ones.     

A parameter identification procedure for viscoelastic materials

A parameter identification procedure is presented for visco-elastic materials. The idea of this method is based on the boundary control concept by using the dual properties of traction and displacement, for example, if we give the traction force on a traction boundary and we observe displacement on a part of the same boundary (the observational or control boundary condition), then we may determine the material properties corresponding to the given and observed data. The numerical procedure is then developed on the basis of Newton’s iteration scheme. The method has been shown to be effective for a linear elastic material Ichikawa and Ohkami, Soils and Foundations, 1992, 32(2), 35–44 and for damage mechanics problems Tsuchiyama et al., Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 1993, 475/III -24, 49–58 (in Japanese). In this paper we give an extension to the visco-elastic problem.     

地下结构地震破坏静-动力耦合模拟研究

地下结构地震破坏过程模拟是研究地下结构抗震性能的有效手段,通过人工边界条件设置将围岩土体的自重应力作为动力响应模拟的初始状态,实现了地下结构地震响应静-动力耦合数值模拟。基于有限元分析软件ABAQUS,将极限剪应变作为破坏标准,采用生死单元法模拟了地下结构的地震破坏过程,通过结构埋深考虑了初始地应力对地下结构抗震性能的影响。模拟结果表明,地下结构的抗震性能存在一个最不利埋深,即最容易地震破坏的埋深,当结构的埋深超过最不利埋深时,结构的极限抗震能力增强,若结构产生地震破坏,则结构埋深越深即初始地应力越高其破坏程度也越强。     

石窟薄层顶板破坏的早期潜在原因分析

为了探讨导致某石窟4号硐顶板破坏的最初潜在原因,根据石窟变形破坏规律及结构边界条件,采用粘弹性薄板理论,给出了广义开尔文模型下岩层的粘弹性变形、应力解析解。为了在任意一时刻给出全域应力、位移的分布状态,提出了一种解析解全域逐点搜索法,将全域划分细密网格,用所建立的解析解计算每小区中点的应力及网格点位移值。通过分析计算,给出了石窟顶板随时间变化的位移场、变形规律及顶板可能产生受拉破坏的变化规律,其中,有两处的受拉区分界线与现在的破坏裂缝线基本吻合,说明石窟成形初期,因内能释放而产生的受拉区及其边界分界线是后来真正破坏的早期潜在不稳定源。这一结论对保护和维护石窟稳定性具有实际参考意义。实例表明,所建立的模型及分析方法是正确和合理的,方法及结论均具有通用性。     

落石冲击荷载作用下的桩板拦石墙结构动力响应

桩板拦石墙是针对2008年"5·12"汶川震区高陡斜坡带高位落石灾害难以实施主动加固,而在拟设拦挡部位所采用的一种被动防护措施,适用地形坡度介于25°~35°。为研究此类桩板结构在落石冲击荷载下的动力响应,采用有限元与无限元耦合进行数值模拟,结合经典弹塑性理论,系统分析了桩板拦石墙在不同冲击工况下弹塑性加载与卸荷回弹过程中冲击力、贯入深度、结构耗能效果等特征参量,明确了结构的抗冲击特性。结果表明,本文采用的"无限元"边界可以有效地减小应力波在人工截断边界处反射造成的误差。在冲击速度为10 m·s-1、15 m·s-1、20 m·s-1、25 m·s-1的情况下,本文计算冲击力的大小分别为1.9 MN、2.5 MN、3.1 MN、3.7 MN,结果与Kawahara模型一致,但较Labiouse模型和Hertz弹性解大。根据混凝土损伤理论,提出了损伤等级分类,有效地量化结构破损程度。当速度大于20 m·s-1时,桩、板混凝土拉压损伤严重,结构存在丧失承载力的风险。本文的计算方法与结果可为相关结构设计提供实际指导。     

Deformation style in the Munsiari Thrust Zone: a study in the Madlakia–Munsiari–Dhapa section in north-eastern Kumaun Himalaya

The Main Central Thrust demarcates the boundary between the Lesser Himalaya and the Higher Himalaya in the Himalayan orogen. Several definitions of the Main Central Thrust have been proposed since it was originally described as the southern boundary of the crystalline rocks (the Main Central Thrust mass) in the Kumaun-Garhwal Himalaya. The long-held contention that the Munsiari Thrust represents the Main Central Thrust has been negated by recent isotopic studies. One way to define the Main Central Thrust is that it is a ductile shear zone that is delimited by the Munsiari Thrust (MCT-I) in south and the Vaikrita Thrust (MCT-II) in north. The alternative proposition that the Vaikrita Thrust represents the Main Central Thrust is fraught with practical limitations in many parts of the Himalaya, including the study area. In the metamorphic rocks bounded between the Vaikrita Thrust and the Munsiari Thrust, the isoclinal folds of the earliest phase are routinely ascribed to the pre-Himalayan orogeny, whereas all subsequent folding phases are attributed to the Himalayan orogeny. This article elucidates the structural characteristics of the kilometre-thick Munsiari Thrust Zone and revisits the issue of pre-Himalayan orogenic signatures in the thrust zone. With the help of high-resolution field mapping and the analyses of mesoscopic scale structures, we demonstrate that the Munsiari Thrust is a typical fault zone that is made up of a fault core and two damage zones. The fault core traces the boundary between the quartzite and the biotite-gneiss. The damage zones consist of the low-grade metasedimentary rocks in the footwall and the gneiss-migmatite in the hanging wall. The entire fault zone shares an essentially common history of progressive ductile shearing. Successively developed mesoscopic folds trace various stages of progressive ductile shearing in the damage zones. Two recognizable stages of the shearing are represented by the early isoclinal folds and the late kink folds. As the strain during progressive deformation achieved the levels that were too high for accommodation by ductile flow, it was released by development of a tectonic dislocation along a mechanically weak boundary, the Munsiari Thrust. The isoclinal folds and the Munsiari Thrust were developed at different stages of a common progressive deformation during the Himalayan orogeny. Contrary to the popular notion of consistency with respect to orientation, the stretching lineations show large directional variability due to distortion during the late folding.