考虑天然气水合物上覆层不排水抗剪强度深度变化的海底斜坡稳定性影响分析

天然气水合物分解可以诱发海底斜坡失稳对海底工程设施产生造成破坏影响。因此,海底斜坡稳定性状态评价对海底工程设施选址、安全运行具有重要意义。文章根据南海北部神狐海域水合物富集区工程地质特征,采用有限元强度折减法分析了斜坡几何参数、土层强度变化,以及水合物储层特征等因素对水合物分解前后海底斜坡稳定性的影响规律。结果表明,未考虑水合物分解时,海底斜坡稳定性主要受控于斜坡坡度和土体强度,且主要表现为浅层滑坡。考虑水合物的分解时,水合物层强度降低会对斜坡的整体稳定性产生影响,但同等上覆层条件下最危险滑动面位置受水合物层埋深影响较大,且存在受地形几何特征与上覆土层强度控制的临界埋深。埋深大于临界埋深时,水合物分解对斜坡稳定性的影响较小,最危险滑动面位置位于上部浅层,表现为浅表层破坏。小于临界埋深时,最危险滑动面位置则经过水合物层,表现为深层滑坡。根据目前模型中的水合物层埋深条件,水合物分解后的深层滑动面安全系数仍高于浅部地层,意味该海域水合物开采仍需要关注浅层海底滑坡灾害的影响。     

Stability analysis of submarine slopes in the area of the test production of gas hydrate in the South China Sea

In this paper, the mechanical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments (GHBS) were summarized and the instability mechanism of submarine hydrate-bearing slope (SHBS) was analyzed under the background of the test production of gas hydrate in the northern part of the South China Sea. The strength reduction finite element method (SRFEM) was introduced to the stability analysis of submarine slopes for the safety of the test production. Two schemes were designed to determine the physical and mechanical parameters of four target wells. Through the division of the hydrate dissociation region and the design of four working conditions, the range and degree of hydrate dissociation at different stages during the test production were simulated. Based on the software ABAQUS, 37 FEM models of SHBS were set up to analyze and assess the stability of the submarine slopes in the area of the test production. Necessary information such as safety factors, deformation, and displacement were obtained at different stages and under different working conditions. According to the calculation results, the submarine slope area is stable before the test production, and the safety factors almost remains the same during and after the test production. All these indicate that the test production has no obvious influence on the area of the test production and the submarine slopes in the area are stable during and after the test production.     

Multi-factor sensitivity analysis on the stability of submarine hydrate-bearing slope

There are many factors affecting the instability of the submarine hydrate-bearing slope (SHBS), and the interaction with hydrate is very complicated. In this paper, the mechanical mechanism of the static liquefaction and instability of submarine slope caused by the dissociation of natural gas hydrate (NGH) resulting in the rapid increase of pore pressure of gas hydrate-bearing sediments (GHBS) and the decrease of effective stress are analyzed based on the time series and type of SHBS. Then, taking the typical submarine slope in the northern South China Sea as an example, four important factors affecting the stability of SHBS are selected, such as the degree of hydrate dissociation, the depth of hydrate burial, the thickness of hydrate, and the depth of seawater. According to the principle of orthogonal method, 25 orthogonal test schemes with 4 factors and 5 levels are designed and the safety factors of submarine slope stability of each scheme are calculated by using the strength reduction finite element method. By means of the orthogonal design range analysis and the variance analysis, sensitivity of influential factors on stability of SHBS are obtained. The results show that the degree of hydrate dissociation is the most sensitive, followed by hydrate burial depth, the thickness of hydrate and the depth of seawater. Finally, the concept of gas hydrate critical burial depth is put forward according to the influence law of gas hydrate burial depth, and the numerical simulation for specific submarine slope is carried out, which indicates the existence of critical burial depth.     

含天然气水合物沉积物分解过程的有限元模拟

温度和压力的变化会引起含天然气水合物沉积物的分解,其过程伴随着相态转换、孔隙水压力和气压力耗散、热传导、骨架变形等过程的相互耦合作用。基于多孔介质理论建立了描述含天然气水合物沉积物分解过程的数学模型,考虑了水合物分解产生的水、气流动、水合物相变和分解动力学过程、热传导、骨架变形等过程的耦合作用。基于有限元法,建立了模拟水合物分解过程的数值模型,并编制了计算机分析程序。通过对降压法和升温法开采过程的数值模拟,揭示了在水合物分解过程中沉积物储层的变形、压力、温度等因素的变化规律。结果表明：降压法和升温法都会导致储层变形以及产生超孔隙压力,但两种方法作用效果不同;同时,水合物分解过程包含渗流及热传导作用。     

Progress in stability analysis of submarine slopes considering dissociation of gas hydrates

Gas hydrates have the potential to be a new energy source and a submarine geohazard. Though researchers generally agree about the association between gas hydrate dissociation and submarine slope failures, the processes and mechanism of submarine slope failure caused by gas hydrate dissociation are not clearly understood. In the last few years, some authors have tried to analyse submarine slope stability by considering the existence and dissociation of gas hydrate, and a few researchers have presented quantitative models. This paper presents a review of the various causes of submarine slope failures associated with gas hydrate dissociation. Also, analysis models of submarine slope stability associated with gas hydrate dissociation that are documented from the literatures including the infinite slope model, wedge model, slump and retrogressive failure model are interpreted and illustrated, respectively.     

含天然气水合物沉积物损伤统计本构模型

水合物含量、有效围压是影响含天然气水合物沉积物力学性质的主要因素,在忽略其他次要因素（包括水合物种类、试样颗粒大小、试验条件等）的情况下,水合物含量和有效围压是决定试样弹性模量的两个关键参数。在分析等效弹性模量与水合物含量相互关系的基础上,考虑有效围压的影响,建立了弹性模量与有效围压的幂函数关系;同时采用Drucker-Prager破坏准则来表示含天然气水合物沉积物微元强度,并假设其微元强度服从Weibull分布,从而建立了含天然气水合物沉积物的损伤统计本构模型,与不同有效围压下的试验结果及已有研究成果相比较,表明了所建模型能够很好地模拟三轴剪切条件下含水合物沉积物试样的应力-应变关系特性。此研究成果可对含天然气水合物沉积物工程性状的数值模拟提供参考。     

The Geochemical Context of Gas Hydrate in the Eastern Nankai Trough

Abstract. Geochemical studies for gas hydrate, gas and organic matter collected from gas hydrate research wells drilled at the landward side of the eastern Nankai Trough, offshore Tokai, Japan, are reported. Organic matter in the 2355 m marine sediments drilled to Eocene is mainly composed of Type III kerogen with both marine and terrigenous organic input. The gas hydrate-bearing shallow sediments are immature for hydrocarbon generation, whereas the sediments below 2100 mbsf are thermally mature. The origins of gases change from microbial to thermogenic at around 1500 mbsf.
Carbon isotope compositions of CH₄ and CO₂, and hydrocarbon compositions consistently suggest that the CH₄ in the gas hydrate-bearing sediments is generated by microbial reduction of CO₂. The δ¹³C depth-profiles of CH₄ and CO₂ suggest that the microbial methanogenesis is less active in the Nankai Trough sediments compared with other gas hydrate-bearing sediments where solid gas hydrate samples of microbial origin were recovered. Since in situ generative-potential of microbial methane in the Nankai Trough sediments is interpreted to be low due to the low total organic carbon content (0.5 % on the average) in the gas hydrate-bearing shallow sediments, upward migration of microbial methane and selective accumulation into permeable sands should be necessary for the high concentration of gas hydrate in discrete sand layers.     

琼东南盆地南部低凸起及其周缘区天然气水合物富集影响因素和成藏模式

为了厘清琼东南盆地南部低凸起及其周缘区天然气水合物富集影响因素及成藏模式,利用天然气水合物钻探获取的钻井、测井及2D/3D地震资料,分析了研究区天然气水合物赋存的地质、地球物理特征,探讨了水合物富集控制成藏的影响因素,建立了水合物成藏模式.结果表明:琼东南盆地南部低凸起及其周缘区位于中央坳陷带南坡的深部流体输导优势方向上.多个站位水合物钻探显示,水合物具有分层、多类型储集层的特征.测井上含水合物层段总体具有高电阻率、低声波时差特征.地震剖面分析显示气烟囱顶部气体横向充注现象明显,气体垂向运移受限.研究区水合物的气源兼具微生物成因和热解气成因.断层、气烟囱以及孔?缝渗漏体系为深层热解气的运移提供了良好的输导条件.浅层块体搬运沉积的快速堆积使得其内部孔隙流体难以迅速排出,从而其孔隙流体压力相比上覆和下伏地层要高,使得下伏流体的垂向输导受阻,形成封盖作用.超压封盖层是研究区多类型储集层水合物主要的控制因素.根据封盖能力的差异性及其对水合物富集程度的影响提出了封闭系统和开放系统两种类型的水合物成藏模式.      

南海神狐海域天然气水合物声波测井速度与饱和度关系分析

利用南海北部神狐海域A站位的地震和测井资料综合分析神狐海域含天然气水合物沉积层的声波测井速度及水合物饱和度的分布特征和变化规律,并对水合物饱和度的理论计算值和实测值进行对比分析,同时对水合物稳定带的纵波速度特征与饱和度的关系进行了综合研究。结果表明：神狐海域A站位的水合物层厚度约20 m,纵波速度在1 873～2 226m/s之间,水合物饱和度在15.0%～47.3%之间变化,水合物饱和度值相对较高;受海底复杂地质因素的影响,根据岩心孔隙水的氯离子淡化程度实测的水合物饱和度随声波速度的变化并不是单一的正比例关系,而是随声波速度的升高而上下波动,波动幅度在10%～20%之间,总体趋势上随声波速度的升高而升高,并集中分布在理论曲线附近;利用热弹性理论速度模型计算并校正后的水合物饱和度随声波速度的增加而有规律地增加,水合物饱和度的理论计算值与实测数据比较吻合,说明所建立的岩石物理模型正确,模型参数选取合理。根据声波速度计算水合物饱和度这一方法可扩展到整个研究区域,并为研究区的水合物资源量评价提供基础数据。     

南海北部天然气水合物富集特征及定量评价

为寻找有资源前景的高富集天然气水合物及水合物储层的精细刻画方法,利用南海6次钻探发现的高饱和度水合物层的测井、岩心和三维地震数据,分析水合物富集层测井与地震异常特征.发现:（1）不同饱和度的孔隙与裂隙充填型水合物层的测井和地震异常不同,裂隙充填型水合物层具有各向异性;（2）受高通量流体运移的影响,在粉砂沉积物的水合物稳定带底界附近能形成中等饱和度的水合物层,识别标志为稳定带内极性与海底一致的强振幅反射,而非BSR和振幅空白;（3）裂隙充填型中等饱和度水合物层在地震剖面上表现为地层上拱和弱-中等强度振幅反射.储层-疏导-气源的耦合控制着水合物的富集特征和分布,断层与流体运移控制着细粒粉砂质沉积物中水合物的富集与厚度.基于饱和度岩相的统计学反演,能识别3 m非水合物和低饱和度水合物层及空间分布.      

天然气水合物--石油天然气的未来替代能源

天然气水合物是甲烷等天然气在高压、低温条件下形成的冰状固体物质。据估算,全球天然气水合物中碳的含量等于石油、煤等化石能源中碳含量的两倍,这是一个非常诱人的数字。在人类面临化石能源即将枯竭的时候,科学家和各国政府都把眼光投向这一未来能替代化石能源的新能源。南海在新生代构造演化历史、沉积条件、沉积环境等方面都显示这里具有生成和蕴藏巨大天然气水合物资源的条件,因此,这里可能成为中国在不远的将来之新能源基地。     

考虑含水合物沉积物损伤的多场耦合模型研究

天然气水合物是一种新型的清洁能源,具有广阔的应用前景。但在水合物开采过程中温压条件的改变会引起水合物的分解,导致含水合物沉积物胶结强度的丧失;同时,沉积物在加载过程中由于其内部微裂纹、缺陷逐渐扩展以及土颗粒间的水合物逐渐破碎也会引发含水合物沉积物的损伤,而以往对于水合物分解过程中多场耦合模型的研究忽略了沉积物结构损伤演化过程及其对耦合过程的影响。因此,基于连续损伤理论,在损伤统计本构模型中引入三参数的Weibull分布和残余强度修正系数,建立起考虑损伤阈值和残余强度影响的含水合物沉积物损伤统计本构模型;进而将本构模型嵌入到水合物分解过程的多场耦合模型中,建立了考虑含水合物沉积物损伤的温度-应力-渗流-化学（THMC）多场耦合数学模型;基于该模型讨论了含水合物沉积物结构损伤对水合物分解过程中沉积物储层的变形、压力、温度等因素的影响规律。通过计算分析发现：含水合物沉积物结构损伤对水合物分解的多场耦合过程具有显著影响,并且随着分解时间的增加,其影响逐渐增大。     

Diapir structure and its constraint on gas hydrate accumulation in the Makran accretionary prism,offshore Pakistan

The Makran accretionary prism is located at the junction of the Eurasian Plate, Arabian Plate and Indian Plate and is rich in natural gas hydrate (NGH) resources. It consists of a narrow continental shelf, a broad continental slope, and a deformation front. The continental slope can be further divided into the upper slope, middle slope, and lower slope. There are three types of diapir structure in the accretionary prism, namely mud diapir, mud volcano, and gas chimney. (1) The mud diapirs can be grouped into two types, namely the ones with low arching amplitude and weak-medium activity energy and the ones with high arching amplitude and medium-strong activity energy. The mud diapirs increase from offshore areas towards onshore areas in general, while the ones favorable for the formation of NGH are mainly distributed on the middle slope in the central and western parts of the accretionary prism. (2) The mud volcanoes are mainly concentrated along the anticline ridges in the southern part of the lower slope and the deformation front. (3) The gas chimneys can be grouped into three types, which are located in piggyback basins, active anticline ridges, and inactive anticline ridges, respectively. They are mainly distributed on the middle slope in the central and western parts of the accretionary prism and most of them are accompanied with thrust faults. The gas chimneys located at different tectonic locations started to be active at different time and pierced different horizons. The mud diapirs, mud volcanoes, and gas chimneys and thrust faults serve as the main pathways of gas migration, and thus are the important factors that control the formation, accumulation, and distribution of NGH in the Makran accretionary prism. Mud diapir/gas chimney type hydrate develop in the middle slope, mud volcano type hydrate develop in the southern lower slope and the deformation front, and stepped accretionary prism type hydrate develop on the central and northern lower slope. The middle slope, lower slope and deformation front in the central and western parts of the Makran accretionary prism jointly constitute the NGH prospect area.     

层状赋存含水合物沉积物的本构模型研究

推进天然气水合物资源开采是我国能源战略的重要任务。层状赋存形态的含水合物沉积物在目标开采储层中普遍存在,水合物开采引起的沉积物层扰动会直接诱发剪切变形影响储层的稳定性,严重制约水合物资源的安全开采。现有水合物沉积物的本构表征主要基于空间均匀分布、各向同性的材料特征假设,缺少考虑水合物沉积物的强非线性力学特性受层状赋存形态影响的本构表征方法,无法准确预测目标开采储层的应力-应变规律。本文采用均匀化理论,基于每层沉积物的弹塑性刚度矩阵构建层状形态代表体积单元的宏细观控制方程,建立了层状赋存含水合物沉积物的本构表征方法。代表体积单元内每层的沉积物模型参数可基于均质含水合物沉积物试样的三轴试验标定获取。通过将层状本构模型预测和层状沉积物三轴试验以及数值试验的应力-应变关系对比验证,本研究提出的层状本构模型可准确描述原位储层中层状赋存含水合沉积物的力学行为。     

Geochemical Process of Gas Hydrate Formation in the Nankai Trough Based on Chloride and Isotopic Anomalies in Interstitial Water

Abstract: Interstitial water expelled from gas hydrate-bearing and -free sediments in the Nankai Trough are analyzed in terms of Cl-, SO₄²-, δ¹⁸O and δD. The baselines for the Cl- concentration and δ¹⁸O value are close to seawater values (530 mM and 0%), indicating that the interstitial water is of seawater origin. The δD values decrease with depth, implying isotopic exchange of hydrogen between upwelling biogenic methane depleted in D and interstitial water. The Cl- concentrations in gas hydrate-bearing sediments are anomalously low, while the δ¹⁸O and δD values are both high, suggesting that the water forming these gas hydrates was poor in Cl- and enriched in ¹⁸O and D during gas hydrate formation. Calculation of the gas hydrate saturations using Cl "and δ¹⁸O anomalies gives results of up to 80 % in sand, and shows that the δ¹⁸O baseline is not consistent with the Cl" baseline. The δ¹⁸O baseline increases by +1% in gas hydrate-free clay and silt. This is considered to be caused by clustering of water molecules after gas hydrate dissociation in response to the upward migration of the base of gas hydrate stability, as indicated by the presence of a double bottom-simulating reflector at this site. The water clusters enriched in ¹⁸O are responsible for the increase in the δ¹⁸O baseline with normal Cl". The abrupt shallowing of the base of gas hydrate stability may induce the dissociation of gas hydrates and the accumulation of gases in the new stability zone, representing a geological process that increases gas hydrate saturation.     

CFD-DEM simulation of submarine landslide triggered by seismic loading in methane hydrate rich zone

Submarine landslide due to seismic loading in methane hydrate-rich zone was simulated in this study using coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method. Dynamic features and Magnus force were incorporated in the coupling scheme to improve the simulation fidelity in dynamic problem. A sinusoidal type seismic loading was applied to a steep submarine slope, which was characterized by a strong inter-layer of methane hydrate-bearing sediments. The simulation results show that a flow-type sliding occurs and the sliding ends with a gentle slope of accumulated debris material. The fluid flows in an eddy pattern near the sliding mass. The presence of methane hydrate can increase the strength and decrease the damping of the sediment. When MH saturation is low (25 and 30%), the combined seismic loading and particle-fluid interaction damage the MH-rich layer, which allows settlement behind the slope crest and upheaval in front of the slope toe. The two ground deformation patterns (settlement and upheaval) are not observed when MH saturation is high (40 and 50%) because the sediment strength is great enough to resist seismic damage. The lower damping in higher MH saturation sediment allows more energy to be transferred from ground base to potential sliding mass and consequently the sliding initiates earlier. Implications of the simulation results in the assessment of earthquake-induced submarine hazards are discussed.     

Research Progress on the Electrical Properties of Gas Hydrate-bearing Sediments

Electrical properties are important physical parameters of natural gas hydrate, and, specifically, resistivity has been widely used in the quantitative estimation of hydrate saturation. There are three main methods to study the electrical properties of gas hydrate-bearing sediments: experimental laboratory measurements, numerical simulation, and resistivity logging. Experimental measurements can be divided into three categories: normal electrical measurement, complex resistivity measurement, and electrical resistivity tomography. Experimental measurements show that the resistivity of hydrate-bearing sediment is affected by many factors, and its distribution as well as the hydrate saturation is not uniform; there is a distinct non-Archie phenomenon. The numerical method can simulate the resistivity of sediments by changing the hydrate occurrence state, saturation, distribution, etc. However, it needs to be combined with X-ray CT, nuclear magnetic resonance, and other imaging techniques to characterize the porous characteristics of the hydrate-bearing sediments. Resistivity well logging can easily identify hydrate layers based on their significantly higher resistivity than the background, but the field data of the hydrate layer also has a serious non-Archie phenomenon. Therefore, more experimental measurements and numerical simulation studies are needed to correct the parameters of Archie''s formula.     

海洋天然气水合物的类型及特征

根据天然气水合物的产出条件,海洋环境水合物可以分为二类扩散系统水合物和渗漏系统水合物。扩散系统水合物分布广泛,在水合物稳定带内是水-水合物两相共存的热力学平衡体系,游离气仅发育于稳定带之下,在地震剖面上发育有指示水合物底界的强反射面(BSR)。该类水合物含量低,埋藏深。除温度和压力外,水合物的沉淀受甲烷溶解度和扩散速度的控制,并与气体组分、孔隙水盐度、天然气供应和有机碳转化等有关。渗漏系统与断层等通道相伴生,水合物发育于渗漏系统整个水合物稳定带,是水-水合物-游离气三相共存的热力学非平衡体系,水合物的沉淀受动力学控制。该类水合物含量高,埋藏浅,但一般不发育BSR。而且,天然气渗漏活动在海底沉积物和上覆水体中形成了一系列特殊的地质、地球物理、地球化学和特异生物群异常。     

四氢呋喃水合物沉积物静动力学性质试验研究

利用研制的天然气水合物沉积物合成与力学性质测试一体化试验设备,以粉细砂土和蒙古砂土作为沉积物骨架,对四氢呋喃(THF)水合物沉积物进行了静动三轴试验,获得了水合物分解前后沉积物样品的应力-应变关系、强度和液化特性,对两种骨架的水合物沉积物的性质进行了对比,同时将水合物分解后的沉积物与对应的饱和土的动三轴试验结果进行了对比。结果表明：水合物沉积物均表现为塑性破坏;围压越大,水合物沉积物强度越高;水合物分解导致沉积物的强度大幅降低;水合物分解后沉积物液化所需的时间较饱和水沉积物缩短     

水合物沉积物力学性质的三维离散元分析

水合物沉积物力学特性研究是天然气水合物开采领域中的热点问题。为深入了解水合物对沉积物力学特性的影响,在提出一个新的水合物沉积物离散元数值试样制备方法的基础上,模拟了不同水合物饱和度沉积物试样的三轴排水试验,并从其应力-应变关系、体变特性、弹性模量及峰值强度等方面对模拟结果及已有室内三轴试验结果进行了对比,然后利用该方法对具有不同微观胶结参数的水合物沉积物样进行了三轴离散元数值试验。研究结果表明：所提出的离散元模拟方法能较好地反映水合物沉积物的主要力学特性;天然气水合物与土颗粒间胶结性能的改变会对水合物沉积物的力学响应产生一定的影响;水合物沉积物强度和模量的增加是孔隙填充水合物和粒间胶结水合物共同作用的结果。