上海市水环境变化初步研究

文章通过对上海几条典型河流近十五年来的水质监测数据的对比分析，研究上海市河流水质的时空变化特征，其影响的主要因素为潮流作用和城市化作用。     

闸坝调控对河流水生态环境影响特征分析

为探讨闸坝工程对河流水生态环境的影响效应,进行实地闸坝调控实验,监测河流水质指标在不同调控(0 m3/s、20 m3/s、40 m3/s和60 m3/s)方式下的空间变化,并调查水生态指标,探析长期和短期的调控干扰对河流水生态环境的影响特征。结果表明:60 m3/s调控,有助于闸下污染物的氧化和分解,提高河流水体的自净作用;水体的强烈冲刷和扰动作用促进底泥中污染物向水体转化,极易造成闸下区域水体的突发性二次污染;短期频繁地开闸调控对浮游动植物的密度分布影响显著;长期的调控干扰导致水生生物群落和结构单一,水生态环境显著恶化,闸上区域负面影响更为严重。研究结果可为河流生态修护与可持续流域水环境管理提供科学依据。     

水面工程对城市地下水环境的影响分析——以洛阳市洛河水面工程为例

为保护市区河流两岸的生态环境,各地在河流市区段实施拦河筑坝（橡皮坝）蓄水工程,积累了不少的成功经验。水面工程对改善城市生态环境,保障经济社会的可持续发展带来积极作用,但同时对市区地下水的环境亦产生了影响。以洛阳市洛河水面工程为例分析了水面工程对城市地下水环境的影响。     

河流系统水质时空格局演化研究

河流系统是一个经济社会、自然资源、生态环境相互耦合的开放系统,它通过水事活动直接或间接地与外界进行物质与能量交换,促使系统形成不同时空演化格局。根据耗散结构原理,本文对河流系统耗散结构进行了识别,并将模糊理论和信息熵结合起来,建立了一种基于耗散结构理论的河流系统水质演化模型,促进和完善了水资源系统分析理论和方法。并将此模型运用于广东省东江惠州河段河流系统时空格局演化规律的研究中,得到了比较满意的结果。     

干旱区间歇性河流河道两侧地下水运动模型及其求解方法

由于上中游水资源的过多开发利用,我国西北干旱区有些内陆河下游来水量急剧减少,从以前的常年性河流逐渐转变成现在的间歇性河流,给当地带来了一系列严重的生态环境问题。根据间歇性河流河道充水和停水过程周期性重复出现的水文特征,建立了河道两侧区域地下水运动的一维非稳定流模型,提出了把流量边界条件与水位界条件相互转换来求解模型的一种方法。最后应用上述模型分析西北某内陆河下游间歇性输水条件下河道两侧地区地下水位恢复状况,为输水生态效应的定量评价提供了理论基础。     

东营黄河三角洲水质污染特征及其物源分析

简要介绍了东营黄河三角洲主要纳污河流,并分析了河流的水质特征及部分水质离子含量高的原因;取5个河流断面样品,分析化学需氧量、铜、铅、镁、汞、六价铬、镉、砷、氰化物、挥发酚及油类含量,发现油类污染最为严重,超标率为100%。河流水质污染主要来源于采油、炼化,其等标污染负荷比分别为74.85%和17.36%;主要污染企业有5个,按等标污染负荷比对其进行了排序,提出了一系列水污染控制措施。     

城市化对地表水质的影响研究--以宝鸡市为例

城市化带来了诸多的城市环境问题，尤其是地表水质的恶化。采用1983-1999年宝鸡市地表水质监测资料及城市发展中有关的社会经济统计数据，采用ROSS评价指数方法，分析了宝鸡市区地表水质的时空变化特征及城市化对地表水质的影响。     

城市管理视角下的城市化问题及其解决途径

20世纪80年代以来中国的城市化进程不断加速,城市化水平达到46%,并且仍在稳步前进。如此迅速的城市化进程给城市管理带来两方面问题:一是城市发展与城市生态环境的矛盾,二是城市弱势群体的生存与城市管理秩序之间的矛盾。为缓解并消除上述矛盾,本文提出要加强城市管理的组织机构建设;加大城市规划政策协调引导力度;完善城市基础设施,提供优质的公共物品;出台多元化、有针对性的就业政策;完善社会保障体系。     

21世纪中国的城市化特点及其生态环境挑战

城市化是世界范围的历史进程。中国的城市化虽然起步较晚,但是由于速度快、规模大、资源能源消耗高,从而带来一系列水环境和热环境问题。系统梳理了在全球气候变化和城市化的双重压力下,中国城市面临的水资源短缺与水污染、日益严重的城市热岛和生态水文灾害等生态环境挑战,提出要以城市生态水文学的理论和手段,解决城市生态环境问题,提升中国的城市化质量,实现宜居城市。     

盘锦市河流污染现状及管理措施

以盘锦市河流为研究对象,对9条主要河流上的10处监测断面进行丰、平、枯水期3次监测,并对水质进行分析评价,结果得出:河流污染严重,大部分为Ⅴ类、劣Ⅴ类水质,尤其枯水期污染更为突出。河流均不宜生活用水。提出行政管理措施及工程技术措施,逐步实现废水零排放,强化污水处理,实现资源、环境经济协调发展。     

Defining the urban

In everyday discourse, the term urban causes few problems, but it certainly has for social theory. While the paper accepts the recent consensus that the term no longer serves to refer to a distinct object in capatalist societies, it argues that the familiar arguments have been confused by inadequate approaches to the problem of definition and inadequate concepts of space and ideology. Clarification of such definitions is a prime task of social theory and different methods of definition are discussed. The paper ends with a commentary on what is probably the best attempt at defining the urban — Raymond Williams The Country and the City.     

Enclosure of the urban commons

This is an essay about the territorial enclosure of urban neighbourhoods. It develops the argument that the shared public realms that became regarded as normal in the cities of the 20th century are inherently unstable. More particularly, they are an unstable form of co-ownership domain (condominium). In many different cultures and economies new forms of local territorial governance are emerging to make joint consumption more sustainable. Most of the essay is devoted to exploring this evolutionary argument and is theoretically oriented and illustrated with historical examples. We end with illustrations of urban enclosure from China, a country that has had to discover almost overnight new forms of organisational, institutional and spatial order.     

城市地质工作与城市发展关系研究

城市地质工作作为基础性、先行性工作,贯穿于城市建设发展的全过程。城市建设发展分为选址布局、规划建设、运行完善和转型升级四个阶段,对应于城市建设发展不同阶段的地质工作,可划分为区域地质资源环境调查、城市地质资源环境调查评价、城市地质资源环境监测预警,城市地质环境功能恢复等。本文重点讨论了城市不同发展阶段对地质工作的需求,提出了城市地质工作在城市不同建设发展阶段的工作目标、任务及相关要求。     

Revising the urban structure of the Ruhr region

The historical processes of industrialization and urbanization have caused a variety of urban patterns in the largest conurbation of Central Europe, the Ruhr region, that now has to pass a period of economic recession and stagnation.After an outline of the historical development the existing economic regionalization is enlarged by a system of subregional areas which is based on the various urban patterns of the region. This system shows striking coincidence with the present central place structure. Small scale population trends can be explained by and future planning objectives may be derived from it.     

Changing poverty distribution in Bolivia: the role of rural–urban migration and urban services

Bolivia is a country with high levels of poverty and inequality among its peoples and regions. For the nation and its urban and rural areas, trends in the social and spatial distribution of poverty (and extreme poverty) are identified from 1976 to 2003 using UBN data with minor support where appropriate from poverty lines. The main survey between 1992 and 2001 uses composite and selected UBN to track detailed poverty change for the country’s nine departments, its ten largest cities and a selection of other smaller urban and rural municipalities. Because of rising background increases in population in the various surveyed administrative units, many instances of relative reductions in poverty are accompanied by rising absolute increases. Marked spatial variations in poverty and development in the country over the last several decades are identified as the main driver for the country’s quickening pace of rural–urban migration. As a result, the paper concludes by assessing two different but closely related views. One investigation tests the notion that because more poor people have been living in Bolivia’s cities than in its rural areas since the mid to late 1990s, rapid rural–urban migration has simply shifted the locus of poverty from the countryside to the cities in a process called, the ‘urbanisation of poverty.’ A second, more challenging, investigation assesses the view that the flow of poor rural people to the better serviced urban areas of Bolivia has actually acted to alleviate national poverty levels.     

3D urban models: Recent developments in the digital modelling of urban environments in three-dimensions

This paper reports on recent developments in the visualisation of urban landscapes. There is a growing interest in the contstruction of 3D models of urban and built environment for which a host of digital mapping and rendering techniques are being developed. This paper extracts some of the cases that we came across during worldwide interviews carried out in March 2000. Building on this review, we identify the range of data and techniques adopted for the development of 3D contents and how they could contribute to geographical analysis and planning of urban environment. A particular focus is given on the effectiveness of GIS and its related methods for their capacity to accommodate the demands for visual representation of urban environment as well as the basis for analysis and simulation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于城市规划的城市地下空间开发适宜性评价探讨

随着城市化进程的持续推进,城市地下空间开发利用的重要性日益凸显。但各城市地下空间资源开发存在盲目性,未能与城市规划要求充分对接,亟须构建面向城市地下空间开发的适宜性评价体系。本文阐述了城市规划与地下空间开发间的关系,提出在城市规划指导下进行地下空间开发的重要性。针对不同的城市类型,需要采取针对性的探测技术,评价地质、环境、资源和技术经济等方面,并根据评价结果划分开发适宜性等级。研究认为,在城市规划指导下,运用开发适宜性评价体系,可以实现地下空间的有序可持续利用。     

上海城市三维地籍建立的关键问题研究

随着三维空间信息技术的不断发展和上海地籍管理信息系统建设的不断完善,三维地籍管理模式越来越受到广大学者和地籍管理工作者的关注,本文分析了三维地籍基本内涵和内容,提出了土地空间权利设定、地籍数据建设管理和应用方案。