浅层人工地震探测揭示的夏垫断裂西南段特征

浅层人工地震方法是针对厚覆盖区探测断裂的一种不可替代的技术。为查明夏垫断裂西南段的空间位置、性质及其活动性,2016年底对跨夏垫断裂西南段进行了高分辨率的浅层人工地震探测,获得三条480 m深度范围内地下结构图像的地震剖面,揭示了夏垫断裂西南段的形态\,特征以及空间位置。     

柴达木盆地及邻区主要活动断裂及其与地震的关系

本文根据野外调查资料及重力、航磁等资料,对柴达木盆地及其邻区的主要活动断裂的大地构造位置、产状、深度和第四纪活动特点等进行了分析研究,並讨论了这些断裂与地震活动的关系。这一地区的地震活动强度与断裂深度有关,具左旋运动特征的全新世近东西向活断层与强地震活动的关系最为密切。     

基于喜马拉雅台阵的内蒙古地震监测能力薄弱区拾震能力分析

基于中国地震科学台阵资料及内蒙古、甘肃地震台网资料,采用结合台阵策略的震相拾取深度学习方法APP,开展内蒙古地震监测能力薄弱区——阿拉善右旗拾震能力研究。研究结果显示,APP方法检测到了人工目录中97.8%的地震,地震拾取总数为人工目录地震数的22倍。经tomoDD方法定位后,地震深度分布较符合内蒙古西部的地质构造特征。对震源深度与断裂位置间相关性的初步分析显示,深度随纬度变化中有5条深度“集中条带”与研究区7条断裂的位置相对应,深度随经度变化中有4条深度“集中条带”与研究区7条断裂的位置相对应。分析认为,APP拾取方法在实际地震资料应用中展示出较强的泛化能力,可为增强固定地震台网对于监测能力薄弱地区微震的识别能力,以及优化地震台网布局、提高监测能力薄弱地区的地震监测水平等提供参考。     

基于重力资料的南海及邻区断裂分布特征研究

断裂构造作为重力异常一个非常重要的解释成果,它与能源和矿产资源勘查、构造单元划分和大地构造分区有着密切的联系.有些地质界线以断裂为界,有些能源或矿产资源与断裂伴生.本文利用重力异常,采用归一化总水平导数垂向导数（NVDR-THDR）断裂识别方法推断了南海及邻区主要断裂平面分布位置,首次采用重力异常曲率属性方法反演了南海及邻区主要断裂视深度.在南海及邻区推断断裂57条,其中一级断裂14条,二级断裂43条;断裂走向以NE和NW向为主,其次为NEE、NWW和NNE向以及NNW、EW和近SN向;一级断裂长度大部分为600~1400 km,二级断裂长度大部分为400~900 km;断裂视深度约为2~10 km,其中一级断裂视深度大部分为2~10 km,二级断裂视深度大部分为2~8 km.该研究成果可以为南海及邻区油气勘探、矿产资源勘探以及基础地质研究提供依据.     

龙门山山前彭州隐伏断裂高分辨率地震反射剖面

彭州断裂是龙门山山前一条重要的隐伏断裂.为了调查彭州断裂的位置、性质及其活动性,5·12汶川M_S8.0地震发生后,作者采用可控震源和高精度的地震反射勘探方法,对彭州隐伏断裂进行了高分辨率地震反射成像.本文利用获得的浅层地震剖面资料并结合石油地震反射剖面,给出了彭州断裂的空间展布特征以及断裂两侧的新生代地层厚度.结果表明,彭州断裂为一条走向NE、倾向NW、倾角约为58°～62°的逆断层,该断层向上错断了第四纪沉积层,具有明显的第四纪活动,向下大约在深度8～10 km左右收敛到向西缓倾的滑脱面之上.研究结果为评价断裂的活动性和灾后重建提供了地震学证据.     

滇西龙陵地区地壳电性结构及其对大瑞铁路地质选线影响研究

高黎贡山地处印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞缝合带附近的横断山脉南段,是大理一瑞丽铁路(大瑞线)的必经之地,地形起伏大、构造复杂、活动性强,高黎贡山隧道作为全线控制性工程之一,其地质选线的最大困难就是对隧道深部构造环境的了解,特别是缺少对与地热、地震等联系紧密的深部地质构造的认识.为此,本文以大地电磁方法为手段,以高黎贡山隧道为主要研究对象,通过对滇西龙陵地区高黎贡山隧道越岭段两条大地电磁剖面数据的处理解释对研究区的地壳电性结构特征进行了勘探研究.结合区域地质构造特征与主要工程地质问题之间关系的分析,根据隧道主要断层地质条件设计了三维垂直断层模型,利用三维有限元开展正演模拟研究发现,测点点距、位置与横向分辨率密切相关,点距越密,分辨率越高,测点位于断层在地表投影位置能有效提高分辨率.采用大地电磁阻抗张量分解技术对两条剖面上各测点的二维偏离度和电性走向进行了计算和分析,对剖面视电阻率和阻抗相位数据进行了二维NLCG联合反演研究,揭示了沿剖面的腾冲地块、龙陵一瑞丽断裂带及保山地块10 km深度的电性结构特征及相互关系.结果表明:剖面CD电性结构呈现区域构造的三分性,腾冲地块电性结构成层性较好,保山地块成层性较差,两者均以中高阻电性特征为主,中间夹龙陵一瑞丽断裂带,电性结构反映从3 km深度以下存在几乎近于直立延伸的低阻带,推测为班公湖一怒江缝合带滇西段丁青一怒江缝合带的反映;剖面AB共划分了6条与工程密切相关的深部隐伏断裂,结合地震地质、地表地质及龙陵地震深部背景研究,推测F7-3断裂为1975龙陵7.3级地震断裂;从地表黄草坝断裂开始向下延伸,有一条发育最大深度约为4 km的低阻通道,推测为地热断裂深循环通道,其与黄草坝断裂共同控制研究区地下热水的补给、径流和排泄条件,在高黎贡山隧道线位位置形成了一个相对低温通道,为隧道方案成立的关键工程地质条件.勘探结果表明:滇西龙陵地区地壳电性结构有效的反映了高黎贡山隧道深部隐伏断裂和地热断裂深循环通道等深部构造特征,为大瑞线隧道工程地质选线提供了深部地质背景依据.     

钦杭—武夷山成矿带上地壳速度结构与基底特征:万载—惠安宽角反射/折射地震剖面约束

钦杭成矿带和武夷山成矿带是华南大陆两个重要的成矿带,成矿作用主要发生于中生代陆内造山时期.地质研究表明,基底和地表断裂的特征对成矿过程有重要的控制作用,研究上地壳结构特征对成矿差异性特征的认识有重要的参考价值.为此,本文基于跨越钦杭、武夷山成矿带江西万载至福建惠安的NW-SE向深地震测深剖面初至波数据,利用有限差分走时反演方法,获得了钦杭、武夷山成矿带8 km深度范围内的上地壳P波速度结构,其主要特征为：（1）钦杭、武夷山成矿带上地壳P波速度横向非均匀特征明显,以5.8 km·s^-1速度等值线作为基底参考面,发现剖面基底埋深较浅,约1.0~3.0 km;钦杭成矿带的基底埋深总体小于武夷山成矿带,分别为0.5~2.0 km和1.5~3.0 km;（2）P波高速区（速度正异常区）与地表出露的岩浆岩对应较一致,P波低速区（速度负异常区）与主要的断裂位置或沉积盆地对应较一致,绍兴—江山—萍乡断裂和政和—大浦断裂下方的低速特征显示两条断裂至少向深部延伸8 km以上,暗示两条断裂具备深大断裂的性质,推测绍兴—江山—萍乡断裂可能是扬子块体和华夏块体的边界;（3）综合已有的地质、地球物理资料,我们推测钦杭成矿带和武夷山成矿带上地壳P波速度的不同,反映了深部岩浆作用过程的差异,基底深度及断裂性质是造成两个成矿带成矿差异的重要因素.     

利用地震剖面研究夏垫断裂西南段的活动性

地震方法是针对厚覆盖区城市直下型活动断裂的一种不可替代的探测技术,对于不同的探测深度需采用不同的排列长度。为研究夏垫断裂在远离三河-平谷8.0级地震震源区的活动性,我们在该震源区SW方向约30km处开展了中浅层反射地震探测试验,并跨过中浅层地震探测到的夏垫断裂进行了浅层反射地震探测试验。浅层和中浅层地震探测的试验结果表明,在5m道间距的地震剖面上,在200m深度以下夏垫断裂得到了较好的反映,在该深度以上,该断裂反映不明显;在2m道间距的地震剖面上,夏垫断裂错断明显,但剖面上的最浅一组反射波(深度约30m)却没有发生明显错断。由此得出:距1679年三河-平谷8.0级地震震源位置SW方向约30km处,夏垫断裂的活动性减弱     

盈江中强地震序列震源机制及区域地壳流变特征和断层性质研究

2008年云南西部盈江地区连续发生了4次中强地震,本文运用全波形模拟的方法研究了这4次中强地震序列的震源机制解.并对4次地震序列进行了重定位.我们结合由震源机制解得到的主应力轴倾角变化情况,震源深度和重定位深度对盈江地区地壳流变特征进行了分析.分析认为盈江地区下地壳内的岩石并不是完全塑性的,而是具有一定的强度从而可以发生脆性破裂.同时,我们还根据震源机制解对这4次中强地震序列的发震断裂,北东走向的大盈江断裂和南北走向的苏典断裂的断层性质进行了初步分析.分析结果认为大盈江断裂是一主要切割上地壳的左旋走滑断裂.南北走向的苏典断裂是一右旋断裂,其北端切割地壳深度较南端浅.苏典断裂的南端切割地壳深度达到下地壳,且上地壳部分的断裂断层面较陡直,而下地壳中的断裂的断层面比较平缓.盈江位于云南西部的中缅交界地区,目前对这一区域活动断裂的研究较少.本文给出的盈江地区两条活动断裂的初步研究结果,将给关于青藏高原的研究提供来自于喜马拉雅东触角附近断层的信息.     

大同震区地震序列震源位置及震源区速度结构初探

采用震源位置和速度结构联合反演的方法对大同震区1989年6.1级、1991年5.8级、1999年5.6级3次地震地震序列进行了震源位置和震源区速度结构反演,以确定3次地震序列的分布和震源区的速度结构。结果表明：3次地震序列的发震断裂为NNE向的大王村断裂和NWW向的团堡断裂,两条断裂表现为交替发震;3次地震序列的震源深度平均为10.06 km,其中以6~15 km为发震优势层;研究区速度结构与大的地貌特征相符,沿大同盆地第四纪沉积层表现的不间断低速带,从大同县一直延伸到阳高、天镇等地。在中部山自皂台附近出现了一高速区位置与大同火山群分布区相近。大同—阳高3次地震序列分布在相对高速区上,表明这一区域为应力集中地区。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

---

---

Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

---

Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.