无机生油假说及其在中国的应用前景

无机生油假说认为,原油和天然气和近地表的生物物质没有根本联系,它们是生成于地幔内的非生物来源的碳氢化合物。因而油气不是一个不可再生资源,而是一个可再生资源。无机生油假说得到地质学、物理学和化学等三个基本学科的支持。在地质观察上,发现全球许多大油田的油气储藏与原始生物物质之间数量上有巨大落差,难于解释它们是由生物生成的。此外,有许多地区在结晶基底或变质基底内,或直接位于其上的沉积岩中发现石油。从生物生油假说来说,也是无法理解的。在化学上,早在二战期间,德国已由人工合成石油(费托合成),并生产了占德国战争中用油的9%的石油。无可争辩地说明,无机可以生成石油。根据化学(物理学)热力学理论分析确认,甲烷是唯一一种在标准温压条件(温度为298.15 K;压力为101325 Pa)下稳定的碳氢化合物,从甲烷形成正常烷属烃只有在压力>3×106kPa、温度>700°C时(相当于地下深度约100 km)才有可能。在地壳内的温压条件下由生物变质形成石油的假说,与化学热力学的基本原则相抵触。从氧化的有机分子,如碳水化合物(C6H12O6)形成较高的碳氢化合物在任何条件下都是不可能的。根据我国长期对深部构造的研究,笔者认为在中国东部及西太平洋蘑菇云岩石圈地幔发育的地区是寻找巨型无机油气田的有利地区,建议在发育蘑菇云岩石圈地幔地区开展无机油气田的勘探,并在无机油气田远景地区布置超深参数钻,以评价含油气远景。另外建议加强物探工作,尤其是研究地震勘探处理基底内三维含油气构造的技术。     

壤中游离气方法及其在油气化探中的应用

油气藏中的轻烃气体能够以微弱但可检出的量近似垂直地渗漏到地表土壤中,其中一部分烃类以游离态赋存在土壤或岩石颗粒空隙中.壤中游离气中的烃类能反映深部油气藏烃类的现代补偿性活跃微渗漏,被认为是油气地球化学勘探的最可靠方法之一.壤中游离气采集是获得第四系沉积层中微渗漏烃类地球化学异常的关键技术.自行研制了便携式游离气采集新装...     

缝洞型油藏微观驱替规律可视化实验研究

针对缝洞型油藏出水规律不明确的问题,结合塔河油田缝洞型油藏储集体特征设计制作了单向连通缝洞储集体与多向连通缝洞储集体两种可视化物理模型,并借助基于微观可视化技术的缝洞型油藏微观驱替可视化装置,从微观上探究了缝洞型油藏微观驱替规律.结果表明,裂缝中,水相主要"优宽"驱进,并会在水流优势通道形成后对非优势通道产生"屏蔽效应...     

电吸附方法在油气勘探中的试验研究

阐述电吸附方法在油气勘探中的应用原理 ,指出任何油气藏周围都存在一个强弱不均的天然电场、氧化还原场及地球化学场 ,而与油气藏伴生的金属元素在这些物理化学场的共同作用下会发生溶解并向地表迁移 ,于地表形成后生地球化学异常。异常空间形态呈顶部晕或环带晕特征。通过在已知油田上方野外采集与常规化探相同的土壤次生晕样品 ,在室内的特殊装置内通电后 ,籍吸附介质捕集能够电运移的元素离子 ,经测试分析获得指示油气藏上方向的明显异常。又在未知区的电吸附异常区内经钻井验证获得高产工业油井 ,证实电吸附方法对寻找油气藏具有一定的有效性。     

海底表层沉积物中苯系物含量对海域油气指示作用研究

国内外研究表明钻井岩心和海底沉积物样品中单环芳烃(BTEX)指标异常与油气藏直接相关并具有高分辨、高精度特征,是有价值的油气地球化学勘探指标;但由于较深沉积物样品的采集与检测技术成本较高,限制了BTEX指标在海域油气化探工作中的推广应用。本文利用渤海北部辽东湾海域浅海的表层沉积物,通过热解析与气相色谱技术方法对其苯系物含量的特征开展研究。数据分析结果表明,在油气藏和生油凹陷上方的苯系物含量总体高于凹陷外样品,尤其是对二甲苯和间二甲苯均表现出明显差异,表明表层沉积物中的苯系物含量对生烃凹陷具有一定的指示作用。本文证实了利用表层沉积物中BTEX含量预测含油气前景区的有效性,热解析气相色谱检测苯系物含量方便快捷,减小了采样成本和分析成本,显示该技术方法在海域油气化探领域具有良好的应用前景。通过对苯系物含量异常点的分析表明,在沿岸及张性断裂上方BTEX含量出现异常高值,显示人类活动以及断裂构造对表层沉积物中的苯系物含量有明显影响,因此实际工作中应结合地质特征和其他化探指标综合分析,以降低单一化探指标的多解性。     

冻融过程对景电灌区草窝滩盆地土壤水盐动态的影响

景电灌区为干寒气候,蒸发强烈,季节冻土发育,土壤地下水位以上非饱和带毛细作用发育,在地表蒸发作用下,通过毛细作用,地下水不断地向地表运动,导致大量盐分到达地表.虽然蒸发作用下的毛细水运动在土壤水分垂直运动中占绝对优势,但自上而下的季节冻结和融化过程对土壤中水盐重分布的影响也起着重要的作用.基于冻融作用对水盐迁移驱动力和土壤结构等参数的影响,分析了冻融作用下水盐重分布的综合特征.     

水驱原油稠化对剩余油富集的有利影响

胜利油田虽已进入含水率约99%的特高含水期,但从取心情况来看,岩心含油饱和度主体在60%~80%之间,即岩心 含水饱和度低、水驱采出液高含水、电加热采出液几乎为纯油不含水。为解释这三点看似矛盾的现象,提出了地下原油水 驱后逐渐生物降解稠化的新型解释,认为油田长期开采后,会因为水驱而发生快速的生物降解。实验状态下,生物降解至 6 级以上大约需要8 周时间。由于原油的逐渐稠化,使胜利油田早期出现地表采出液特高含水的情况。地下含油饱和度仍较 高,且主体为难于采出的稠油和沥青,使剩余油富集。水驱的增稠作用虽然对过去的采收率有一定影响,然而就目前而 言,稠化后形成的周边沥青,对剩余油的富集反而起到了有利的保存作用。     

Fluid-induced mineral composition adjustments during exhumation: the case of Alpine stilbite

Stilbite is locally present as a very late mineral on fractures and fissures of granitic basement in the Central Swiss Alps. Stilbite samples from the Gotthard rail base tunnel provide evidence that they originally formed as a K-absent variety at depth. However, all stilbite samples from surface outcrops above the tunnel display significant potassium concentrations. Interestingly, water from fractures in the tunnel (at 50 °C) is oversaturated with respect to stilbite and essentially potassium-free whereas waters from high-Alpine brooks above the tunnel (and at other high-Alpine areas) have unusually high K/Na ratios. The data suggest that stilbite that may actively form on fissures at tunnel level as a K-absent variety by precipitation from water. Older stilbite that originally formed as coatings on fracture walls was gradually exhumed and uplifted and finally reached the today’s erosion surface about 2,000 m above the tunnel. However, the stilbite reaches the erosion surface as a K-rich variety as a result of interaction of the original low-K stilbite with surface water and near-surface groundwater. This leads to the conclusion that minerals once formed at depth may significantly change their composition once they reach the ground water zone on their way to the erosion surface. In the case of the stilbite, if surface outcrops would have been the only source of samples and data, the K-rich composition could have been mistaken for the composition of the mineral when it formed, which is not the case. Late-stage compositional readjustments may be difficult to discern in samples from surface outcrops. The provided data show that original mineral compositions may be adjusted by late-stage water–rock interaction in a highly selective way.     

郑州地下水均衡试验场的改建工程——主要测试设施与数据自动化采集

郑州地下水均衡试验场的改建,是由中国地质环境监测院主持的国家地下水监测工程中地下水均衡试验场的改建项目之一,由河南省环境地质监测院具体负责实施。科学技术的发展,为试验场观测数据采集的自动化奠定了良好基础。试验场数据采集需要自动化的有:3m高主杆气象站测试系统;太阳全辐射、太阳净辐射、太阳直射观测仪,E—601蒸发仪,5TM含水率、温度传感器,自动补水仪,负压测量仪。除后两项外,其他需要数据采集仪器已经市场化。后两项是作者的发明与实用专利。自动补水仪是用来模拟地下水位埋深的设备,它是以传统的马里奥特瓶补水原理为基础,采用控制电路使其可以自动补给因蒸发而消耗的水量,同时还可以记录降水的历时过程。负压测量是利用空气运动黏度约大于水运动黏度的15倍这一特性,即当水刚通过多孔瓷头时,气体不能通过多孔瓷头,据此设计了在包气带中能测定负压的传感器。数据采集则应用了惠斯登电桥平衡的补偿原理。由于控制、供电、采集数据的电缆过多,因此数据自动化采集系统应用了三级采集、逐级集成的方案。     

Effects on ground water caused by excavation of rock store caverns

Unlined rock caverns for oil storage are very common in Sweden. Most of them are excavated in hard rocks (compact, non-carbonate, non-volcanic rocks). The fundamental idea of underground oil storage is that the rock caverns are located below the natural ground water level. Hereby the ground water keeps the oil inside the caverns and prevents products migration.

During the excavating period the water seeping through the fractures of a cavern is pumped up to avoid flooding. This discharge causes a local drop in the ground-water level around the cavern and a cone of depression develops.

A local study of the development of such a cone of depression has been made by means of a network of observation holes around the cavern. On enlargement of an oil storage (by constructing new caverns close to the old ones), the cone of depression moves according to the progress of the new excavations. This process has been studied and described in two cases.

Underground storages in Sweden are very often closely spaced in order to use common facilities such as entrance tunnel, pumping station, housing etc. Therefore an artificial ground-water divide sometimes must be arranged between different caverns in order to prevent products migration. This paper describes how such an artificial recharge of water between some caverns is made. The control of its effectiveness is shown as well as the method for sealing off undesirable leakage.     

Application of formation water geochemistry to assess seal integrity of the Gotnia Formation,Kuwait

A very large database of formation water geochemistry has been acquired for the Kuwait petroleum system. This database makes it possible to explore the geological history of Kuwait’s formation and ground waters in a way that is not possible by other means. Working at this regional scale spatial and formational variation in groundwater chemistry in Kuwait identifies lithostratigraphy and physical barriers to flow that can be explored in the context of Kuwait’s geological history. Cretaceous oil reservoirs in north Kuwait have formation water saturated with Na (>50%) that is anomalously abnormal in salinity for its depth. The most likely subsurface source of such saline water is the Upper Jurassic Gotnia Formation which comprises beds of evaporite halite, and/or pre-Gotnia formations of deeper reservoirs. To reach their current location, both parts of the Gotnia and Hith formations must have been breached. To date, this is the only evidence to show that the sealing capacity of the Gotnia Formation has been overcome, implying that the formation, and therefore units beneath, are capable of sourcing fluids to younger and shallower reservoirs. Given the ubiquity of samples of formation water in many other regions, applying formation water geochemistry to other petroleum systems would appear a good method for evaluating basin models and understanding of fluid migration in mature petroleum provenances.     

The sharing of scarce water resources

Australians have long been sensitive about water problems, and water management has been a highly politicised activity. The ‘making the desert bloom’ dream affected Australia as it did the Western United States. The 1950s and 1960s witnessed an extraordinary surge of engineering activity in major water development projects that could not be justified when proper economic analyses of the costs and resultant benefits were conducted. In this paper it will be argued that the ‘engineering fix’ approach owed its existence to the unanimous, unchallenged belief in the scarcity of Australia's water resources. The evidence and rationale for this belief are examined and it is argued that water is not scarce in a physical sense. However, the collection, storage and distribution of supplies are costly and economic scarcity exists, partly a product of resource misallocation and subsidised use.     

Interactions of diffuse and focused allogenic recharge in an eogenetic karst aquifer (Florida, USA)

The karstic upper Floridan aquifer in north-central Florida (USA) is recharged by both diffuse and allogenic recharge. To understand how recharged water moves within the aquifer, water levels and specific conductivities were monitored and slug tests were conducted in wells installed in the aquifer surrounding the Santa Fe River Sink and Rise. Results indicate that diffuse recharge does not mix rapidly within the aquifer but instead flows horizontally. Stratification may be aided by the high matrix porosity of the eogenetic karst aquifer. Purging wells for sample collection perturbed conductivity for several days, reflecting mixing of the stratified water and rendering collection of representative samples difficult. Interpretive numerical simulations suggest that diffuse recharge impacts the intrusion of allogenic water from the conduit by increasing hydraulic head in the surrounding aquifer and thereby reducing influx to the aquifer from the conduit. In turn, the increase of head within the conduits affects flow paths of diffuse recharge by moving newly recharged water vertically as the water table rises and falls. This movement may result in a broad vertical zone of dissolution at the water table above the conduit system, with thinner and more focused water-table dissolution at greater distance from the conduit.     

考虑水阻力的涉水滑坡运动速度计算模型研究

对于高速运动的涉水滑坡,水阻力是影响其运动速度大小的重要因素。论文设计了包括运动装置、传感装置、速度控制装置和传动装置的块体水下运动阻力的实验系统,分别进行了6块面积不同的块体分别以5种不同速度在水下运动实验,水下运动速度选取5个水平值,分别为0.5ms-1、0.8ms-1、1.0ms-1、1.5ms-1、1.8ms-1; 通过实验分析了压强水头增量与运动速度之间的相关关系,导出了水下运动块体迎水面的压强水头计算模型和迎水面阻力计算模型; 以曲线滑动型涉水滑坡为模型,分析了涉水滑坡水上部分和涉水部分受力模式; 基于滑坡动力学和运动学方程,结合条分方法,提出了曲线滑动型涉水滑坡运动速度的计算模型; 以2007年6月15日发生的清江北岸的大堰塘滑坡为例,分考虑迎水面水阻力和不考虑迎水面水阻力2种情况,分别计算了滑坡的运动速度,定量分析了水阻力对滑坡速度的影响。     

Availability and coverage of hydrologic data in the US geological survey National Water Information System (NWIS) and US Environmental Protection Agency Storage and Retrieval System (STORET)

The need for a unified and improved data access system for the nation’s vast hydrologic data holdings has increased over the past few years as researchers strive for better understanding the human impact on the nation’s water cycle. Large mission oriented data repositories such as the USGS’ National Water Information System (NWIS) and EPA’s Storage and Retrieval System (EPA STORET) play a crucial role in providing a substantial amount of the nationwide coverage, however they do differ regionally in terms of coverage (parameters) and geospatial data density. Besides the differences in geographic distribution, repositories tend to undergo changes in mission statements and as such have different foci in their data collection activities that change as time progresses. This paper places the two water information systems next to each in an attempt to work out the differences in terms of coverage and content and how they complement each other when overlaid. This is done through the use of a number the CUAHSI Hydrologic Information Systems components, namely a web-service suite called WaterOneFlow that permits interrogation of the available data content of a national water metadata catalogue into which these two information systems have been integrated.     

Exploring desiccation cracks in soils using a 2D profile laser device

The study of desiccation cracks in soils has been a subject of increasing attention in recent research. This paper presents the use of a 2D profile laser that is coupled with a motion controller (that allows scanning the overall surface of a drying soil) and electronic balance (to measure the water loss). The aim is to accurately track the three most relevant variables associated with the behavior of soils during desiccation: volume change, water loss and evolving crack network’s morphology. The paper presents the methodology to obtain a digital model of the soil using the experimental setup described above. The main results of a natural soil subjected to drying are presented and discussed, including evolution of cracks aperture; evolution of cracks depth, surface contour levels (at different times); and evolution of volume change. It is shown that the proposed methodology provides very useful information for studying the behavior of soils subjected to desiccation.     

构造-岩性油藏油水微观分布规律与主控因素探讨

在对油水接触面形态和油水过渡带厚度的分布规律进行定量分析的基础上,以苏北盆地花17断块为例,结合油井生产动态特征分析了构造-岩性油藏中油水分布规律,并探讨了其影响因素.结果表明,在实际油藏中油水接触面是一个呈波状起伏的面,其在自由水面以上的高度随残余油饱和度下的毛管压力增大而抬高;油水过渡带厚度仅与束缚水饱和度和残余油...     

Multiple component end-member mixing model of dilution: hydrochemical effects of construction water at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA

The standard dual-component and two-member linear mixing model is often used to quantify water mixing of different sources. However, it is no longer applicable whenever actual mixture concentrations are not exactly known because of dilution. For example, low-water-content (low-porosity) rock samples are leached for pore-water chemical compositions, which therefore are diluted in the leachates. A multicomponent, two-member mixing model of dilution has been developed to quantify mixing of water sources and multiple chemical components experiencing dilution in leaching. This extended mixing model was used to quantify fracture-matrix interaction in construction-water migration tests along the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) tunnel at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA. The model effectively recovers the spatial distribution of water and chemical compositions released from the construction water, and provides invaluable data on the matrix fracture interaction. The methodology and formulations described here are applicable to many sorts of mixing-dilution problems, including dilution in petroleum reservoirs, hydrospheres, chemical constituents in rocks and minerals, monitoring of drilling fluids, and leaching, as well as to environmental science studies.     

白洋淀湖岸带地表水与地下水垂向交换研究

地表水与地下水相互转化关系一直是水文地质研究的热点问题。以往研究更多关注河流的河岸带,但对于相对静止水体——湖泊的湖岸带研究相对偏少。选择白洋淀湖岸带作为研究对象,在周边湖岸带系统部署水位、水温监测系统,采用温度示踪法,开展白洋淀湖岸带区域的地表水与地下水垂向交换量化研究。同时,结合达西定律,间接反演获取垂向渗透系数,系统总结出一套联合利用温度示踪法和达西定律定量研究湿地垂向水交换的方法。结果表明,白洋淀湖岸带以地表水渗漏补给地下水为主,其垂向交换流速可达0.2～1.1 cm/d,沉积岩性主要为粉质黏土、粉土及粉细砂,垂向渗透系数为0.038～0.912 m/d。研究结果可为制定白洋淀湿地补水方案和生态环境保护措施提供基础数据支撑。     

Measurement of partition coefficients of phenol and cresols in gas-charged crude oil/water systems

An instrument has been constructed for monitoring the partition coefficients of phenol and cresols between crude oil and water under sub-surface conditions. The device has the capacity for introducing methane gas into crude oil, thereby allowing measurements under live oil (solution gas-containing) conditions. The partition coefficients of phenol and cresols have been measured in crude oil: water substrates under “live” oil and “dead” oil (without solution gas) conditions over a temperature range 25–150 °C. Over the range investigated it is seen that the introduction of gas (crude oil saturated at 100 bar with methane) into the system resulted in an approximate doubling of partition coefficients compared to the equivalent dead oil: brine systems. The partition coefficient data obtained using the device may be employed in a number of petroleum exploration and production activities such as the determination of residual oil saturation of a water-flooded petroleum reservoir. Partition coefficient measurements may help in predicting toxic organic solute loadings in oilfield discharge waters.