A BEM investigation on the influence of underground cavities on the seismic response of canyons

Two-dimensional site effects caused by cavities under topographical functions can considerably impact the seismic reaction of the ground surface. Due to the complexity of scattering issues by topographical features above subterranean cavity, few studies have been done in this field. In the present study, the seismic response of semi-sine-shaped canyons above a subterranean cavity (hole) of different dimensions, depths and locations is examined. The medium is assumed to have a linear elastic constitutive behavior exposed to vertically propagating incident SV and P waves. All calculations are performed using the direct boundary element technique in the time domain. It is observed that a cavity below a canyon can considerably change the ground response of the surface in different periodic bands. The seismic interaction between canyon and cavity with respect to various geometrical parameters will lead to different amplification patterns in the center and edge of the canyon. One of the most important results is the increase in amplification of long periods compared with the case of a canyon without cavity. Moreover, parametric research shows the fact that the cavity detail and canyon height, the ratio of cavity to the canyon size and cavity location impact on the seismic amplification of the canyon surface. Finally, spectral amplification coefficients of the canyon surface led by the cavity are reported for different cases of the canyon–cavity interaction.     

地下圆形衬砌隧道对沿线地震动的影响(II):数值结果

利用地下圆形衬砌隧道对入射平面P波和SV波散射级数解答，定量分析了入射波长、入射角度、隧道直径、衬砌刚度等因素对沿线地表位移放大作用的影响。计算结果表明，当入射频率较低时，地下隧道的存在对地表位移幅值影响不大；而当入射频率较高时，地表位移幅值可以达到无隧道情况的4．5倍以上；衬砌情况下地表位移幅值可以高出非衬砌情况的87．8％。建议在地铁的规划设计中考虑地下隧道的建设对隧道沿线设计地震动的影响。     

浅切割的高山峡谷复杂地形的地震动放大效应研究

高山峡谷复杂地形是我国西部地区常见的地形和场地条件,大量的工程(桥梁、大坝等)修建在这类场地上。实际震害调查结果表明不规则地形对地震动具有明显的放大作用,对边坡的稳定性和建筑物的安全性构成不利的影响。因此研究高山峡谷复杂地形的地震动放大效应具有重要的工程价值。本文针对浅切割的高山峡谷复杂地形(山体顶和峡谷底的高差在100~500 m范围内),基于边界积分方程法获得场地任意点的地震动,详细探讨了入射波类型(P波和SV波)、入射波频率、入射角、山体和峡谷的几何参数对浅切割的高山峡谷复杂地形的地震动放大效应的影响,发现山体的存在明显改变场地地震动的空间分布;高山峡谷复杂地形对地表地震动的放大作用与入射波频率密切相关;不同的地震波类型对应不同的地震动空间分布模式;峡谷深度对地震动放大效应的影响取决于入射波的类型;不对称的几何形状导致地震动的空间分布也呈现明显的不对称,并且SV波入射时的不对称性强于P波;当地震波斜入射时,峡谷背向震源侧的地震动远大于面向震源侧的地震动。本文的研究方法可以获得考虑高山峡谷复杂地形地震动放大效应的场地任意位置的地震动,为边坡的稳定性分析提供更符合实际的地震输入。     

多层沉积凹陷地形对平面SH波散射问题的解析解

利用波函数展开法给出了含多个沉积层凹陷地形对平面SH波散射二维问题的一个解析解,并以一具有3个沉积层的凹陷地形为例,分析了凹陷地形中沉积层排列次序对SH波散射的影响。结果表明,凹陷地形中沉积层排列次序将显著改变凹陷地形的卓越频率,沉积层的某个（些）排列次序有可能对入射波产生巨大的放大作用;此外,沉积层的刚度、厚度以及凹陷地形的深宽比等均对凹陷地形的放大效应也有一定的影响。     

局部复杂场地Rayleigh波传播特性分析的SBFEM模型研究

基于土-结构动力相互作用（SSI）的原理,将求解包含局部复杂地形的散射场问题,分解为规则开挖场地的动刚度、包含复杂构造散射体的动刚度和自由场波动输入3个问题的求解,并依据子结构控制方程,提出了一种高精度的比例边界有限（SBFEM）计算模型。通过计算半圆形河谷和半圆形沉积河谷两个算例,验证了SBFEM计算模型的正确性。较为系统地讨论了矩形峡谷、垂直断层和孤凸山体等常见复杂地形对Rayleigh波场的散射作用。结果表明：峡谷深度、软弱断层破碎带和孤凸山体对Rayleigh波都有一定阻挡作用;峡谷宽度、断层宽度和硬性断层填充物等因素对Rayleigh波散射作用影响不明显。SBFEM分析模型可应用于隔震沟、隔震帷幕设计,对大坝、桥梁等工程的选址提供有益的建议。     

直角域中凸起和孔洞对SH波的散射与地震动

按照波函数展开法和镜像方法,对直角域中半圆形凸起和圆形孔洞对SH波的散射进行了分析,得到其稳态解。对含孔洞和凸起的直角域做分区,等效为一个含孔洞与凹陷的直角域和一个圆域的契合,其在分界面上满足位移和应力的连续性条件,即契合条件,分别构造两个区域内的位移波函数,按照孔洞边界柱面上的应力自由和契合条件定解波函数展开式的系数。按Fourier级数展开法,得到定解条件的线性代数方程组,截断求解,进而得到问题的解析解。数值算例给出圆形孔洞边沿动应力和地表位移幅值的分布情况,得到直角域自由边界、凸起、孔洞对散射和地震动的影响。     

Numerical evidence of site effects contributing to triggering the Las Colinas landslide during the 2001 <Emphasis Type="Italic">M</Emphasis><Subscript>w</Subscript> = 7.7 El Salvador earthquake

The Las Colinas landslide, which was triggered by the 13 January 2001, M_w?=?7.7 El Salvador earthquake, was highly destructive. The local site is composed of pyroclastic flows, brown cinders, soft pyroclastic fall deposits and a thin palaeosol and is characterised by steep slopes. The extremely high ground motions recorded near the landslide location are assumed to be both produced by site effects and responsible for the landslide. To characterise the ground motion amplifications due to site effects in terms of the variation in geometrical and geological settings, parametric studies were conducted with a linear elastic slope model, which was vertically subjected to the scattering SV wave of the Gabor wavelet. The results show that a maximum amplification is obtained when the model slope angle is approximately 30° (similar to the actual slope angle), and the maximum amplification is located approximately 20 m behind the crest, where the actual movement was initiated. Additionally, a slope with a height of approximately 160 m enhances ground motion amplification. The subsurface geology is found to induce a greater effect on amplification than that of the slope topography. In particular, a soft pyroclastic fall deposit is observed to contribute most of the ground motion amplification. According to the numerical results, it can be concluded that the local site conditions induced extremely high ground motions that then contributed to the slope movement. Although the thin, buried layer of palaeosol did not cause any significant amplification, its weak cohesion enhanced movement.     

含软弱土层的深厚河床覆盖层坝基动力特性研究

在强震区、含软弱土层的500 m级特厚覆盖层上建坝,超出了现行设计规范的控制范围。开展了覆盖层厚度、输入地震波峰值、覆盖层中的软弱土层厚度等指标的敏感性分析,揭示了深厚覆盖层地震反应的主要特征及坝基建基面加速度放大倍数分布的规律性。研究认为：覆盖层厚度、输入加速度峰值、软弱土层厚度等指标与建基面放大倍数的衰减在变化规律上成正相关;当输入地震波峰值加速度为0.5g作用下,含软弱土层的500 m级特厚覆盖层坝基中地震波总体以衰减为主,建基面放大倍数小于1;覆盖层加速度放大倍数随高程变化的基本规律为先衰减后放大。当存在软弱土层时,由于其滤波隔震作用会在土层内发生动力反应的二次衰减。基于上述分析,进一步提出了覆盖层下部区域地震效应衰减、中部区域软弱土层二次衰减、顶部区域放大的加速度放大倍数分布模型,编制了覆盖层加速度放大倍数建议值表,研究成果可为含软弱土层的深厚河床覆盖层坝基工程设计提供重要参考。     

河谷地形对深覆盖层中防渗墙应力变形影响分析

为研究河谷地形对深厚覆盖层中防渗墙应力、变形的影响,以某沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝为工程背景,模拟了狭窄河谷和宽深河谷并分别建立有限元模型,坝体材料及覆盖层采用邓肯-张E-B模型,防渗墙与覆盖层、基岩之间的接触关系采用无厚度接触面模拟,进行三维非线性有限元计算,对比分析两种河谷情况下防渗墙的应力、变形情况。计算结果表明：狭窄河谷中,防渗墙沉降和水平向位移及防渗墙与覆盖层的不均匀变形均比宽深河谷小,其中不均匀变形最大减小了24.8%;宽深河谷中,防渗墙受河谷地形约束作用较弱,竖直向压应力较狭窄河谷更大,最大增加了40.3%;防渗墙的竖直向压应力最大值位置受中性点位置和河谷地形的共同影响,其中竖直向压应力最大值约30%来自墙顶坝体土压力,70%来自与覆盖层之间的负摩擦力。其研究结果可为不同地形条件下坝基防渗墙的设计提供参考。     

川藏铁路线V形深切河谷地形地震放大效应数值模拟

V形河谷场地能产生地震动放大效应,并加剧地震的破坏作用和灾害效应。基于高性能离散元软件MatDEM,对规则V形河谷以及真实河谷地形下的放大效应进行数值模拟研究。结果表明,对于规则V形河谷,在地震波水平入射的情况下,背波坡面产生明显的地震动加速度放大效应,并在临近谷底处最为强烈;随着河谷坡角的增大,放大效应增大。数值模拟结果和解析解具有一致的趋势和规律,并符合现场观测现象。将模型进一步应用于川藏铁路线日扎深切河谷的分析,发现地形微小的转折将会影响到波的传播,临近谷底处的加速度放大效应与规则地形较为一致。离散元法能有效地模拟河谷中地震波的传播、反射、散射等现象,可用于川藏铁路沿线复杂条件下的动力作用灾害效应分析。     

Dynamic response of concrete gravity dams including dam–water–foundation interaction

In this paper, the gravity dam–water–foundation system including the physical and mechanical properties of the sediment at the reservoir bottom is modelled using a finite element and infinite element coupling model. The sediment at the reservoir bottom has been assumed to be a viscoelastic solid medium. The effects of thickness, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio and material damping of the sediment on the response of the dam have been studied. The related numerical results from this study illustrated that the existence of the sediment at the bottom of the reservoir has significant effects on the response of concrete gravity dams since the soft layer of the sediment plays two main roles in the dam–water–foundation system, the energy dissipation of the system and the amplification of the incident wave on the water–sediment interface. It is the amplified acceleration on the water–sediment interface that results in different mechanisms of the effect of the sediment on the response of the dam. Therefore, apart from the incident wave, the thickness, the softness and the damping ratio of the sediment can also affect the response of the dam.     

ABAQUS的二次开发及在土石坝静、动力分析中的应用

利用UMAT子程序,在ABAQUS中开发了用于静力分析的邓肯非线性弹性模型和用于动力分析的等效线性模型,丰富了ABAQUS软件的材料库;针对土石坝的分级填土施工、新填土层的位移修正、土石坝蓄水后的浸水湿化效应、坝体材料的液化判别和地震永久变形计算等土石坝分析中的特定问题在ABAQUS中的实现提出了相应的解决方案。算例的计算结果合理可靠,表明经二次开发后ABAQUS可用于土石坝的静、动力分析,从而可利用ABAQUS前后处理方便、计算精度高和模拟复杂问题能力强的优点,为土石坝分析提供一种可供选择的手段。     

地下圆形衬砌隧道对沿线地震动的影响(I):级数解

利用波函数展开法,给出了地下圆形衬砌隧道对入射平面P波和SV波散射问题的一个级数解答,当衬砌与半空间介质相同时,该解答退化为文献中的无衬砌隧道的解答。级数解答为进一步定量研究隧道对入射平面P波和SV波的放大作用以及入射波长、入射角度、隧道直径和衬砌刚度等参数对隧道沿线地震动的影响奠定了理论基础。     

地下圆形衬砌隧道对沿线地震动的影响(Ⅰ):级数解

利用波函数展开法，给出了地下圆形衬砌隧道对入射平面P波和SV波散射问题的一个级数解答，当衬砌与半空间介质相同时，该解答退化为文献中的无衬砌隧道的解答。级数解答为进一步定量研究隧道对入射平面P波和SV波的放大作用以及入射波长、入射角度、隧道直径和衬砌刚度等参数对隧道沿线地震动的影响奠定了理论基础。     

SV波入射下峡谷地形对多支撑大跨桥梁地震反应影响分析

以二维河谷地形在SV波垂直入射和斜入射下的结果作为地震动输入,分析了地形因素导致的地震动差异对一座桥墩高差悬殊的连续刚构桥地震反应的影响,并与一致激励下的结果进行了对比。结果表明：与一致激励相比,考虑地形效应的多点激励作用下,刚构桥地震反应存在显著差异,难以找到规律性,不同的结构部位其最大内力的表现各不一样;多点激励使主梁遭受不利反应;斜入射对低墩和主梁有显著影响,使其内力显著增加或使结构各部位内力分布明显不均衡;与低墩相比,高柔的桥墩对多点激励相对不敏感;大跨度桥梁抗震分析与设计应考虑局部场地和入射波的入射方向和角度的影响     

小型土石坝加密抗液化离心机振动台试验研究

地震作用下土石坝液化易导致坝坡失稳滑移等严重后果,加密法是常用的抗液化手段之一。针对坝趾压重与坝壳翻压两种坝身加密加固方法,开展了离心机振动台试验,分析了不同加密型抗液化处理的小型土石坝坝坡地震响应规律。试验结果表明,由于高水头作用下坝坡底部土体软化,未处理坝坡加速度放大系数沿高程先减小后增大,而加密坝坡加速度放大系数沿高程逐渐增大,且坝坡表面处加速度存在表面放大现象。坝趾压重和坝壳翻压提高了坝身有效应力,降低地震产生的超静孔压比,有效防止土体液化。未处理坝坡在峰值加速度为0.24g地震作用下即发生坝趾液化现象,而加密坝坡在峰值加速度为0.24g和0.45g下均未发生液化。未处理坝坡整体侧向位移大,加密处理后,在峰值加速度为0.24g下坝坡整体表现为竖向位移。坝趾压重区坝趾水平位移明显减小,坝壳翻压区坡顶沉降减小了50%。试验结果验证了坝趾压重和坝壳翻压的抗液化效果,为小型土石坝抗震加固设计提供了参考。     

The method of fundamental solution for 3‐D wave scattering in a fluid‐saturated poroelastic infinite domain

By using a complete set of poroelastodynamic spherical wave potentials (SWPs) representing a fast compressional wave P_I, a slow compressional wave P_II, and a shear wave S with 3 vectorial potentials (not all are independent), a solution scheme based on the method of fundamental solution (MFS) is devised to solve 3‐D wave scattering and dynamic stress concentration problems due to inhomogeneous inclusions and cavities embedded in an infinite poroelastic domain. The method is verified by comparing the result with the elastic analytical solution, which is a degenerated case, as well as with poroelastic solution obtained using other numerical methods. The accuracy and stability of the SWP‐MFS are also demonstrated. The displacement, hoop stress, and fluid pore pressure around spherical cavity and poroelastic inclusion with permeable and impermeable boundary are investigated for incident plane P_I and SV waves. The scattering characteristics are examined for a range of material properties, such as porosity and shear modulus contrast, over a range of frequency. Compared with other boundary‐based numerical strategy, such as the boundary element method and the indirect boundary integral equation method, the current SWP‐MFS is a meshless method that does not need elements to approximate the geometry and is free from the treatment of singularities. The SWP‐MFS is a highly accurate and efficient solution methodology for wave scattering problems of arbitrary geometry, particularly when a part of the domain extends to infinity.     

岗曲河混凝土面板堆石坝三维静力应力变形分析

采用邓肯模型对岗曲河面板堆石坝进行了三维有限元分析,研究软岩填筑层对坝体工作性能的影响,计算混凝土面板与岩石填筑层的位移和应力及周边缝变形。结果表明,由于受到下游堆石3D软岩填筑区的影响,坝体最大横断面最大沉降略偏向下游,总沉降量约为坝高的0.2 %,面板周边缝位移的绝对值一般都小于2 cm,周边缝的止水设计需注意选择合理的止水形式和填缝材料,由于坝址河谷狭窄,受岸坡约束,三维效应对坝体的应力变形影响较明显,为设计施工提供了参考。     

Failure analysis of the granite for a dam foundation

This paper presents the numerical and experimental investigation of a dam foundation. The site consists of granite and especially weathered granite. Numerical and analytical analyses have been conducted to evaluate suitability of the granite for a dam foundation. Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion has been used to calculate the compressive strength of the rock mass. Finite element implementation of Mohr–Coulomb criterion has been used for deformation and settlement analysis. Packer testing and in-situ estimation of rock mass deformability using the Goodman jack have been performed. The results of the evaluations show that very small normal and differential settlements can be expected in structural regions due to dam construction, and the compacted concrete dam can safely be constructed on either the competent granite or the weathered granite. However, the dam foundation on the weathered granite has high conductivity potential problems for the reservoir.     

圆弧形沉积谷地对平面P波的三维散射解析解

采用大圆弧面来模拟半空间表面,利用波函数展开法在频域内给出了圆弧形沉积谷地形对平面P波三维散射的一个解析解,并以此解答为基础,进一步分析了入射波频率和入射角度对圆弧形沉积谷地场地反应的影响。数值结果表明,入射波的频率和入射角度对圆弧形沉积谷地场地反应有重要影响。