Development,territorial difference and spatial evolution of towns in China—A discussion on the views of anti-urbanism in China

Growth of Chinese small towns is a continuing process of urbanization. By analyzing regional disparity and comprehensive development level of Chinese small towns, it is considered that town development depends mainly on the regional agriculture and social development level. Their spatial distribution is restricted by population distribution and regional economic development level. Chinese urbanization, just the same as urbanization in developed countries, is a sign of socio-economic vigour and prosperity, and is not related to social and political systems. Thus, it is worth to discuss China’s anti-urbanism with abroad scholars.     

基于夜间灯光数据估算安徽省县级尺度城镇化水平

城镇化是地区经济发展和社会进步的重要标志,研究城镇化水平对城镇科学发展和政府高效决策具有重要意义。夜间灯光数据包含了人类活动和经济社会发展等信息,弥补了指标法的不确定性和滞后性等不足,可以更加直观地反映城镇化水平,为城镇化研究提供了新的思路。现有的研究,已经有用夜间灯光数据分析宏观尺度的城镇化水平,但由于DMSP-OLS数据和NPP-VIIRS数据的时间范围均较短,且2种数据的时间尺度不连续,且空间分辨率和辐射分辨率不一致,因此目前主要集中于使用一种夜间灯光数据研究城镇化水平,且研究的时间跨度较短。此外,虽然已有研究表明,大尺度的社会经济活动与夜间光照情况有较强的相关关系,但在较小尺度下,这种相关性受地区经济发展以及灯光数据分辨率的影响较大,对估算精度有更高的要求,因此需要使用实际数据证明使用夜间灯光数据估算县级城镇化水平的合理性。本文使用DMSP_OLS和NPP_VIIRS夜间灯光数据,估算了2006—2015年安徽省县级尺度城镇化水平,为夜间灯光数据在长时间序列的城镇化研究中提供理论支撑。首先分别计算DMSP-OLS和NPP-VIIRS平均夜间灯光指数,以NPP-VIIRS灯光指数为自变量,以DMSP-OLS灯光指数为因变量,对2012年和2013年的2种灯光指数年数据进行曲线拟合,建立2种灯光数据的对应关系,得到2006—2015年安徽省各区县的DMSP-OLS平均夜间灯光指数;然后从人口、经济、社会生活和农业机械化4个方面选取城镇化指标,使用层次分析法计算基于统计数据的城镇化水平;最后将灯光指数与基于统计数据的城镇化水平进行相关性分析和线性回归分析,讨论了安徽省各区县灯光指数和基于统计数据的城镇化水平的时空分布的异同点,分析了同时使用两种灯光指数估算长时间序列城镇化水平的合理性。研究结果显示,灯光指数和基于统计数据的城镇化水平在县级尺度上具有高度相关性,相关系数为0.91（P<0.05）,线性回归的拟合优度R²=0.82。灯光指数和基于统计数据的城镇化水平的时空分布基本一致,空间上,安徽省城镇化水平整体分布不均衡,呈现出东高西低的规律;时间上,2006—2015年城镇化水平呈现逐年增长的趋势,合肥市辖区、马鞍山市辖区等发达城区的城镇化水平增长速度较快,而霍丘县、寿县等经济欠发达地区增长较缓慢。     

Evolutionary Pattern and Effect of Administrative Division Adjustment During Urbanization of China: Empirical Analysis on Multiple Scales

The adjustment of administrative divisions is one of the important factors guiding China’s urbanization, which has profound economic and social effects for regional development. In this paper, we comprehensively describe the process of the adjustment of administrative divisions at provincial and municipal levels in China and summarize the effects on the basic structure and patterns of the spatial development. We quantitatively assess the effects on fields such as urbanization and social economy through the use of multidimensional scaling. The results show that: 1) Upgrading county to municipality (or city-governed district) is the main way of adjusting the administrative divisions. It is also an important factor in the spatial differentiation of interprovincial urbanization. China’s population urbanization can be divided into four patterns including interprovincial migration, provincial migration, natural growth, and growth caused by the adjustment of administrative divisions, which is also the main reason for the increased Chinese urbanization rate at the provincial level. 2) Taking the city of Beijing as an example, we generalize five adjustment patterns made to administrative divisions: the set-up of sub-districts, the set-up of regional offices, the upgrading of townships to sub-districts, the upgrading of townships to towns, and the set-up of towns and the addition of new regional offices. We summarize the municipal urban spatial structure, including the sub-district office area in the central urban area, the regional office area in the new urban area, the mixed area of villages, towns, and sub-district offices in the suburb area, and the township area in the outer suburb area. 3) The adjustment of administrative divisions triggers a significant circulative accumulation effect, resulting in the spatial locking of population and industrial agglomeration. It affects the evolution of the urban spatial form and plays an important role in shaping the urban spatial structure to move to the characteristic of multicenter. In general, the adjustment of administrative divisions was an important factor affecting the inflated statistical level of urbanization and also an important driving force for the evolution of Chinese urban spatial organization structure.     

Growth of new designated cities in China

１ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＭａｎｙｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｓｃｈｏｌａｒｓｓｕｃｈａｓＣｈａｎｇＳｅｎｄｏｕ（１９６３）,ＣｈｅｎｇＴｉｅｊｕｎｅｔａｌ．（１９９４）,ａｎｄＳｋｉｎｎｅｒＧ．Ｗ．ｅｔａｌ（１９７７）ｐｕｔｔｈｅｉｒｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｔｅｒｅ...     

Measurement and spatio-temporal distribution of urbanization development quality of urban agglomeration in China

Urbanization development quality (UDQ) of urban agglomeration (UA) is one of the important indexes to evaluate if the UA urbanization speed is reasonable, if the population urbanization process is sound, if the economic urbanization process is efficient, if the social urbanization process is harmonious and fair, which is generally composed of three parts, including economic urbanization development quality, social urbanization development quality and spatial urbanization security quality. With the research of evolution rules of UDQ, through the analysis on the interactive coordination relation between UDQ and urbanization level, the paper proposes three dimensional index ball and standard value of comprehensive measures of UDQ, which is composed of three categories of indexes. By introducing Atkinson model, this paper constructs the sub-element measure model and segmental measure model of UDQ, and further makes an overall evaluation on the characteristic of UDQ of UAs in China. Results show that: 1) UDQ of UAs lied at optimization and upgrading phase during 1995–2008 and the quality was low. Population urbanization level did not reflect the UDQ of UAs; 2) the improving speed of the spatial urbanization security quality was higher than the social urbanization development quality, and the improving speed of economic urbanization development quality was the lowest; 3) the coordination between UDQ and urbanization level was not so good; 4) there was a weak correlation relation between UDQ and UA scale, and it was not true that the bigger the UA was, the better the UDQ was.     

The developmental characteristics and strategic ideas of urbanization in China

Since cities and towns are places where those nonagricultural industries are centralized, urbanization is greatly interrelated with industrialization and de-agriculturalization. By means of this kind of interrelationship, Chinese urbanization level may be estimated with the formulas: P1=I1/I0/u0, Pr = N1/N0/u0. The urbanization after the founding of the People's Republic of China can be divided into the following 5 stages: the stage at the out set of industrialization (1949-1957); the high-speed urbanization stage (1958-1960); the first counter-urbanization stage (1961-1965); the second counter-urbanization stage (1966-1976); and the high-speed urbanization stage (1978-now). The characteristics of Chinese urbanization are: the industrialization launched by the government; the simultaneous development of urbanization of cities and urbanization of rural areas; the quite low capability of urbanization to absorb nonagricultural labor force; the incoordinate development of cities, etc. Before establishing a     

Spatial-temporal pattern and formation mechanism of county urbanization on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Urbanization is a comprehensive and complex socioeconomic phenomenon that plays an influential role in promoting global socioeconomic development. The Loess Plateau region is an important part of the China's ecological security pattern, and occupies an important position in the implementation of China's new-type urbanization strategy and the realization of the urban dream. The characteristics of the staged changes and regional differentiation of urbanization in the area from 1990 to 2018 were studied with focus on regions and subregions by selecting 341 county-level administrative units on the Chinese Loess Plateau as the research area, and employing partition analysis and geographic detector methods. This revealed the formation mechanism of the spatial differentiation pattern of urbanization on the Loess Plateau. We found that the urbanization of the Loess Plateau,previously in a slow growth phase, entered the accelerated development phase, presenting a macro pattern of high rates of urbanization in central and eastern areas and low rates in western areas. The formation of the regional differentiation patterns of urbanization on the Loess Plateau were the combined results of natural geographical and socioeconomic factors. Among these factors, the interaction of any two factors had a stronger impact on regional urbanization patterns than a single factor, which was specifically manifested as nonlinear or bi-factor enhancement effects. The findings of this paper may provide a theoretical reference and scientific basis for the scientific promotion of healthy urbanization on the Chinese Loess Plateau and the ecologically fragile areas of developing countries around the world.     

Reconsideration of the urbanization research in China

Theappearanceofmodemurbancommunityisanoutcomeofindustrializationandsocialdevelopment.ThecityitseIfindicatestheconcentrationofpopulation,toolofproduction,capital,enjoymentanddemand.Asaspecialintensive1ivingspace,citymay,inthecourseofmodernization,gatherandagglomeratevariousre-sourcestoitsown,andreflectandspreaditsfunctionstoperipheralareasaswell,whichistheprocessofur-banization.Nomatterasatermoraphenomenon,sinceitwasfirstused'intheworks"FundamentalTheoryofU,ba.i.ati.."bytheSpanishengineerA.S…     

Spatio-temporal Pattern Characteristics of Relationship Between Urbanization and Economic Development at County Level in China

The relationship between China’s urbanization and economic development(RCUED) is an important concern nationwide. As important actors in regional strategy and policy, county-level regions have played an increasingly significant role in the development of China’s social economy. However, the existing research on the RCUED lacks the fine depiction of the county-level administrative units.Using 2000 and 2010 census data and the statistical analysis method, we uncovered the evolution characteristics of China’s urbanization and economic development and conducted a quantitative identification for the RCUED with improved methods using the quadrant map approach. In addition, we investigated the spatial correlation effect of the RCUED using the spatial autocorrelation analysis method. The results were as follows: 1) In general, a high degree of matching exists between China’s urbanization and economic development at the county level at the significance level of 0.01. The correlation coefficients between China’s urbanization and economic development in2000 and 2010 were 0.608 and 0.603, respectively. 2) A significant regional difference exists in the RCUED at the county level. Based on a comparative analysis of 2276 county units in China in the two years, we found that county units can be categorized as under-urbanized, basic coordination and over-urbanized in various areas. No situation was observed where urbanization seriously lagged behind the economic development level, so the levels of urbanization and economic development appear to be basically coordinated,and the coordination state may be gradually optimized over time. 3) Over time, the spatial dependency of the RCUED has weakened and the spatial heterogeneity has increased. Northeast China has always been an area characterized by over-urbanization. The number of county units classified as under-urbanized has begun to decline in eastern coastal urban agglomeration areas, while counties rich in resources have transformed from having point-shaped over-urbanization to plane-shaped under-urbanization along the northern border,and the number of over-urbanized county units has increased in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. 4)’Lag-lag’ type and ’advance-advance’ type accounted for 68% of all counties in China, and these counties were shown to have obvious spatial differentiation characteristics.     

Major Function Oriented Zone: New method of spatial regulation for reshaping regional development pattern in China

Newest planning methods implemented by Chinese government are promoting a coordinated regional development and shaping an orderly spatial structure by applying the regulation of territorial function. This article analyzes the problems of spatial planning and regional strategy caused by the wrongly-set primary goal of economic development; it states that the three-fold objective of competitiveness, sustainability, and welfare fairness shall be the principal for China to implement the spatial regulation in the new era; it discusses about theoretical thoughts and technology framework of conducting the ′Major Function Oriented Zone′ based on their different major functions that each region plays in urbanization and industrialization, ecological constructions, grain productions, and protection of natural and cultural heritages; it introduces the new concept of ′Major Function Oriented Zone′ that include the major functions category, the stereo regional equilibrium mode, the two-level zoning specification, and the territorial development intensity; it offers a zoning scheme that defines development-optimized and development-prioritized zones as regions with massive urbanization and industrialization, development-restricted zones as ecological constructing or grain producing regions, development-prohibited zones as natural and cultural heritage protecting regions; and finally it addresses the main obstacle for implementing ′Major Function Oriented Zone′, which is the institutional arrangement of the supreme goal of high GDP growth rate that is currently being implemented.     

Empirical Analysis on Urbanization Patterns in Zhejiang Province Based on Spatial Economy and GIS

1 Introduction For the two past decades of economic reforms in China, the urbanization level has risen dramatically from 17.92% in 1978 to 41.8% in 2004, with the average an- nual increase in the urbanized population of 3.3%. Owing to the social and economic factors, however, the agri- culture, rural area and farmer, named “three agricul- ture-related problems” in the country, have benefited little from the rapid and unprecedented process of ur- banization (Lin and Ho, 2003). Conversely, as…     

Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Urbanization in China Using DMSP/OLS Nighttime Light Data from 1992–2013

Understanding the dynamics of urbanization is essential to the sustainable development of cities. Meanwhile the analysis of urban development can also provide scientifically and effective information for decision-making. With the long-term Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System(DMSP/OLS) nighttime light images, a pixel level assessment of urbanization of China from 1992 to 2013 was conducted in this study, and the spatio-temporal dynamics and future trends of urban development were fully detected. The results showed that the urbanization and urban dynamics of China experienced drastic fluctuations from 1992 to 2013, especially for those in the coastal and metropolitan areas. From a regional perspective, it was found that the urban dynamics and increasing trends in North Coast China, East Coast China and South Coast China were much more stable and significant than that in other regions. Moreover, with the sustainability estimating of nighttime light dynamics, the regional agglomeration trends of urban regions were also detected. The light intensity in nearly 50% of lighted pixels may continuously decrease in the future, indicating a severe situation of urbanization within these regions. In this study, The results revealed in this study can provided a new insight in long time urbanization detecting and is thus beneficial to the better understanding of trends and dynamics of urban development.     

城市土地利用优化配置分析应用——以济南市为例

对城市土地资源进行优化配置,提高城市土地利用的集约程度,是当前城市土地利用研究领域中的热点问题。本文以济南市为研究区,通过构建系统动力学模型对济南市土地利用的数量结构进行预测,在此基础上,利用ArcGIS软件的二次开发语言编写程序,实现了济南市土地利用的空间优化配置,为济南市城市内部土地资源的合理开发与利用,提供决策参考。     

新型城镇化水平区域差异与驱动因素分析

基于新型城镇化内涵的深刻理解及城镇化发展历程的梳理,尝试性利用等权重方法,对2000~2015年中国31个省市新型城镇化发展水平进行测度和时空维度及集聚特征展示。在此基础上建立多元回归模型,对中国进行分区域新型城镇化发展驱动力进行分析。结果表明,中国东、中、西部新型城镇化发展主导驱动因素分别为外向力、市场力和行政力。政府应在充分认识新型城镇化内涵基础上,对东、中、西部实行不同发展策略,缩小区域差异。     

FORGING ASIA＇S GLOBAL TRANSPARK IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA AT ZHUHAI

The main purpose of the paper is to introduce the concept of the Global TransPark (GTP). It is a critical time to develop air logistics infrastructure in the New Economy. The paper also presents a brief review of the air cargo industry in the Asian-Pacific region and China, in particular China‘s development in the industry as its economy has grown rapidly and globalized in the past two decades. The paper argues that China needs to develop a GTP to support its future growth, and explains why the Pearl River Delta-Hong Kong-Macao city-region or Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR) is the best location. Finally, it proposes that Zhuhai Airport, one of the five airports in the EMR, is thebest site for the GTP. New policies from Chinese government as well as close cooperation between local governmentsof Guangdong and the two Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macao will be needed to make the establishment of the GTP possible.     

SCENARIOS SIMULATION OF COUPLING SYSTEM BETWEEN URBANIZATION AND ECO-ENVIRONMENT IN JIANGSU PROVINCE BASED ON SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL

1IN T R O D U C T IO NU rbanizationand eco-environment coupling is uniqueand complex,and itsmechanisms and ruleshave pro-voked much scholarship(B RENNA,1999).More than100yearsago,HOWARD(1898)publishedG ardenC ities of Tom orrow to revealthe interrelationshibpes-tween citygrowth and itseco-environment,and he triedtodealwiththeissuewithrationalplanningway,buthefailed(BOURNE and SIMMONS,1978).However,onlysincethe1920s had thetopicspeciallybeen intensfiied.AftertheChicago schoolhad…     

Grey-relation Analysis of Traffic System and Urbanization in Jilin Province of China

It has been long believed there should be some relations between traffic system and urbanization,but the in-teraction between them,especially on the regional level,has been not in consideration due to the difficulty in quantitative analysis.Based on the development of Jilin Province during 1981-2003,the paper analyzed the relation with the grey-relation model which was adjusted to fit specific problem,and came to some conclusions.Firstly,there exists ob-vious and strong correlation between traffic system and urbanization.Secondly,urbanization responds to the develop-ment of traffic system mainly on the level of urbanization,such as population and developed area,however,less on urbanization quality.Thirdly,traffic system influences urbanization as a whole except for several peculiar factors,which means we should optimize the whole traffic system to promote urbanization.Based on those conclusions,the paper illustrated the mechanism of traffic system,promoting urbanization scale and urbanization quality.     

Revisiting and rethinking regional urbanization in Changjiang River Delta, China

China is entering a critical and accelerating phase of urbanization.As one of the most urbanized regions in China,the Changjiang(Yangtze)River Delta has experienced dramatic urbanization and urban transformation.However,in the recent years,many changes have taken place in this region and there is limited attention to the regional urbanization path evolution,its problems and the way to solve these problems.Therefore,we should revisit the urbanization process in the Changjiang River Delta again.In this paper,we revisited urbanization paths of the Changjiang River Delta by data analysis,influence factors of urbanization by the Gray Relational Analysis,and major challenges to urbanization of the Changjiang River Delta by theoretical considerations.We found that the urbanization of the Changjiang River Delta had experienced several stages of large-scale spatial and urban system restructuring.Within the Changjiang River Delta,Shanghai,Zhejiang and Jiangshu had experienced different urbanization path with local characteristics.But with their development model gradually converging,their urbanization model is also converging.We also found that the major influence factors affecting the Changjiang River Delta urbanization were dynamic change and urbanization was driven by different key factors in different socio-economic development stages.Meanwhile,the Changjiang River Delta urbanization is facing many problems such as existing institutional arrangements,including the hukou(household registration)system and others which can not meet the needs of current socioeconomic development and urbanization.Therefore,it is imperative to promote institutional innovation and adopt a new urbanization development strategy for the sake of the orderly and sustainable urbanization development in the Changjiang River Delta.     

Research activities on land-use/cover change in the past ten years in China using space technology

１　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｒｅｃｅｎｔａｎｄｆｕｔｕｒｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｓｐａｃｅｂａｓｅｄｒｅｍｏｔｅｓｅｎｓｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｈａｓｂｒｏｕｇｈｔａｒｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｔｏｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｗｏｒｋａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｆｏｒｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇｓｕｉｔａｂｌｅｐｏｌｉｃｙｆｏｒｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ,ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ,ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｒｅａｌｔｉｍｅａｎｄｐｅｒｉｏｄｉｃｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆａｌａｒｇｅａｒ…     

微博用户的中国传统节日感知及区域差异研究

随着智能移动终端和社交网络应用的普及,越来越多的人愿意通过社交网络平台进行交流和表达自己的情感,因此产生了大量含有地理位置、文本内容等多种信息的用户生成数据,为大数据时代的城市研究及特定时空间内个体感知和行为活动研究提供新的数据源。本文基于2012-2014年约54万条微博用户数据,探测民众对包括春节、元宵节、清明节、端午节和中秋节在内的中国传统节日的情感表达和关注热点,以期发现在城市化与全球化影响下,人们对中国传统节日的认知变化和区域特征。通过Python 3.6进行词频分析及LDA主题模型分析可知：① 春节是中国人主题感知最为强烈的节日,且多为对新年美好祝愿的表达,其次是中秋节,以回家团聚为主,另外情人节也成为一个显性的节日;② 传统节日期间,出行方式以飞机和汽车为主,机场和高速成为与节日活动密切相关的场所;③ 共识性岁时习俗整体感知较好,但各地域特色节庆活动及饮食习俗在表现形式上有所差异,且差异在逐渐减小;④ 词频分析较好地反映了微博用户对中国传统节日的普遍感知及具有地方特色的区域差异,而LDA主题模型分析能够反映一定的传统节日主题聚类结果,但对不同节日的主题聚类效果并不十分明显。