Site effects at a vertical accelerometer array near Paducah, Kentucky

The downhole vertical accelerometer array VSAP near Paducah, KY, consists of three-component accelerometers at the surface, the top of the McNairy Formation (−41 m), and the top of the Paleozoic bedrock (—99 m). The array is at the northern end of the Mississippi Embayment, and it was installed to verify the ground-motion modeling for the site, assuming a significant earthquake in the New Madrid Seismic Zone. Accelerograms from 4.2 and 2.0 m_b earthquakes were used to check aspects of the modeling pertaining to linear behavior of the soil column, and to review the soil column models derived by drilling and geotechnical methods and through the use of high-resolution P- and SH-wave seismic refraction in reflection techniques. Results of the study indicate that for the linear case the soil column models derived by the two techniques are equivalent, and that the most important boundary in the soil column, with respect to amplification of the ground motions, is the interface between the limestone bedrock and soil.     

鄂尔多斯盆地加里东期不整合面类型及分布特征*

加里东期不整合面是早古生代华北板块内一个重要的盆地性质转换界面。鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系风化壳岩溶型油气藏和二叠系本溪组、太原组铝土质泥岩气藏的发现,促进了地质学家对该地区古生代加里东运动性质的探讨。基于大量的野外露头、钻井和地震资料,对加里东运动形成的不整合面的识别标志、不整合类型及其空间分布、不整合结构和时间变量进行深入解析。研究表明: (1)加里东运动后,鄂尔多斯盆地的古地貌形态大致可分为鄂托克旗—定边一带的高地貌区、神木—靖边—富县以及吴忠地貌过渡区、中东部地势低缓东倾区; (2)奥陶系顶部不整合面相邻地层呈角度各异的接触关系,具有“削截(下)—整一(上)”、“削截(下)—超覆(上)”的结构,整体表现为盆地边缘为具削截和褶皱的高角度不整合、盆缘向盆内过渡地区的低角度不整合及盆内大范围分布的平行不整合; (3)不整合面也是上、下古生界之间形成的主要风化壳界面,长期的沉积间断和风化剥蚀为该区铝土质泥岩发育奠定了环境背景,而铝土岩不仅可作为下古生界风化壳气藏的理想盖层,同时也是陇东勘探新区天然气大规模聚集成藏的有利场所。     

鄂尔多斯盆地加里东期不整合面类型及分布特征*

加里东期不整合面是早古生代华北板块内一个重要的盆地性质转换界面。鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系风化壳岩溶型油气藏和二叠系本溪组、太原组铝土质泥岩气藏的发现,促进了地质学家对该地区古生代加里东运动性质的探讨。基于大量的野外露头、钻井和地震资料,对加里东运动形成的不整合面的识别标志、不整合类型及其空间分布、不整合结构和时间变量进行深入解析。研究表明: (1)加里东运动后,鄂尔多斯盆地的古地貌形态大致可分为鄂托克旗—定边一带的高地貌区、神木—靖边—富县以及吴忠地貌过渡区、中东部地势低缓东倾区; (2)奥陶系顶部不整合面相邻地层呈角度各异的接触关系,具有“削截(下)—整一(上)”、“削截(下)—超覆(上)”的结构,整体表现为盆地边缘为具削截和褶皱的高角度不整合、盆缘向盆内过渡地区的低角度不整合及盆内大范围分布的平行不整合; (3)不整合面也是上、下古生界之间形成的主要风化壳界面,长期的沉积间断和风化剥蚀为该区铝土质泥岩发育奠定了环境背景,而铝土岩不仅可作为下古生界风化壳气藏的理想盖层,同时也是陇东勘探新区天然气大规模聚集成藏的有利场所。     

Shallow seismic reflection profiles and geological structure in the Benton Hills, southeast Missouri

During late May and early June of 1993, we conducted two shallow, high-resolution seismic reflection surveys (Mini-Sosie method) across the southern escarpment of the Benton Hills segment of Crowleys Ridge. The reflection profiles imaged numerous post-late Cretaceous faults and folds. We believe these faults may represent a significant earthquake source zone.

The stratigraphy of the Benton Hills consists of a thin, less than about 130 m, sequence of mostly unconsolidated Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary sediments which uncomfortably overlie a much thicker section of Paleozoic carbonate rocks. The survey did not resolve reflectors within the upper 75–100 ms of two-way travel time (about 60–100 m), which would include all of the Tertiary and Quaternary and most of the Cretaceous. However, the Paleozoic-Cretaceous unconformity (Pz) produced an excellent reflection, and locally a shallower reflector within the Cretaceous (K) was resolved. No coherent reflections below about 200 ms of two-way travel time were identified.

Numerous faults and folds, which clearly offset the Paleozoic-Cretaceous unconformity reflector, were imaged on both seismic reflection profiles. Many structures imaged by the reflection data are coincident with the surface mapped locations of faults within the Cretaceous and Tertiary succession. Two locations show important structures that are clearly complex fault zones. The English Hill fault zone, striking N30°–35°E, is present along Line 1 and is important because earlier workers indicated it has Pleistocene Loess faulted against Eocene sands. The Commerce fault zone striking N50°E, overlies a major regional basement geophysical lineament, and is present on both seismic lines at the southern margin of the escarpment.

The fault zones imaged by these surveys are 30 km from the area of intense microseismicity in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ). If these are northeast and north-northeast oriented fault zones like those at Thebes Gap they are favorably oriented in the modern stress field to be reactivated as right-lateral strike slip faults. Currently, earthquake hazards assessments are most dependent upon historical seismicity, and there are little geological data available to evaluate the earthquake potential of fault zones outside of the NMSZ. We anticipate that future studies will provide evidence that seismicity has migrated between fault zones well beyond the middle Mississippi Valley. The potential earthquake hazards represented by faults outside the NMSZ may be significant.     

Integration of P- and SH-wave high-resolution seismic reflection and micro-gravity techniques to improve interpretation of shallow subsurface structure: New Madrid seismic zone

Shallow high-resolution seismic reflection surveys have traditionally been restricted to either compressional (P) or horizontally polarized shear (SH) waves in order to produce 2-D images of subsurface structure. The northernmost Mississippi embayment and coincident New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) provide an ideal laboratory to study the experimental use of integrating P- and SH-wave seismic profiles, integrated, where practicable, with micro-gravity data. In this area, the relation between “deeper” deformation of Paleozoic bedrock associated with the formation of the Reelfoot rift and NMSZ seismicity and “shallower” deformation of overlying sediments has remained elusive, but could be revealed using integrated P- and SH-wave reflection. Surface expressions of deformation are almost non-existent in this region, which makes seismic reflection surveying the only means of detecting structures that are possibly pertinent to seismic hazard assessment. Since P- and SH-waves respond differently to the rock and fluid properties and travel at dissimilar speeds, the resulting seismic profiles provide complementary views of the subsurface based on different levels of resolution and imaging capability. P-wave profiles acquired in southwestern Illinois and western Kentucky (USA) detect faulting of deep, Paleozoic bedrock and Cretaceous reflectors while coincident SH-wave surveys show that this deformation propagates higher into overlying Tertiary and Quaternary strata. Forward modeling of micro-gravity data acquired along one of the seismic profiles further supports an interpretation of faulting of bedrock and Cretaceous strata. The integration of the two seismic and the micro-gravity methods therefore increases the scope for investigating the relation between the older and younger deformation in an area of critical seismic hazard.     

音频大地电磁约束反演在地层识别中的应用:以哈密盆地为例

覆盖区地质填图是新时期地质填图的重要方向.音频大地电磁法（AMT）是覆盖区地质填图的重要地球物理方法之一,可以为地层和基岩面的刻画提供电性参数的约束.然而,常规的AMT反演无法精确刻画电性异常体的边界,且当缺乏其他地质与地球物理资料约束时,难以进行地质解译.针对此问题,基于数值模拟结果的可行性,利用哈密烟墩戈壁覆盖区的4条实测AMT剖面探讨了AMT约束反演在地层识别中的应用效果.相位张量分析指示研究区浅部（> 1 Hz）电性结构表现为二维特征,深部受三维结构影响;浅部为低阻,深部电阻率逐渐升高.采用不加约束二维反演获得了4条剖面的地下（< 3 km）电性结构.基于研究区的重力异常、地震解译结果、物性和钻孔资料,在二维反演结果上初步划分了渐新统-中新统和侏罗系地层的底界面;进而以这两个界面建立先验模型,并根据物性资料设置电阻率变化范围,进行AMT约束反演,获得了更优化的反演结果以及清晰可靠的渐新统-中新统和侏罗系的底界面.结果显示,研究区渐新统-中新统地层电阻率值略小于10 Ω?m,其底界面平均埋深为120 m;侏罗系电阻率值为10~100Ω?m,其底界面最深可达2 km.基岩面（侏罗系底界面）埋深整体上呈现为东南深、西北浅,这指示哈密烟墩地区中生代以来的沉积中心在东南部;此外,侏罗系地层与下伏的古生界地层存在角度不整合.研究表明,哈密烟墩地区新生代以来可能受到了近南北向应力挤压,在研究区中部形成近东西或北东东向的侏罗系隆凹相间的构造地貌格局.而渐新统-中新统地层底部的不整合面可能反映了后期褶皱构造的影响,这种隆凹作用相伴的褶皱构造可能具有同沉积性质.      

The Olmsted fault zone, southernmost Illinois: A key to understanding seismic hazard in the northern new Madrid seismic zone

Geological deformation in the northern New Madrid seismic zone, near Olmsted, Illinois (USA), is analyzed using integrated compressional-wave (P) and horizontally polarized-wave (SH) seismic reflection and regional and dedicated borehole information. Seismic hazards are of special concern because of strategic facilities (e.g., lock and dam sites and chemical plants on the Ohio River near its confluence with the Mississippi River) and because of alluvial soils subject to high amplification of earthquake shock. We use an integrated approach starting with lower resolution, but deeper penetration, P-wave reflection profiles to identify displacement of Paleozoic bedrock. Higher resolution, but shallower penetration, SH-wave images show deformation that has propagated upward from bedrock faults into Pleistocene loess. We have mapped an intricate zone more than 8 km wide of high-angle faults in Mississippi embayment sediments localized over Paleozoic bedrock faults that trend north to northeast, parallel to the Ohio River. These faults align with the pattern of epicenters in the New Madrid seismic zone. Normal and reverse offsets along with positive flower structures imply a component of strike-slip; the current stress regime favors right-lateral slip on northeast-trending faults. The largest fault, the Olmsted fault, underwent principal displacement near the end of the Cretaceous Period 65 to 70 million years ago. Strata of this age (dated via fossil pollen) thicken greatly on the downthrown side of the Olmsted fault into a locally subsiding basin. Small offsets of Tertiary and Quaternary strata are evident on high-resolution SH-wave seismic profiles. Our results imply recent reactivation and possible future seismic activity in a critical area of the New Madrid seismic zone. This integrated approach provides a strategy for evaluating shallow seismic hazard-related targets for engineering concerns.     

闽北近岸海域晚更新世以来沉积地层特征及其演化

根据2015年青岛海洋地质研究所地质调查船在闽北近岸海域采集的3 500 km高分辨率的浅层地震剖面资料,结合所处海域水深35~40 m、长度90.2 m、穿过测线Z3和测线L9地震剖面的交叉处的一口地质岩芯ECS1601的分析,对闽北近岸海域晚更新世以来的沉积地层进行了精细的划分。研究结果表明:闽北近岸海域浅层地震剖面,可以识别出5个地震层序,自上而下分别为SU1(QT0-QT1)、SU2(QT1-QT2)、SU3(QT2-QT3)、SU4(QT3-QT4)、SU5(QT4-QT5);根据沉积特征和测年数据,地质岩芯ECS1601可以划为4个沉积地层单元,从上往下依次命名为DU1、DU3、DU4、DU5(DU5a、DU5b、DU5c)。将两者进行对比发现,SU1对应于DU1,SU3对应于DU3,SU4对应于DU4,SU5对应于DU5。综合分析地震剖面和地质浅钻,建立了闽北近岸海域的年代地层框架和沉积地层演化模式,探讨了研究区的沉积演化过程。     

Variable post-Paleozoic deformation detected by seismic reflection profiling across the northwestern “prong” of New Madrid seismic zone

High-resolution shallow seismic reflection profiles across the northwesternmost part of the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) and northwestern margin of the Reelfoot rift, near the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers in the northern Mississippi embayment, reveal intense structural deformation that apparently took place during the late Paleozoic and/or Mesozoic up to near the end of the Cretaceous Period. The seismic profiles were sited on both sides of the northeast-trending Olmsted fault, defined by varying elevations of the top of Mississippian (locally base of Cretaceous) bedrock. The trend of this fault is close to and parallel with an unusually straight segment of the Ohio River and is approximately on trend with the westernmost of two groups of northeast-aligned epicenters (“prongs”) in the NMSZ. Initially suspected on the basis of pre-existing borehole data, the deformation along the fault has been confirmed by four seismic reflection profiles, combined with some new information from drilling. The new data reveal (1) many high-angle normal and reverse faults expressed as narrow grabens and anticlines (suggesting both extensional and compressional regimes) that involved the largest displacements during the late Cretaceous (McNairy); (2) a different style of deformation involving probably more horizontal displacements (i.e., thrusting) that occurred at the end of this phase near the end of McNairy deposition, with some fault offsets of Paleocene and younger units; (3) zones of steeply dipping faults that bound chaotic blocks similar to that observed previously from the nearby Commerce geophysical lineament (CGL); and (4) complex internal deformation stratigraphically restricted to the McNairy, suggestive of major sediment liquefaction or landsliding. Our results thus confirm the prevalence of complex Cretaceous deformations continuing up into Tertiary strata near the northern terminus of the NMSZ.     

平原区多层次地质填图方法及成果应用——以江苏港口、泰县、张甸公社、泰兴县、生祠堂镇幅平原区1:50000填图试点为例

以江苏港口、泰县、张甸公社、泰兴县、生祠堂镇幅平原区1:50000填图试点为例,围绕深覆盖平原区1:50000基础地质填图的不同深度层次目标任务,采取多种有效技术方法组合,分别对浅表（0~4 m）沉积物、第四纪以来松散层、以及基岩地质等3个深度层次的有效地质填图技术方法进行研究。浅表采用槽型钻+DEM+RS的综合填图方法,第四纪以来松散层采用钻孔、综合地球物理测井相结合的方法建立地层格架,基底地质特征通过区域重磁资料结合浅层地震勘查研究,有效填绘各层次地质信息。基于多种信息源,建立了不同深度、不同精度的多尺度三维地质模型,通过三维建模客观表达多层次地质结构特征,丰富了平原区1:50000填图成果图件体系。最后,探索了不同层次填图成果的应用领域,为平原区1:50000填图的地质图件表达及成果应用提供示范。      

巨厚沉积土夹火山岩场地非线性地震反应特性

地震基岩深度和土体动力本构模型的选取对核岛场地地震效应评价结果的合理性具有重要影响。以拟建某沿海核电厂深度470 m沉积土夹火山岩层场地的3个钻孔剖面为研究对象,采用一维等效线性波传分析（ELA）法、基于Matasovic本构模型和Davidenkov-Chen-Zhao（DCZ）本构模型的一维非线性分析（NLA）法,选取不同剪切波速的5个岩土层作为地震基岩,研究了输入地震动特性、地震基岩深度和土体动力本构模型的选取对巨厚沉积土夹火山岩层场地非线性地震反应特性的影响。结果表明：（1）以浅层硬岩夹层或深部土层作为地震基岩,NLA法计算的5%阻尼比的地表谱加速度SA的短周期部分较之ELA法的计算值大,但两者计算的地表SA谱的长周期部分几乎一致;（2）基于Matasovic模型和DCZ模型的NLA法计算的地表SA谱谱形和峰值加速度随深度的变化趋势基本一致;（3）从NLA法计算的地表峰值加速度和累积绝对速度而言,以剪切波速约2 500 m/s的浅层硬岩夹层作为地震基岩是适宜的。     

Interpretation of seismic and potential field data from western New York State and Lake Ontario

Lithoprobe and industry seismic profiles have furnished evidence of major zones of easterly dipping Grenville deformed crust extending southwest from exposed Grenville rocks north of Lake Ontario. Additional constraints on subsurface structure limited to the postulated Clarendon–Linden fault system south of Lake Ontario are provided by five east–west reflection lines recorded in 1976. Spatial correlations between seismic structure and magnetic anomalies are described from both Lake Ontario and the newly reprocessed New York lines.In the Paleozoic to Precambrian upper crust, the New York seismic sections show: (1) An easterly thickening wedge of subhorizontal Paleozoic strata unconformably overlying a Precambrian basement whose surface has an apparent regional easterly dip of 1–2°. Minor apparent normal offsets, possibly on the order of tens of meters, occur within the Paleozoic section. The generally poorly reflective unconformity may be locally characterized by topographic relief on the order of 100 m; (2) Apparent local displacement on the order of 90 m at the level of the Black River Group diminishes upward to little or no apparent offset of Queenston Shale; (3) Within the limited seismic sections, there appears to be no evidence that the complete upper crustal section is vertically or subvertically offset; (4) Dipping structure in the Paleozoic strata (15° to 35°) resembles some underlying Precambrian basement elements; (5) The surface continuity of inferred faults constituting the Clarendon–Linden system is not strongly supported by the seismic data.Beneath the Paleozoic strata, the seismic sections show both linear and arcuate reflector geometry with easterly apparent dips of 15° to 35° similar to the deep structures imaged on seismic lines from nearby Lake Ontario and on Lithoprobe lines to the north. The similarity supports an extension of easterly dipping Central Metasedimentary Belt structures of the Grenville orogen from southern Ontario to beneath western New York State.From a comparison of the magnetic and gravity fields with the New York seismic sections, we suggest: (1) The largely nonmagnetic Paleozoic strata appear to contribute negligibly to magnetic anomalies. Seismically imaged fractures in the New York Paleozoic strata appear to lie mainly west of a positive gravity anomaly. The relationship between magnetic and gravity anomalies and the changes in the geometry of interpreted Precambrian structures remains enigmatic; (2) North to northeast trending curvilinear magnetic and gravity anomalies parallel, but are not restricted to the principal trend of the postulated Clarendon–Linden fault system. Paleozoic fractures of the Clarendon–Linden system may partly overlie a southward extension of the Composite Arc Belt boundary zone.     

Imaging granitic plutons along the IBERSEIS profile

The parameters used for the acquisition of the IBERSEIS deep seismic reflection profile in the SW Iberian Peninsula provide seismic images of the deep crust as well as a high resolution section of the shallow subsurface. A very dense array of sources and receivers allowed high resolution tomographic studies in zones of special interest (granitic plutons). The three dimensional tomographic inversion produced velocity models along a 500 m wide and 1000 m deep strip along the IBERSEIS transect in the areas of La Bazana, La Dehesilla, Feria and Villafranca. In these high resolution velocity models (sampled by 50 × 50 × 50 m cells), high velocity anomalies indicate the geology and extension of the granitic plutons at depth. This directly correlates with the surface outcrops. Moreover, tomographic models provided valuable information for the geometry and characterization of fractured and fresh domains in a rock volume. Furthermore, a piggy back seismic acquisition experiment using additional seismic instrumentation from the University of Paris Sud (40-channel DMT) provided perpendicular, offline recordings of the Vibroseis sources. This additional recording system was deployed perpendicularly to the main IBERSEIS seismic reflection line and provided additional 3D control.     

塔里木盆地塔河地区中下奥陶统鹰山组碳酸盐岩层系内幕不整合识别特征*

为论证T⁶₇界面性质并探索碳酸盐岩层系不整合的识别方法,文章综合利用柯坪—巴楚地区露头和塔河地区钻井、测井和地震资料,研究了塔里木盆地塔河地区中下奥陶统鹰山组内幕不整合面T⁶₇。在露头上, T⁶₇界面表现为岩相转换面,但在不同剖面的暴露强度存在差异。在地化数据上, T⁶₇不整合面之下碳酸盐岩地层碳氧同位素值出现明显偏负;Sc,Co,Ni,Ba,U,Sr等微量元素表现出同样的特点,而Li和V在T⁶₇界面之下富集。在自然伽马测井与自然伽马能谱测井曲线上, T⁶₇不整合面之下的鹰山组下段自然伽马测井曲线明显较界面之上的鹰山组上段齿化剧烈,经过滤波处理的Th/U曲线在T⁶₇界面处呈现出明显的低值。在地震剖面上,难以从地震同相轴反射终止现象中识别出T⁶₇界面,但“串珠”状反射沿T⁶₇不整合面发育,这些串珠状反射被解释为与喀斯特作用相关的岩溶洞穴。T⁶₇界面属于海平面相对下降形成的短暂暴露面(<1,Ma),其主要受控于海平面升降和古地貌,在塔河不同区域的暴露、剥蚀强度不同,强暴露区主要位于中东部,弱暴露区域主要位于西北部。T⁶₇不整合面对塔河地区鹰山组内幕碳酸盐岩储集层发育具有重要意义,既可为层间岩溶的发育提供条件,亦可与断裂构成连通体系为大气淡水提供通道,从而对塔河地区深部碳酸盐岩储集层起到积极的改造作用。     

Seismic stratigraphy of Waterton Lake, a sediment-starved glaciated basin in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta, Canada and Montana, USA

Upper and Middle Waterton lakes fill a glacially scoured bedrock basin in a large (614 km²) watershed in the eastern Front Ranges of the Rocky Mountains of southern Alberta, Canada and northern Montana, U.S.A. The stratigraphic infill of the lake has been imaged with 123 km of single-channel FM sonar (‘chirp') reflection profiles. Offshore sonar data are combined with more than 2.5 km of multi-channel, land-based seismic reflection profiles collected from a large fan-delta. Three seismic stratigraphic successions (SSS I to III) are identified in Waterton Lake resting on a prominent basal reflector (bedrock) that reaches a maximum depth of about 250 m below lake level. High-standing rock steps (reigels) divide the lake into sub-basins that can be mapped using lake floor reflection coefficients. A lowermost transparent to poorly stratified seismic succession (SSS I, up to 30 m thick) is present locally between bedrock highs and has high seismic velocities (1750–2100 m/s) typical of compact till or outwash. A second stratigraphic succession (SSS II, up to 50 m thick), occurs throughout the lake basin and is characterised by continuous, closely spaced reflectors typical of repetitively bedded and rhythmically laminated silts and clays most likely deposited by underflows from fan-deltas; paleo-depositional surfaces identify likely source areas during deglaciation. Intervals of acoustically transparent seismic facies, up to 5 m thick, are present within SSS II. At the northern end of Upper Waterton Lake, SSS II has a hummocky surface underlain by collapse structures and chaotic facies recording the melt of buried ice. Sediment collapse may have triggered downslope mass flows and may account for massive facies in SSS II. A thin Holocene succession (SSS III, <5 m) shows very closely spaced reflectors identified as rhythmically laminated fine pelagic sediment deposited from interflows and overflows. SSS III contains Mt. Mazama tephra dated at 6850 yr BP.     

渤中凹陷碳酸盐岩潜山岩溶分带特征与优质储层分布规律研究

渤海湾盆地渤中凹陷西南环古生界深埋碳酸盐岩潜山天然气获得重大突破,钻井揭示古生界气层垂向上显示分段性特征,该区储层主要受岩溶作用的控制,认识研究区岩溶垂向分带特征是预测优质储层和油气分布的关键。文章利用岩心、薄片、电性特征、能谱测井U 值、C、O、Sr 同位素等资料,结合水动力作用的大小、方向,综合分析认为,岩溶储层垂向具有分带性特征,自上而下分为表层风化带、垂直渗流带、水平潜流带和深部缓流带,且其岩电特征与溶蚀作用强差异性控制了储层发育段。研究表明优质储层主要分布于表层风化带、水平潜流带,且分别在不整合面以下20 m 范围内和距不整合面50~200 m,此外在溶蚀作用弱的深部缓流带,白云岩发育区则是潜在优质储层发育带。明确岩溶垂向分带特征及储层发育规律,对下一步碳酸盐岩区油气勘探具有一定的指导意义。     

Hudson Strait ice streams: a review of stratigraphy, chronology and links with North Atlantic Heinrich events

We review the literature on the occupation of Hudson Strait (800 km long by 90 km wide) by late Quaternary ice streams, and the importance of Hudson Strait as the major source for sediments associated with the North Atlantic Heinrich (H-) events. Glacial erosion of the Paleozoic outcrop on the floor of Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay resulted in the export of detrital carbonate-rich sediments to ice-proximal locations on the slope and floor of the NW Labrador Sea, mainly in meltwater and turbidite plumes, and to ice distal sites thousands of kilometres away largely as iceberg-rafted detritus (IRD). Erosion of bedrock from the Precambrian Superior and Churchill provenances of the Canadian Shield is also indicated by the isotopic analyses of sediments. The major late Quaternary H-events (H-4, H-2 and H-1) are represented in southeast Baffin Island slope sediments as detrital carbonate-rich intervals up to 40 cm in thickness and appear to represent flow along the axis of the Strait. However, the late marine isotope stage #3 event, H-3 (∼27 ka), and a younger event (H-0, ∼11 ka), are not as dominant in the sedimentary record and probably represent a different glaciological regime with flow across Hudson Strait from eastern Ungava-Labrador. The freezing-on of sediments by supercooling in the rise from the 900 m deep Eastern Basin to the 400 m sill is proposed as the source of the abundant carbonate-rich glaciomarine sediments some 250 km from the outcrop in Eastern Basin. Sediment transport by meltwater and turbidity currents was the major process during H-events in ice-proximal settings. IRD was not a key diagnostic process at sites fronting Hudson Strait. A key feature in the instability of this ice stream might be the great depth (600 m) at the shelf break, and the deep basin, which lies seaward of the outer Hudson Strait sill.     

Thermal and chemical variations in subcrustal cratonic lithosphere: evidence from crustal isostasy

The Earth's topography at short wavelengths results from active tectonic processes, whereas at long wavelengths it is largely determined by isostatic adjustment for the density and thickness of the crust. Using a global crustal model, we estimate the long-wavelength topography that is not due to crustal isostasy. Our most important finding is that cratons are generally depressed by 300 to 1500 m in comparison with predictions from pure crustal isostasy. We conclude that either: (1) cratonic roots may be 50 to 300 °C colder than previously suggested by thermal models, or (2) cratonic roots may be, on average, less depleted than suggested by studies of shallow mantle xenoliths. Alternatively, (3) some combination of these conditions may exist. The thermal explanation is consistent with recent geothermal studies that indicate low cratonic temperatures, as well as seismic studies that show very low seismic attenuation at long periods (150 s) beneath cratons. The petrologic explanation is consistent with recent studies of deep (>140 km) mantle xenoliths from the Kaapvaal and Slave cratons that show 1–2% higher densities compared with shallow (<140 km), highly depleted xenoliths.     

海相断陷盆地输导体系分类及组合模式特征:以琼东南盆地古近系陵水组为例

以琼东南盆地古近系陵水组为例,针对海相断陷盆地钻井资料少、地震资料复杂、断裂体系发育、地层破碎、有利勘探目标预测难度大等问题。在Vail经典的层序地层学理论指导下,基于浅水区钻井资料和深水区地震资料,井震资料紧密结合建立研究区目的层三维等时地层格架,将目的层划分为层序Ⅰ、层序Ⅱ、层序Ⅲ和层序Ⅳ4个三级层序。岩石类型、沉积构造、自生矿物和生物化石4方面证据表明,研究区目的层为海相沉积。在等时地层格架内,通过沉积学分析、断裂体系解释和不整合面刻画等工作,对每一种地质成因输导体开展单要素分析。从成因角度将研究区目的层输导体系划分为储集体、断裂和不整合面3种主要类型,并对不同类型输导体系在空间上的发育特征进行精细刻画。低位体系域的斜坡扇、盆底扇,海侵体系域的扇三角洲、滩坝和滨岸砂,高位体系域的扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲等是储集体输导体系的主要对应沉积相类型。北东向展布的控凹大断裂可以成为油气运移输导的有利通道。根据成因和输导效果将不整合划分为平行不整合、超覆不整合、削蚀不整合和超覆-削蚀不整合共4大类。层序界面上广泛发育的不整合面可以成为油气运移输导的有利通道,在油气运移输导过程中承担重要的角色。分析不同输导体系在空间上的组合特征,将研究区目的层输导体系模式总结为断层+不整合面(储集体)“T”型输导、断层+不整合面(储集体)梳状型输导、断层+储集体网格型输导、断层+不整合面阶梯型输导、裂隙型输导(裂缝+层理面+孔隙)5种类型,指出不同输导体系模式在盆地内分布的位置和分布规律,并建立了油气疏导体系模型。结合盆地温度场、压力场、流体势等石油地质特征及烃源岩、盖层等成藏要素分析,预测有利的油气勘探区带。区域上有利的勘探区带主要包括崖南凹陷北缘、松西凹陷、松南凹陷北缘、北礁凹陷周缘、陵水南斜坡、长昌凹陷北缘和南缘。4个层序中,层序Ⅰ最有利,层序Ⅲ和层序Ⅳ次之,层序Ⅱ最差。     

准噶尔盆地车排子凸起西翼断裂特征及其控藏作用

通过对地震和测井资料的分析,认为车排子凸起西翼存在深浅两套断裂系统,大致以古近系顶部不整合为界,深层断裂系统发育逆断层,浅层断裂系统发育正断层,且断裂形成分为3个期次,深层断裂影响浅层断裂的发育,控制了中生界的沉积.断槽内侏罗系砂体和断裂是油气运移的重要通道.通过对断裂封闭性的分析,认为车排子凸起西翼的浅层正断层在沙一段主要起输导作用,在沙二段对油气起遮挡作用,深层逆断层在侏罗系主要起输导作用.根据对断裂控藏作用的分析,认为车排子凸起西翼不同位置断裂的控藏作用具有差异性,断裂控制了圈闭的有效性,同时为油气运移提供通道,沟通深、浅层油气,控制了油气的分布.根据断裂封闭性分析结果,结合油气显示和断裂控藏作用,认为车排子凸起西翼油气运移存在3个方向.