近30年上海地区暴雨的气候变化特征

利用上海地区11个气象站1979-2008年5～9月降水资料分析了近30年上海地区暴雨的年、月际及暴雨成因的变化特征.结果表明:1995年以来,上海地区暴雨逐渐向强、局部、特短时间方向变化.7、8月暴雨较多,以短时局部性暴雨为主;6、9月暴雨次之,6月长和特长暴雨要多于短和特短暴雨,9月反之;5月暴雨最少.从形成上海地区暴雨天气系统的分析表明,静止锋暴雨最多,稳定时能形成持续时间长的强暴雨,不稳定时形成短的弱暴雨;其次是暖区暴雨,它是上海地区形成夏季短时局部性强暴雨的主要天气型;另外,台风、台风切变、台风倒槽、低压、冷锋、暖锋和东风扰动形成的暴雨也占有一定的比例.1995年以来,暖区暴雨整体增加,而静止锋暴雨进入21世纪逐渐减少,这可能主要归因于气候变暖和城市热岛效应.     

我国暴雨研究与应用的进展

本文概括介绍了近年来我国暴雨研究和应用问题.从理论工作、卫星与雷达探测、暴雨成因与大气物理参量研究、中尺度研究试验、气候分析研究以及暴雨预报诸方面,综述了暴雨研究的新成就和进展.     

滑坡预警中的降水时空变异性——以云南头寨沟为例

目前已有大量不同尺度的临界降水标准对区域性滑坡进行预警,但仍存在预警空间外延性差、时间精度低、临界降水阈值不科学等问题。针对当前构建的临界降水阈值实现滑坡预警模型,以云南昭通盘河流域头寨沟为例,在研究区两个不同海拔高度位置分别布设气象站,进行了为期一年的降水观测,并比较了研究区两个不同位置的降水特征。结果表明:研究区降水梯度高达190 mm/hm,两个不同海拔位置降水变异性显著;降水持时是造成山上(2#站)与山下(1#站)次降水量差异的主要影响因素;发生小雨时2#站与1#站的降水差异性很小,但1#站发生中雨及以上的降水事件时,2#站的降水等级比1#站高1~2个等级,且有59.26%的概率会发生大雨或者暴雨;1#站为暴雨时,2#站100.00%概率为暴雨甚至大暴雨;2#站与1#站夜间降水均大于白昼,且强降水事件多发生于夜间。     

南京市强降水天气长期动态及变异性规律

基于南京市1951～2016年汛期(6～9月)各月降水资料,分析研究区强降水天气的长期动态及变异性规律。长期动态结果表明,近66年来南京市强降水天气发生频率显著增加,平均每10年增加0.31次;不同规模强降水中,暴雨、大暴雨天气发生频率均呈增加趋势,其中暴雨天气呈显著增加。多年(7a、10a、15a)月际排序值滑动标准差均通过置信度99%显著性检验,强降水天气变异性呈显著下降趋势;强降水天气汛期盛行月份趋于集中(7月),月间格局趋于稳定,与多年的月际排序值滑动标准差得出强降水天气变异性呈下降趋势的结论相吻合。     

一次梅雨暴雨的高分辨率数值模拟研究

对移植欧洲高分辨率有限区数值模式(HIRLAM)在我国的适用性进行了研究,解决了青藏高原对高分辨率欧洲模式引入中所造成的问题。利用该模式模拟了1991年江淮流域严重洪涝时期一次梅雨暴雨过程的中尺度特征,并揭示了青藏高原涡与西南涡的不同特点及其对形成特大暴雨中尺度系统的影响。这对于进一步了解梅雨暴雨的形成和演变机理及其预报等有一定意义,并具有广泛的应用前景。     

1991年6月～7月太湖及里下河地区连续暴雨过程中雨团活动分析

根据水文系统雨量站网的逐时量资料,分析1991年6月～7月江淮流域下游两次连续暴雨过程中太湖及里下河地区的雨团活动特征.结果表明,在太湖及里下河地区均有频繁的雨团活动,雨团以自西向东移动为主,且停滞较频繁,两地区的雨团活动特征存在一定差异.雨团降水在暴雨总量中占有较大比例,对洪涝的形成和发展有重要作用.雨团活动与中尺度切交线、辐合中心、辐合线等中尺度天气系统相配合.     

河南中南部持续性暴雨水汽输送特征分型

通过分析1961~2010年发生在河南中南部持续性暴雨的水汽输送特征,从水汽输送角度对河南省中南部(河南省黄河以南地区)的持续性暴雨进行分型,总结出3种水汽输送类型,即西南气流型、螺旋型和"S"型。对比分析这3种类型代表个例的水汽输送和水汽收支特征后发现,河南中南部的持续性暴雨主要是由西南气流型的水汽输送造成的;"S"型和螺旋型水汽输送也是造成河南中南部持续性暴雨的原因之一。西南气流型和螺旋型的水汽输送是造成淮河上游洪涝的主要水汽输送类型,其对应的天气影响系统分别是:高层低槽(低涡)、中低层切变线和台风低压(台风倒槽)。     

河北唐山地区盛汛期短时强降水概念模型及物理量特征分析

利用2006-2013年区域自动站降水资料以及NCEP再分析资料,应用EOF分析和中尺度天气图分析等方法对唐山地区盛汛期短历时强降水的时空分布特征、天气学概念模型以及物理量特征进行研究.结果表明：唐山东北部是短时强降水的活跃区、西南部为不活跃区,但西南部极端短时强降水更强;存在5种降水空间分布类型,分别是“一致型”“西北多型”“东南多型”“东北异常偏多型”“东北异常偏少型”.700 hPa切变线是否断裂、副热带高压及高低空急流的位置以及高低空干湿区配置决定了降水分布;短时强降水发生时局地水汽丰富,暖云层厚度较大,垂直风切变较弱,存在一定的不稳定能量,强天气威胁指数较小、0℃层较高,大多数类型都有强的水汽辐合,但“东北异常偏多型”辐合较弱,其水汽主要来源于本地.     

Moisture sources of a torrential rainfall event in the arid region of East Xinjiang,China, based on a Lagrangian model

Moisture sources and transport paths for precipitation are of primary importance for forecasts and early warning, but are rarely studied in the arid region of China. Our study employed the hybrid single-particle Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model to investigate and quantify the moisture sources which contributed to a torrential rainfall event on 15–18 July 2007 in the arid Xinjiang region in China. Based on the distribution of torrential rains, the target study region was selected at East Xinjiang (35°N–45°N, 80°E–95°E). The results indicate that moisture sources originating from the south, west, and north branches, and moisture sources in the Atlantic Oceans and Central Asia regions contributed to the East Xinjiang rain event by 37 and 44%, respectively. Our findings match those from diagnostic results of an Eulerian framework model, but the HYSPLIT model provided better quantitative and objective results.     

宝天高速公路西段大(暴)雨引发泥石流危险程度评价

大(暴)雨可能引发的泥石流等地质灾害,是宝天高速公路西段安全运行的最大威胁.根据宝天高速公路西段1965-2008年麦积国家基本气象站、街子气象哨降水资料及1980-2008年天水农业气象试验站历年土壤水分含量观测资料,分析了宝天高速公路沿线降水、大(暴)雨及土壤含水量分布规律,建立了大(暴)雨引发泥石流可能发生的危险性的评价模式.结果表明:天宝高速公路西段是地质灾害高危险区,也是天水市地区的大(暴)雨中心.自20世纪60年代以来,宝天高速公路段的年降水呈20 a周期变化,大(暴)雨出现次数与年降水量距平百分率呈正相关.大(暴)雨的出现具有明显的季节性,在大(暴)雨出现的4-10月,100 cm土层土壤最大水分容纳量为86~172 mm,40 cm土层为41~69 mm.大(暴)雨引发泥石流的危险性7月最高,4月最低.7-10月泥石流发生的危险程度高于4-6月,主汛期是该线路段泥石流等地质灾害的重点防御时段.     

历史极端雨涝事件研究——1823年我国东部大范围雨涝

1823年(清道光三年)我国发生大范围、多流域的严重雨涝,这是在小冰期寒冷气候背景下的重大气象灾害和极端气候事件.文章依据历史文献记载复原了1823年的气候实况并绘图显示,指出该年我国华北夏季雨期长、多大雨,北京6～8月雨日53天、降水量663mm超过现代(1971～2000年)平均值5成;长江中下游全年多雨,梅雨期长...     

Simulation Study on the Impact of Taihang Mountain Slopes on Downhill Front Cyclone Rainstorm

The statistical and diagnostic analysis of precipitation in Hebei Province in the past six years shows that the mid-south of the North China Plain on the east side of the Taihang Mountains is an area of frequent rainstorm disasters in summer. The rain belt is mostly distributed along the Taihang Mountains, and the rainfall is often over 700mm. Focus was on the summer downhill frontal Yellow River cyclone, which accounted for 20% of the 73 storm days in the statistical samples. The analysis of the typical frontal cyclone heavy rain in 2016 shows that the meridional distribution of the Taihang Mountains cooperates with the climbing mountain jet in the north of the cyclone and the southward flow in the west of the cyclone, leading to the formation of a deep narrow cold temperature trough along the mountain orientation. It enhances the temperature gradient in the frontal cyclone, enhances the baroclinicity of the cyclone and the intensity of the rotating wind, resulting in augmentation of the cyclone and slowing of the eastward movement. Through the cooperation of the entanglement of the cyclone jet and the mountain block, a deep and abundant water vapor environment is formed, and the moving westward of water vapor flux and the low-level water vapor main body are hindered; The high-energy tongue convection instability on the eastern side of the mountain range is formed, a strong uplift with abundant water vapor masses is triggered, and three critical areas of vertical motion occurred, which restricts the rainstorm locations. Numerical experiments on the mechanism of the influence of the slope of the Taihang Mountains on heavy rain show that the downhill rainstorm area is parallel to the mountain range, and the meridional mountain range can cause a greater range of heavy precipitation. It is also easy to cause double frontal precipitation locally by a same cyclonic warm front and cold front, resulting in a long duration of heavy rain. The slope of the mountain is proportional to the intensity of the mountain block and forms the wet convection instability with the dry at lower and wet at upper overlapping on a thermal instability of the front zone with cold at lower and warm at upper, such as the total instability is stronger. The slope of the mountain is proportional to the increase and maintenance time of the cyclone decompression during downhill. It is inversely proportional to the decline to the North China Plain, which affects the path and speed of the cyclone eastward movement.     

新疆易灾暴雨的风险区划

将降水量作为新疆易灾暴雨的风险区划指标,对新疆106个气象站1961年以来4-9月的暴雨（≥24mm）降水过程进行分析,确定不同时间尺度各级易灾暴雨的临界致灾雨量指标.选用降水强度和频次来表征易灾暴雨的危险性,利用加权综合评价法和GIS中自然断点分级法,将致灾暴雨的危险性指数按高、次高、中等、次低、低危险区5个等级进行...     

对称不稳定对梅雨锋暴雨影响的数值模拟

在Kuo-Anthes垂直对流参数化方案和Nordeng倾斜对流参数化方案基础上,提出了垂直-倾斜对流一体化参数化方案,在引入MM5模式后,对1999年6月发生在长江流域的一次大尺度带状强降水过程进行了数值模拟及敏感性试验。结果表明:在模式中引入倾斜对流参数化方案,可有效改进模式模拟的降水强度和位置,加快形成锋面附近的垂直环流并使之得到增强,模拟结果更接近实况。同时也表明,在模拟和预报具有对称不稳定的天气系统时,在模式中考虑倾斜对流参数化方案是必要的。     

Surface runoff in a torrent catchment area in Middle Europe and its prevention

The Schesa, a sinister contributory torrent to the Ill river near Bludenz (federal province of Vorarlberg) is the largest basin-shaped gully of Middle Europe and endangers the underlying villages by torrential debris flow and gigantic mass movements. The catchment is characterized by a complex geological situation, high annual precipitation and torrential rains from spring to early autumn, which cause enormous amounts of surface runoff. Based on field investigations comprising rain simulation experiments on representative plots, investigations on land-use, vegetation cover, soil physical characteristics, geology, hydrogeology and other features of the catchment area, surface runoff coefficient maps were developed. They formed the basis for assessment of runoff potential for different scenarios in vegetation cover and land-use intensity. Calculation of runoff for the recurrent design event by use of an improved run-time method showed the urgent necessity of runoff reduction measures in large parts of the catchment area above the gully. Based on the modelling results a concept for reduction of both, surface runoff and amount of deep percolating water has been elaborated.     

Assimilation of Indian Doppler Weather Radar observations for simulation of mesoscale features of a land-falling cyclone

In this paper, impact of Indian Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) data, i.e., reflectivity (Z), radial velocity (Vr) data individually and in combination has been examined for simulation of mesoscale features of a land-falling cyclone with Advance Regional Prediction System (ARPS) Model at 9-km horizontal resolution. The radial velocity and reflectivity observations from DWR station, Chennai (lat. 13.0°N and long. 80.0°E), are assimilated using the ARPS Data Assimilation System (ADAS) and cloud analysis scheme of the model. The case selected for this study is the Bay of Bengal tropical cyclone NISHA of 27–28 November 2008. The study shows that the ARPS model with the assimilation of radial wind and reflectivity observations of DWR, Chennai, could simulate mesoscale characteristics, such as number of cells, spiral rain band structure, location of the center and strengthening of the lower tropospheric winds associated with the land-falling cyclone NISHA. The evolution of 850 hPa wind field super-imposed vorticity reveals that the forecast is improved in terms of the magnitude and direction of lower tropospheric wind, time, and location of cyclone in the experiment when both radial wind and reflectivity observations are used. With the assimilation of both radial wind and reflectivity observations, model could reproduce the rainfall pattern in a more realistic way. The results of this study are found to be very promising toward improving the short-range mesoscale forecasts.     

Application of weather prediction models for hazard mitigation planning: a case study of heavy off-season rains in Senegal

Heavy off-season rains in the tropics pose significant natural hazards largely because they are unexpected and the popular infrastructure is ill-prepared. One such event was observed from January 9 to 11, 2002 in Senegal (14.00° N, 14.00°␣W), West Africa. This tropical country is characterized by a long dry season from November to April or May. During this period, although the rain-bearing monsoonal flow does not reach Senegal, the region can occasionally experience off-season rains. We conducted a numerical simulation of the January 9–11, 2002 heavy off-season rain using the Fifth-Generation NCAR/Pennsylvania State University Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The objective was to delineate the meteorological set-up that led to the heavy rains and flooding. A secondary objective was to test the model’s performance in Senegal using relatively simpler (default) model configurations and local/regional observations. The model simulations for both MM5 and WRF agree satisfactorily with the observations, particularly as regards the wind patterns, the intensification of the rainfall, and the associated drop in temperatures. This situation provided the environment for heavy rainfall accompanied by a cold wave. The results suggest that off-the-shelf weather forecast models can be applied with relatively simple physical options and modest computational resources to simulate local impacts of severe weather episodes. In addition, these models could become part of regional hazard mitigation planning and infrastructure.     

Forcing mechanisms of a heavy precipitation event in the southeastern Adriatic area

The aim of this study was to identify the main mesoscale features and mechanisms responsible for the generation of an extreme precipitation event as a contribution to improving the modelling of processes that produce HPEs. The event occurred during the morning hours on 22 November 2010 over the Dubrovnik coast in Croatia and the hinterland mountain range of the southern Dinaric Alps and caused severe flash floods and landslides and consequent interruption of traffic and electricity supply as well as other infrastructural damage. The analysis is geographically focused on the southern portion of the eastern Adriatic region, which is prone to relatively frequent heavy precipitation events that occur mostly in autumn. This area is one of the rainiest in Europe with expected annual amounts of precipitation greater than 5,000 mm in the mountainous hinterland. The mechanisms responsible for the formation of convection were analysed using synop measurements, satellite data and numerical experiments performed with the WRF model, which was set up at the convection-permitting resolution in the innermost domain. Satellite data were used to identify the precipitation systems and to estimate the intensity of the precipitation during the period of interest. The development of the precipitation system was connected to a strong large-scale ascent over the southern Italy and southern Adriatic due to the advection of warm air and cyclonic vorticity advection, which increases with height. The numerical simulations highlighted the essential role of a southerly low-level jet stream in the transport of warm and moist air towards the affected area. The convergence of two branches of low-level marine air favoured convection triggered over the coast and sea. Furthermore, numerical sensitivity experiments suggested that the orography of the Dinaric Alps plays an essential role in the precipitation maximum over the mountainous hinterland, but also that the orography was not the crucial factor in the heavy precipitation near Dubrovnik. This study highlights the need for a dense network of observations, especially radar measurements, to validate the simulated mechanisms and improve numerical forecasts via data assimilation.     

Review of the Atmospheric Response to the Ocean Mesoscale Eddies

As one of the most important mesoscale ocean features, the mesoscale eddies are omnipresent and have significant impact on the overlying atmosphere. Based on the comprehensive review of the influence of mesoscale eddies on the atmospheric boundary layer and the local circulation, the corresponding physical mechanisms and their impacts on weather systems were presented systematically. ①Eddy-induced SST anomalies may modify the surface wind speed, horizontal divergence, cloud and precipitation through turbulence heat flux anomalies. Meanwhile, additional secondary circulations arise over the eddies. What is more, there are obvious regional and seasonal differences for atmospheric responses. ② Studies in the South China Sea, the Kuroshio Extension region and the Southern Ocean indicate that atmospheric responses to mesoscale eddies can be explained by the changes of sea level pressure or the vertical momentum transport. These two mechanisms can be distinguished by the phase relationship between the atmospheric anomaly center and the eddy core. Diagnosis on the inner dynamical processes may draw better conclusions. ③The energy conversions are affected by mesoscale eddies, which may affect storm tracks and jet streams, and finally result in distant influences on weather patterns. Moreover, sea temperature anomalies from sea surface to the thermocline associated with mesoscale eddies have significant impacts on the intensification and the maintenance of tropical cyclones.     

东亚梅雨锋暴雨研究进展

对梅雨锋的大尺度环流、梅雨锋的次天气尺度和中尺度特征、梅雨锋低空急流和暴雨发展等问题的研究进展作了概述，对低空急流和暴雨发展的各种观点进行了评述，并提出了新的见解和研究结果。