Impact of changing climate and land use on the hydrogeology of southeast Australia ∗

Anthropogenic climate change is the Earth's most serious large-scale environmental concern. While the projected changes of global temperatures, rainfall and surface water have been modelled in a sophisticated manner, the impact on groundwater resources is much less well constrained. In southeast Australia, the decrease in rainfall amount and an increase in temperature that are predicted by climate models are generally assumed to reduce the amount of recharge to the groundwater systems. However, the increase in recharge that has resulted from clearing of the native vegetation will almost certainly produce a greater impact on the groundwater system, increasing quantity and potentially improving quality. Additionally, the impact on recharge of changes to rainfall frequency rather than just total amount is not well documented. Overall our understanding of the impacts of climate change on groundwater systems is insufficiently advanced to make firm predictions. Indirect impacts of climate change, particularly the projected increased demand for groundwater or surface water to supplement surface water supplies also will have a major impact that may be greater than the direct effect of climate change.     

Climate change and groundwater resources in Lao PDR

The national economy of Lao PDR is highly dependent on water resources. Consequently, the sustainable management of groundwater and successful adaptations to future climate change are major concerns. Climate projections for Lao PDR predict increased rainfall and hot weather, with more intense rainfall events and more frequent and severe droughts and floods. Under climate change, reductions in the amount and quality of groundwater are two critical problems. Reductions of the groundwater level will restrict the access of local people to groundwater resources, thereby posing a threat to food security and livelihoods. Lao PDR suffers from a limited number of human resources with the requisite skills to perform groundwater investigations and provide sustainable management. For the successful implementation of groundwater management plans, limitations associated with funding and technology should be resolved via support from the government and international cooperation. Advanced action plans for capacity building and training courses should be established to strengthen administrative and individual capacities. Technical measures, such as groundwater monitoring, aquifer characterizations, and water treatment systems, should be implemented to manage future climate change and water resource security.     

采煤排水对区域水资源的影响——以山西阳武河流域上游煤矿区为例

煤炭资源的大量开采,对水资源造成了严重影响。以山西阳武河流域上游煤矿区为例,分析了采煤对水资源污染和水资源量减少的影响。未经处理的矿坑水直接排放不仅污染了过境河流水,同时也对第四系潜水、深层岩溶承压水造成了严重的污染。采煤排水是区域水资源量的减少和可利用水资源量减少的主要原因。对2个不同开采期水资源量变化进行分析对比,提出了采煤排水引起水资源量减少的主要原因是三水转化关系的变化,而可利用水资源量减少的主要原因是地下水流场变化、开采模数远大于径流模数、隔水层连续性破坏、底板突水、水资源污染等。     

Climate change and groundwater resources in Mekong Delta,Vietnam

Groundwater resources have considerable influences on the human population and socioeconomic development of Vietnam and the Mekong River Delta (MRD). This paper presents an overview of the relationship between climate change and groundwater in the MRD, including the challenges, strategies and technical measures. Our results showed that groundwater levels are related to other climate and hydrological variables (i.e., rainfall, river levels, etc.); therefore, the impacts of climate change on the groundwater resources of the Mekong delta are significant, especially on groundwater recharge. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that groundwater development in the future should focus on reducing groundwater harvesting, enhancing groundwater quantity by establishing artificial works and exploiting surface water. This study suggests that the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model is an effective tool for forecasting groundwater levels in periods of 1 month and 3 months for aquifers in the natural and tidal regime areas of the delta.     

Climate change and groundwater resources in Cambodia

Climate change has become a major global concern and threatens the security of natural environmental resources, including groundwater, especially for Cambodia. In this study, literature reviews related to climate change and groundwater resources in Cambodia were evaluated to address the impact of climate change on the groundwater environment. In Cambodia, global climate change will likely affect available water resources by driving changes in the groundwater recharge and usage pattern. Despite a general increase in the mean annual rainfall, a reduction in rainfall is anticipated during the dry season, which could lead to shortages of fresh water during the dry season. The impact of climate change on water resource environments can significantly affect national economic development. Thus, strategic management plansfor groundwater in response to climate change should be established to ensure the security of water resources in Cambodia.     

气候变化下贵州省水资源安全空间评价及敏感性分析

探讨气候变化下水资源安全的时空演变规律,对喀斯特地区水资源安全的保障有着重要意义。文章采用GA-BP神经网络模型,研究了贵州省水资源安全的空间分异特征,并分析其对气候要素变化的敏感性。结果表明:（1）研究区水资源安全有较强的空间异质性。2001－2015年,黔南的水资源安全一直是全省最差的地区,贵阳的水资源安全改善最为明显,变化幅度最小的是安顺;（2）当变动率相同时,年平均降雨量的变动对水资源安全的影响最大,其增加10%时水资源安全指数上升0.95%,单位地表水资源量变动的影响其次,单位地下水资源量变动的影响最小;（3）对年平均降雨量变化最为敏感的地区是遵义、毕节、六盘水和黔西南。研究结果可为贵州省水资源的调控和开发提供参考。      

1956—2016年新疆平原区地下水资源量变化及其影响因素分析

探索变化环境下新疆平原区地下水资源量的变化趋势,是识别地下水环境问题、加强地下水资源管理的基础工作。基于水利部门历次水资源调查评价成果、水利统计资料汇编等数据,对1956—2016年新疆平原区地下水资源量变化及其影响因素进行分析,对变化原因进行探讨。结果表明:1956—2016年新疆平原区地下水资源量呈减少趋势,其中地下水天然补给量基本稳定,地表水体转化补给量持续减少;从地下水补给结构分析,渠系渗漏补给量大幅减少,导致地下水资源量减少;河道渗漏补给量增加,抵消了地下水资源量的减幅。平原区灌溉面积扩大导致的农田灌溉耗水量增大是地下水资源量减少的根本原因,人类活动对地下水资源量的影响大于气候变化。     

黑河流域水资源及现阶段合理开发利用

黑河是我国西部较大的一条内陆河,近30多年来,由于中游地区水资源开发利用程度不断提高,使进入下游额济纳平原的地表水逐渐减少,导致下游生态环境发生恶化.为了拯救下游绿洲,改善生态环境,自1992年起对黑河中、下游用水实行计划调度,1999年开始实施国家定量分水方案.根据近几年的最新调查研究成果,计算评价了黑河流域的总水资源、地表水资源、地下水资源、地表水和地下水的利用现状及开采潜力.在此基础上,提出现阶段中游以加强引输水工程改造、提高地表水资源利用率和推广田间节水灌溉工程,发挥水利用效益;下游以适度开发利用地下水、加强地表水和地下水综合开发利用,改善生态环境.为中、下游科学分配地表水资源和合理开发利用地下水资源提供科学依据.     

我国北方地区开采地下水发展农业的几点意见

我国北方地域辽阔,土地资源丰富,光热资源充沛,宜于发展农业.由于自然条件十分复杂,水资源不足,严重制约着农业的发展.地下水具有水量稳定、就地开采、投资少、见效快等特点,是北方发展农业的重要水源.文中对各主要平原和盆地地下水资源潜力做了分析,为使地下水资源可持续利用,指出了农业开采地下水中存在的问题,并对超采、严重超采、基本平衡和地下水潜力较大的地区,提出了地下水开发利用中应注意的问题和对策.     

Distribution,characteristics and influencing factors of fresh groundwater resources in the Loess Plateau,China

The fresh groundwater in the Loess Plateau serves as a major source of water required for the production and livelihood of local residents and is greatly significant for regional economic and social development and ecological protection. This paper analyzes the hydrogeological conditions and groundwater characteristics in the Loess Plateau, expatiates on the types and distribution characteristics of the fresh groundwater in the plateau, and analyzes the influencing factors and mechanisms in the formation of the fresh groundwater in the plateau as a priority. Based on this, it summarizes the impacts of human activities and climatic change on the regional fresh groundwater. The groundwater in Loess Plateau features uneven temporal-spatial distribution, with the distribution space of the fresh groundwater closely relating to precipitation. The groundwater shows a distinct zoning pattern of hydrochemical types. It is fresh water in shallow parts and is salt water in deep parts overall, while the fresh water of exploration value is distributed only in a small range. The storage space and migration pathways of fresh groundwater in the loess area feature dual voids, vertical multilayers, variable structure, poor renewability, complex recharge processes, and distinct spatial differences. In general, the total dissolved solids (TDS) of the same type of groundwater tends to gradually increase from recharge areas to discharge areas. Conditions favorable for the formation of fresh groundwater in loess tablelands include the low content of soluble salts in strata, weak evaporation, and special hydrodynamic conditions. Owing to climate change and human activities, the resource quantity of regional fresh water tends to decrease overall, and the groundwater dynamic field and the recharge-discharge relationships between groundwater and surface water have changed in local areas. Human activities have a small impact on the water quality but slightly affect the water quantity of the groundwater in loess.© 2021 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Seawater intrusion and coastal aquifer management in China: a review

Seawater intrusion has been an important topic in hydrogeology in China in recent decades. The rapid growth of the population and economy in the coastal regions has been consuming a tremendous amount of groundwater resources and has increased the extent of seawater intrusion. The spatial discrepancy of water resource distribution has caused the studies of seawater intrusion into China to mainly be concentrated on the area around the Bohai Sea in the northern part of China. The total area of seawater-intruded land due to excessive groundwater utilization in the area was estimated to be approximately 2,457 km² in 2003. Great efforts have been made to mitigate the extent of seawater intrusion and to secure more freshwater resources, including building monitoring networks, subsurface barrier and groundwater reservoirs, and artificial infiltration facilities. Management projects over the years were evaluated to satisfy the objectives and to provide valuable experiences for future research and planning. It is expected that the coastal groundwater conditions of the northern region will improve through the development of a national water resource plan, such as the ongoing south-to-north water diversion project.     

气候变化和人类活动对华北平原水资源影响分析

华北平原是我国粮食的重要产地.地下水资源是该地区的主要供水水源,在开采量增加和气候变化的影响下,水资源问题制约着该地区的发展.特别是近些年来降水量减少、气温呈上升趋势,使本来就少的水资源更削弱了补给资源.通过对降水、蒸发、地表径流、地下水流场变化、地下水资源的系列变化分析,认为降水量减少、气温升高、人类治水工程和开采地下水等因素是造成本地区水资源减少的重要原因.     

我国气候变化对地下水资源影响研究的主要进展

为了推动我国关于气候变化对地下水影响的深入研究,列举了关于气候变化对地下水影响的研究方法,包括包气带和含水层环境示踪技术,研究地下水及其沉积物的物理化学指标,地表水-地下水耦合数值模拟技术等;综述了我国华北地区(北京市、滹沱河流域、海河流域、滦河下游地区、黄淮海平原、临汾盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、黄河下游地区、大同盆地、北方岩溶泉域)、西北地区(塔里木下游地区、三工河流域、阿克苏河绿洲、黑河流域、石羊河流域、河西走廊、巴丹吉林沙漠)和东北地区(吉林中部平原地区、三江平原)等典型区域气候变化(气温、降水、蒸发)对地下水水位、补给量与排泄量(泉流量、开采量)、水化学成分、水温、同位素组成的影响;提出了气候变化条件下合理利用和管理地下水资源的若干对策,包括减缓温室效应引起的全球气候变暖对未来地下水资源产生不利影响,定量化研究气候变化和地下水之间的相互关系,应用高新技术开展地下水资源脆弱性的研究,充分利用灌区地下含水层的调蓄作用,通过地表水与地下水的联合利用控制水盐平衡、涵养地下水源,节约农业、工业和生活用水等。     

Assessing the influence of climate change and inter-basin water diversion on Haihe River basin,eastern China: a coupled model approach

The modeling of changes in surface water and groundwater in the areas of inter-basin water diversion projects is quite difficult because surface water and groundwater models are run separately most of the time and the lack of sufficient data limits the application of complex surface-water/groundwater coupling models based on physical laws, especially for developing countries. In this study, a distributed surface-water and groundwater coupling model, named the distributed time variant gain model–groundwater model (DTVGM-GWM), was used to assess the influence of climate change and inter-basin water diversion on a watershed hydrological cycle. The DTVGM-GWM model can reflect the interaction processes of surface water and groundwater at basin scale. The model was applied to the Haihe River Basin (HRB) in eastern China. The possible influences of climate change and the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) on surface water and groundwater in the HRB were analyzed under various scenarios. The results showed that the newly constructed model DTVGM-GWM can reasonably simulate the surface and river runoff, and describe the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of groundwater level, groundwater storage and phreatic recharge. The prediction results under different scenarios showed a decline in annual groundwater exploitation and also runoff in the HRB, while an increase of groundwater storage and groundwater level after the SNWDP’s operation. Additionally, as the project also addresses future scenarios, a slight increase is predicted in the actual evapotranspiration, soil water content and phreatic recharge. This study provides valuable insights for developing sustainable groundwater management options for the HRB.     

Assessing the impacts of climate change on sustainable management of coastal aquifers

Water is a vital resource for the survival of not only human population, but also almost all ecosystems. Constituting 30 % of all freshwater, groundwater is the main source of available freshwater. Coastal aquifers, which serve as the major freshwater source for densely populated zones, are of vital importance and quite vulnerable to climate change. This paper examines the significant consequences of climate change, decreasing recharge rates, sea-level rise and increasing freshwater demand on the sustainable management of coastal aquifers, via a hypothetical case study. A 3-D numerical model is developed using SEAWAT, to simulate a circular island aquifer in the form of a freshwater lens surrounded by saltwater. Issues such as sloping land surface resulting in landward migration of the coastal boundary and transient response of the system due to pumping are considered through a set of predictive simulations. To assess the sensitivity of the model results to important parameters, a sensitivity analysis is performed. Results of this research, revealing the effects of mentioned pressures on the long-term sustainability of the freshwater resource, are evaluated on the basis of groundwater reserves and intrusion of the freshwater–saltwater interface in lateral and vertical directions. These outcomes are further used to determine the sustainable pumping rate of the system, considering both quantity and quality of the groundwater resources.     

鲁中南岩溶水资源综合类型及合理调蓄研究

鲁中南岩溶区是中国北方半干旱温带岩溶区中具有代表性的地区之一。该区岩水资源分布具有明显的不均匀性和大面积分散补给而局部富集等特征。岩溶形态以溶蚀裂隙洞穴为主，地下水类型多为裂隙溶洞型。在对该区岩溶水补给，富集，径流及排泄特征的研究基础上，初步将本区地表水和地下水资源划分为两大类型，即地下岩溶水径带变化带水资源类型和排泄带水资源及地下岩溶水资源类型。对该地区地表水和地下水的合理调蓄问题进行了系统的分析和总结，并提出了相关的对策。     

安徽省重要城市地下水应急供水水源地现状研究

近年来安徽省采取实地调查、资料研编、水量的估算和推算等方法,进行了全省17个重要城市地下水应急供水水源地的调查评价研究工作。在深入分析全省水文地质条件、了解地下水资源的分布规律和开发利用现状、摸清重要城市地下水的赋存条件和富水地带及水源地开采潜力的基础上,提出了地下水应急供水水源地的选择原则、开发利用程序及保护措施;初步选择出远景地下水应急水源地37个,评价总应急供水量116.7~145.2×104m3/d,可供2 224~2 884万人基本生活使用和5 685~7 060万人维持生活使用,为全省各重要城市应急供水机制建设提供可靠的地下水资源保障。     

中国西北水资源的脆弱性

The vulnerability of water resources in Northwest China were described in terms of the sensitivity and adaptability of water resource systems effected by climate change and human activities. Most measures that reduce the vulnerability are closely linked with decreasing the sensitivity of climate change or human activity. In other words, the interaction of climate factors and human activity may either exacerbate or mitigate the vulnerability of water resources. Studying both positive and negative events in terms of sustainable utilization of water resources in the past, may establish the sound strategic base in regulating further human activity. The knowledge and correct awareness of recent and future tendencies of hydro-climatic condition may serve as an imperative scientific base for taking such actions as: 1) undertaking structural and non-structural (e.g., policy, law, and forecasting) measures in a reasonable way; 2) coordinating and allocating both differences of time and space between inflow water and water use and between water yield area and water assumption area as well.     

地下水区域环境评价的几个问题

在进行区域环境评价时,对地下水环境的评价应当占有相当的地位。文章作者主要探讨了： (1)对一个区域进行战略环境评价时,应当考虑当地的水资源和水环境条件,不能因为新上 建设项目造成当地居民生活质量的下降。(2)正确处理少占耕地和保护水源的矛盾,既要保 护耕地,也要保护水源。(3)当河水与地下水有水力联系时,即使污水是达标排放的,也可 能引起地下水的污染,使之不符合供水标准。对于此种情况应当慎重对待。(4)探讨了地下 水污染源调查的要点。正确地认识和解决上述问题,有助于提高区域环境评价的质量。     

Modelling the response of shallow groundwater levels to combined climate and water-diversion scenarios in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain,China

A three-dimensional groundwater flow model was implemented to quantify the temporal variation of shallow groundwater levels in response to combined climate and water-diversion scenarios over the next 40 years (2011–2050) in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) Plain, China. Groundwater plays a key role in the water supply, but the Jing-Jin-Ji Plain is facing a water crisis. Groundwater levels have declined continuously over the last five decades (1961–2010) due to extensive pumping and climate change, which has resulted in decreased recharge. The implementation of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (SNWDP) will provide an opportunity to restore the groundwater resources. The response of groundwater levels to combined climate and water-diversion scenarios has been quantified using a groundwater flow model. The impacts of climate change were based on the World Climate Research Programme’s (WCRP’s) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) multi-model dataset for future high (A2), medium (A1B), and low (B1) greenhouse gas scenarios; precipitation data from CMIP3 were applied in the model. The results show that climate change will slow the rate of decrease of the shallow groundwater levels under three climate-change scenarios over the next 40 years compared to the baseline scenario; however, the shallow groundwater levels will rise significantly (maximum of 6.71 m) when considering scenarios that combine climate change and restrictions on groundwater exploitation. Restrictions on groundwater exploitation for water resource management are imperative to control the decline of levels in the Jing-Jin-Ji area.