西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床成因研究——来自流体包裹体的证据

甲玛铜多金属矿床位于西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿带东段,是近年来勘探发现的超大型斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床。通过冷热台显微观察与测温、扫描电镜、激光拉曼探针测试,对甲玛矿床各成矿阶段典型矿物的流体包裹体研究表明,成矿流体富含挥发分,临界相均一的流体来自岩浆超临界流体出溶,主成矿阶段具有沸腾包裹体组合特征,有机质包裹体荧光效应显著。显微测温结果显示,岩浆-热液阶段斑岩中石英斑晶的流体包裹体均一温度范围为250～540℃,含石盐子晶高盐度包裹体盐度范围为35～61(wt%)NaCl.eq,中等盐度的临界均一的气液包裹体盐度范围为3～29(wt%)NaCl.eq,岩浆期后热液阶段斑岩、角岩中石英脉的流体包裹体均一温度范围为210～410℃,盐度范围为33～41(wt%)NaCl.eq,与其不混溶共生的中低盐度气液两相流体包裹体盐度范围为5～25(wt%)NaCl.eq。矽卡岩阶段矿物均一温度范围为130～360℃,盐度范围为3～41(wt%)NaCl.eq,从岩浆热液过渡阶段到石英-硫化物阶段均一温度与盐度呈阶梯式降低趋势。斑岩体石英的流体包裹体中含有较多黄铜矿子矿物,岩浆结晶分异过程中已经具成矿元素的富集。激光拉曼探针测试结果显示,成矿早期至主成矿期矿物流体包裹体气相成分主要为CO2、CH4和N2,各阶段矿物流体包裹体气相成分具有继承性。成矿流体为高温度高盐度,富含CO2、CH4的流体。成矿流体主要源于岩浆,后期混有大气降水。当岩浆热液上升时因压力的突然释放造成高温含矿热流体发生减压沸腾,CO2和CH4等气体大量逃逸,导致成矿物质快速沉淀。矿床在成因上与岩浆-热液成矿作用密切相关。     

青海东昆仑卡尔却卡多金属矿区斑岩型铜矿的流体包裹体研究

卡尔却卡铜多金属矿床是青海省地质调查院于近几年在东昆仑西段祁漫塔格地区新发现的一个矿床,目前规模已达中型。文章通过对矿区西北部受岩体断裂破碎蚀变带控制的铜矿体中石英流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温和激光拉曼探针成分分析,表明铜矿化石英脉中发育气液两相、富气相、含子矿物三相、纯液相和纯气相5类包裹体;气液两相和含子矿物三相流体包裹体的盐度差异明显,但它们的均一温度比较一致(320~440℃),反映在成矿流体演化过程中发生了强烈的流体不混溶,对成矿起重要作用;流体包裹体气相成分主要为H2O和CO2,其次为CH4、N2、H2、H2S及烃类。综合流体包裹体研究和矿化、蚀变等地质特征,笔者认为矿区西北部矿化应为与高中温岩浆热液作用有关的斑岩型铜矿化,它与区内强烈发育的铜铅锌多金属矽卡岩矿化均为同一构造-岩浆作用的产物。     

内蒙古维拉斯托锡多金属矿流体包裹体特征

大兴安岭锡矿带是中国北方唯一成型的锡多金属成矿带。新近发现的内蒙古维拉斯托锡多金属矿床位于大兴安岭南段,隶属中亚造山带东段的兴蒙造山带。该矿床为一典型的大型斑岩型热液脉型锡多金属矿床,矿区内锡矿化主要赋存于石英斑岩体顶部及其上部的石英脉中。矿床成矿阶段包括石英斑岩体内的滴状锡锌矿化阶段、石英斑岩体上部石英脉中的辉钼矿矿化阶段、石英锡石黑钨矿阶段和石英多金属硫化物阶段。流体包裹体研究结果显示：流体包裹体类型主要为气液两相包裹体,尤其是富液相包裹体,其次为含子矿物的三相包裹体。斑岩体内矿化阶段流体包裹体均一温度为324~333 ℃,盐度为6.5%~7.5% NaCleqv,密度为0.73~0.74 g/cm3;石英脉型矿化阶段包裹体均一温度为201~324 ℃,盐度为3.4%~9.9% NaCleqv,密度为0.73~0.92 g/cm3。包裹体显微测温分析结果显示该矿区成矿流体具有中高温、低盐度、中密度的特征。激光拉曼光谱分析表明,气液两相包裹体液相成分主要为H2O,气相成分主要有H2O、CO2和CH4。氢氧同位素研究结果表明该矿床石英斑岩体上部石英脉矿化阶段的成矿流体为岩浆水和大气降水混合来源,以岩浆水为主。岩浆流体与大气降水的混合以及流体演化中的降温过程是该矿床矿石沉淀的主要机制。     

安庆夕卡岩型铁铜矿床流体包裹体研究

对安庆夕卡岩型铁铜矿床中各成矿阶段的夕卡岩矿物、石英和方解石中流体包裹体的岩相学、显微测温及显微激光拉曼光谱分析等的研究结果表明,成矿流体可能为源自深部的岩浆热液,具高温、高盐度和富CF4等还原性挥发分的特征.流体包裹体的均一温度和盐度在夕卡岩期表现为高温(400～570℃)和高盐度(40%～46%NaCl)特征,代表了夕卡岩形成及铁矿化时的流体活动情况;在石英硫化物期表现出中低温(124～396℃),盐度变化较大(6%～38%NaCl)的特征,代表了铜矿化时的流体活动情况.从成矿早期到晚期,流体包裹体的均一温度和盐度都不断降低,且在铜的主成矿阶段曾发生过流体沸腾作用和混合作用.岩浆水在流体成矿过程中占主导地位.     

浙西南治岭头斑岩钼矿体流体包裹体研究

江治岭头矿床自 20 世纪中叶勘查开发黄铁矿起,陆续发现了黄铁矿、铅锌矿及金银矿等矿床。在近些年的地质勘 察和深部探矿中,在治岭头矿区深部发现了斑岩型钼矿。钼矿体主要产于斑岩体外接触带八都群变质岩中,从矿体部位向 外围发育典型的斑岩蚀变分带,从内向外依次是钾化黑云母化带—黄铁绢英岩化带—绿泥石碳酸盐化带。成矿流体分为 成矿早期、主成矿期、成矿晚期3个阶段,成矿早期以Ia型包裹体为代表,其均一温度为354~442°C,具有中等盐度,为 12.3~19.4wt% NaCl;主成矿期发育II型 和III型包裹体,其中II型包裹体均一温度329~406°C,盐度为3.5~6.2 wt% NaCl,III 型包裹体均一温度为 305~375°C,盐度为 30.6~45.8 wt% NaCl;成矿晚期Ib 型包裹体,其均一温度为 187~285°C,盐度为 3.5~8.4 wt% NaCl。成矿期发生了强烈的流体沸腾作用,导致钼矿化。激光拉曼探针结果显示,治岭头钼矿三期石英中流体主要为 H2O-NaCl 流体。氢氧同位素,成矿流体由成矿前、成矿期的岩浆热液演化为成矿后的大气降水。     

西藏冈底斯成矿带达布矿区色日普金矿流体包裹体研究

色日普金矿位于西藏冈底斯成矿带中段达布斑岩铜钼矿床外围。本文对该矿床矿体中赋存于含矿石英脉中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温、激光拉曼探针以及氢氧同位素分析。研究表明:与成矿有关的流体包裹体可以分为3个大类和5个亚类;流体包裹体均一温度变化范围为117~377℃,流体盐度范围为2.57%~45.59%NaCleqv,成矿流体早期为高温、高盐度的H2O-NaCl-CO2体系,成矿期为中高温、中盐度H2O-NaCl-CO2体系,成矿晚期为中低温H2O-NaCl体系;成矿期流体包裹体气相成分除CO2外,还含少量CH4、N2等。据测温结果估算的成矿压力为120~130 MPa。通过对该矿区石英和硅化脉石英流体包裹体研究得出成矿流体主要来源于大气降水和具有显著岩浆贡献的携带金属成矿物质的热液混合的产物。     

江西永平铜多金属矿床流体包裹体及硫同位素研究

永平铜多金属矿床位于华南地区十杭裂谷带南侧,是一个与晚侏罗世二长花岗斑岩侵入体有关的斑岩-矽卡岩矿床。矿区存在斑岩型钼矿和矽卡岩型铜矿两种矿化类型。其中,斑岩型钼矿含矿石英脉中主要发育I型气液两相包裹体、II型CO_2三相包裹体和III型含子矿物多相包裹体,早期石英-硫化物阶段流体包裹体的形成温度介于202~359℃之间,盐度介于4.62~36.68 wt%NaCl之间;晚期石英-碳酸盐-硫化物阶段均一温度介于211~318℃之间,盐度范围为2.07~11.47 wt%NaCl。矽卡岩铜矿主要发育I型气液两相包裹体,早期矽卡岩阶段均一温度达到406~486℃,盐度为9.21~9.89 wt%NaCl;石英-硫化物阶段均一温度介于137~335℃之间,盐度值范围为4.98~13.20 wt%NaCl;晚期碳酸盐阶段包裹体均一温度只有89~151℃,盐度范围介于2.07~19.13 wt%NaCl之间。激光拉曼结果显示两者流体包裹体中具有相似的气相成分,都以CO_2和H_2O为主,成矿流体总体上属于H_2O-CO_2-NaCl体系。含Mo成矿流体中存在CH_4,具有低氧逸度特征,在流体演化早期形成Mo矿化中心,石英-硫化物阶段含Mo流体相对于含Cu流体具有更高的温度和压力。矿石中金属硫化物的δ~(34)S值变化于–0.2‰~+1.9‰之间,这表明成矿物质硫源主要来自深源岩浆。结合地质特征,认为该矿床是与晚侏罗世花岗质岩浆密切相关的斑岩钼-矽卡岩铜矿床,铜和钼矿化存在分带现象,岩浆系统的中心部位具有斑岩型钼矿化,外围及和碳酸盐岩的接触带形成斑岩-矽卡岩型铜钨铅锌矿化。     

新疆西准噶尔宏远钼矿床和吐克吐克钼铜矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿时代

宏远（铜）钼矿和吐克吐克钼铜矿为新疆西准噶尔地区新发现的斑岩型矿床。流体包裹体测温和激光拉曼探针分析研究表明,宏远（铜）钼矿发育气液、气体和含子矿物包裹体等3类包裹体,气液比变化大,均一温度集中在140 ℃～200 ℃和260 ℃～340 ℃两个区间,吐克吐克钼铜矿只含有气液和含子矿物两类包裹体,气液比变化小,均一温度集中在180 ℃～220 ℃。两个矿区均发育高盐度和低盐度的NaCl-H₂O-CH₄-CO₂流体,显示含甲烷还原性流体的性质。宏远（铜）钼矿辉钼矿Re-Os同位素分析表明其成矿年龄为314.3±1.9 Ma,与西准噶尔包古图斑岩铜矿成矿时代一致。     

西藏冈底斯铜矿带甲马夕卡岩型铜多金属矿床与驱龙斑岩型铜矿流体包裹体特征对比研究

对甲马铜多金属矿床流体包裹体研究表明与成矿有关的流体包裹体主要有富液相、富气相和含子矿物多相包裹体三类,包裹体的均一温度范围变化大,从240℃到＞500℃.矿床形成早期干夕卡岩阶段,矿物形成温度大于500℃,湿夕卡岩阶段均一温度区间集中在270℃～360℃之间,该时期为硫化物矿物形成的主要沉淀阶段.矿床的矿物组合、包裹体类型及包裹体激光拉曼探针分析表明成矿流体以高盐度、富含Na、K、Ca、Si、Cl-、SO42-、CO32-等成分为特点,流体来源以岩浆作用为主.甲马矿床属与岩浆作用有关的典型夕卡岩型多金属矿床.根据甲马矿床与附近驱龙斑岩铜矿流体包裹体和同位素特征对比分析,提出二者应属于同一成矿系列.     

江西香炉山矽卡岩型钨矿床流体包裹体研究

从江西西北部至安徽南部发育一条显著的斑岩-矽卡岩型钨成矿带,香炉山是其中一典型的矽卡岩钨矿床。矿床具有明显的矿化分带特征,由近接触带矽卡岩和云英岩矿体和远接触带脉状石英-硫化物-白钨矿和透镜状矿体组成。通过对不同蚀变带上矿石矿物和脉石矿物的流体包裹体显微测温分析表明:矽卡岩中的流体包裹体的均一温度范围在209～383℃,脉状石英-白钨矿和石英-硫化物-白钨矿中流体包裹体的均一温度范围分别为163～278℃和204～284℃,晚期方解石脉的温度最低为143～235℃;矽卡岩中的流体包裹体的盐度范围在0.35%～5.26%NaCleqv,脉状石英-白钨矿和石英-硫化物-白钨矿中流体包裹体的盐度范围分别为0.35%～5.86%NaCleqv和0.70%～9.21%NaCleqv,晚期方解石脉的盐度为0.35%～2.07%NaCleqv。激光拉曼探针测试表明,矽卡岩、石英-白钨矿脉和石英-硫化物-白钨矿脉中流体包裹体组分主要为H2O,还含有一定量CH4和少量的N2。从早期到晚期成矿阶段表现为一个降温的过程,指明了钨成矿温度较宽泛;钨在流体中可能以钨酸的形式运移,与围岩反应时,温度降低和碱性升高,促使白钨矿沉淀成矿。早期到晚期成矿流体温度和物质组成发生变化是成矿发生分带的重要原因。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of