海洋重力测量粗差判断及精度提高方法

介绍了海洋重力测量粗差产生的几种来源，分析了精度改善的依据。列举了厄特弗斯改正法、交叉耦合效应法和S型海洋重力仪改正数判断法等精度改善和粗差判断方法，为有效解决重力资料处理中的实际问题提供了依据。     

海洋重力仪更换部件时的设置与操作

在海上复杂的环境下进行重力测量,重力仪难免会出现各种各样的问题。当重力仪出现硬件方面的故障时,大多数情况下需要更换部件,有些部件更换后需要重新进行配置设置、项目检查,配置设定不正确会严重影响测量数据的精度,有的还会造成仪器无法正常工作。通过长期的海上测量经验,以SⅡ型海洋重力仪为例,分析总结了更换典型部件时需要进行的有关配置设定、项目检查等工作,为从事海洋重力测量技术人员有效排查仪器故障,提高测量数据精度提供可靠的帮助。     

SII型海洋重力仪稳定平台倒台故障分析与处理

SⅡ型海洋重力仪凭借其动态测量精度高、系统可靠性强等优点已日益成为海洋调查中重力测量的重要仪器之一。从SⅡ型海洋重力仪在使用中出现的稳定平台倒台故障着手,分析了平台倒台故障的原因以及处理方法,并对仪器使用中的注意事项以及改进建议作了介绍。     

海洋重力测量中厄特沃什效应的合理改正

在海洋重力测量中,厄特沃什(Eoetvoes)改正误差一直是影响测量精度的主要误差源。对测量过程的分析可以发现,原始采集的重力值实际上是经过低通滤波后一段时间内的平均重力变化,而一般的Eoetvoes改正方法计算所得的只是某一时刻的改正值,这种差异导致了重力数据精度的下降。针对这种情况,提出了合理的滤波Eoetvoes改正方法,使改正值和重力值达到了完全对应。最后以L＆R的S型海洋重力仪的测量数据为例,具体地说明了这种新方法的改正效果。     

海洋重力测量和KSS31型重力仪

本文重点叙述海洋重力测量的理论基础,特殊的效应和观测仪器特点,对ＫＳＳ３１型海洋重力仪作较详尽的介绍,旨在新参加此项工作的技术人员提供了一份基础资料。     

KSS31M型海洋重力仪动态性能的分析

采用海上实测数据对KSS31M(SN 036)海洋重力仪的阻尼延迟时间和可靠性做了分析,提出采用船只机动转向时重力数据和定位数据、厄特渥斯值的响应时间差来确定在该海况和仪器滤波系数时重力仪的阻尼延迟时间。得到的2级海况滤波系数下的阻尼延迟时间为60 s,比厂方提供的理论值更接近实际。本方法有助于提高海洋重力测量的精度。同时重力读数与厄特渥斯值变化的相位和振幅吻合,表明KSS31M海洋重力仪具有很高的可靠性和准确性。     

KSS32-M型海洋重力仪动态性能分析

采用测网交点差、重复测线和与KSS31-M型海洋重力仪重合测线对比的方法,利用近年来KSS32-M海洋重力仪的实测数据对KSS32-M海洋重力仪测量稳定性和数据可靠性进行分析。利用机动转向法验证重力仪阻尼延迟时间为70 s,基于70 s阻尼延迟时间计算的重力测网的测量准确度为0.65 m Gal,与KSS31-M型海洋重力仪采集的重力剖面对比结果看,重合测线相关性为高度相关,4条重合测线网的交点差绝对值最大为1.66 m Gal,准确度为0.59 m Gal,均达到国家标准要求的近海重力测网交点差均方根小于2 m Gal的技术指标。重复测线的幅值接近,相位吻合,匹配测点异常差的平均值小于0.9,均方根均小于0.8,相关性均在0.98以上。本研究表明KSS32-M型海洋重力仪动态测量性能稳定、测量数据可靠。     

《中国海军百科全书(第二版)》海洋测绘条目选登(9)

正haiyang Zhongliyi海洋重力仪(marine gravimeter)测定海洋重力加速度值的仪器。属相对重力仪。分海底重力仪和船载走航式海洋重力仪两类。海底重力仪用于浅海地区的重力定点静态测量;船载走航式海洋重力仪用于近海、远海和大洋的重力普查及重点海区的重力精密测量。海底重力仪由水下测量单元、电缆和甲板控制单元组成,水下测量单元包括重力传感器、平衡装     

SII型海洋重力仪稳定平台颤动故障与排除方法

S型海洋重力仪是目前海洋重力测量中较为常用的一种仪器，其产品性能也逐步得到提高。介绍了进行全自动化控制升级后，最新引进的SⅡ型海洋重力仪使用中出现的稳定平台颤动故障现象及排除办法。     

DGS AT1M-3海洋重力仪的应用及精度评估

为了评估DGS AT1M-3海洋重力仪的精度,首先通过分割的有效重力测线进行重力异常质量的内符合精度评价,得出该海洋重力仪测量精度符合海洋调查规范要求。然后与Sandwell v23测高卫星重力异常进行比对分析,对重力异常质量进行外符合精度评价,可看出DGS测量异常与Sandwell卫星测高异常在整体变化趋势上基本一致。最后以西南印度洋断桥热液区为例,简要阐述DGS所测重力数据的有效性。通过评估,可知该海洋重力仪在动态环境下的工作性能较好,测量精度较高,为今后的海洋矿产资源勘探提供新的测量工具。     

Kelvin尾迹SAR多视向的成像仿真

利用船只Kelvin航迹模型、海面波模型和二尺度微波散射模型,提出了船尾迹多视向的成像仿真技术,并首次在二维空间中从不同视向仿真船尾迹的SAR图像。结果表明,当雷达视向与船只航向平行时,横波成像明显;当雷达视向与船只航向垂直时,扩散波成像明显;当雷达视向与船只航向有个夹角时,会出现一臂亮一臂暗的现象,这一现象取决于两臂尖波的传播方向与雷达视向的夹角,传播方向与雷达视向越接近平行的波越容易被雷达观测到,从而形成亮臂。仿真结果还得出另外一个结论:船只航向与雷达视向越接近垂直,两臂张角越小。仿真结果和实际的多幅ERS-SAR图像所观测到的结果是一致的。该模型可以有效地模拟Kelvin尾迹SAR多视向成像。     

Installing single-propeller twin-rudder system with less asymmetric maneuvering motions

The inflow characteristics to each one of the rudders of single-propeller twin-rudder system are investigated. It is shown that this inflow is not parallel to ship's centerline. This may result in asymmetric maneuvering characteristic of the ship thereby reducing ship's maneuvering performance. For this purpose, a method of installing single-propeller twin-rudder system is proposed. This method is called “virtual zero rudder angle” arrangement. Here, each one of the twin-rudder is set at an angle corresponding to the inflow to the rudder. The improvement in ship's maneuvering characteristics with “virtual zero rudder angle” arrangement is investigated using experiments and numerical simulations for different ship types. It is shown that this arrangement may also improve ship's propulsion performance.     

Comparison of ship's heading determined from an array of GPS antennas with heading from conventional gyrocompass measurements

An Ashtech GPS 3DF, a commercially available system for measuring ship's heading from an array of GPS antennas, was installed on RRS Discovery in August 1992. Data were collected during 8 days of ship trials, including periods in port and while on station or steaming. Headings from the GPS system have been compared with headings from the ship's gyrocompass, and residuals calculated. While in port, residuals had a standard deviation of 0.066°, suggesting satisfactory performance by both instruments. While at sea, time-averaged residuals varied with a range of nearly 3°, most of which is attributed to systematic errors in the ship's gyro. After correcting the gyro using 10-min averages of the GPS minus gyro headings, the residual GPS minus gyro differences had a standard deviation of 0.17°. This represents a likely limit on the use of GPS heading data to improve conventional gyro measurements.     

A Spectral Approach for Determining Altimeter Wind Speed Model Functions

We propose a new analytical algorithm for the estimation of wind speeds from altimeter data using the mean square slope of the ocean surface, which is obtained by integration of a widely accepted wind-wave spectrum including the gravity-capillary wave range. It indicates that the normalized radar cross section depends not only on the wind speed but also on the wave age. The wave state effect on the altimeter radar return becomes remarkable with increasing wind speed and cannot be neglected at high wind speeds. A relationship between wave age and nondimensional wave height based on buoy observational data is applied to compute the wave age using the significant wave height of ocean waves, which could be simultaneously obtained from altimeter data. Comparison with actual data shows that this new algorithm produces more reliable wind speeds than do empirical algorithms. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

深水多波束声呐测深数据精度评估

多波束测深精度评估是水深测量质量控制的重要方面,静态精度评估与交叉测线动态精度评估能够从不同角度表征测深精度,估计测量样本的综合误差。在实际调查作业过程中,由于缺少水深真值,在进行精度估计时缺少可操作性。本文利用Kongsberg EM120型深水多波束系统的测深数据,基于某一区域的重复测量数据,应用中央波束的水深数据进行静态精度分析;通过引入网格化方法,进行动态水深精度评估分析,并通过偏差分析揭示测量样本的误差分布特征。结果表明,中央波束水深数据静态精度评估与基于网格化方法的动态精度评估具有实际可操作性,其结果能够有效估计测深的综合误差;重复测量数据的偏差分析能够有效展示误差的分布特征。     

A coupled-mode technique for the transformation of ship-generated waves over variable bathymetry regions

In the present work, a coupled-mode technique is applied to the transformation of ship's waves over variable bathymetry regions, characterised by parallel depth-contours, without any mild-slope assumption. This method can be used, in conjunction with ship's near-field wave data in deep water or in constant-depth, as obtained by the application of modern (linearised or non-linear) ship computational fluid dynamic (CFD) codes, or experimental measurements, to support the study of wave wash generated by fast ships and its effects on the nearshore/coastal environment.

Under the assumption that the ship's track is straight and parallel to the depth-contours, and relatively far from the bottom irregularity, the problem of propagation–refraction–diffraction of ship-generated waves in a coastal environment is efficiently treated in the frequency domain, by applying the consistent coupled-mode model developed by Athanassoulis and Belibassakis [J. Fluid Mech. 1999;389] to the calculation of the transfer function enabling the pointwise transformation of ship-wave spectra over the variable bathymetry region.

Numerical results are presented for simplified ship-wave systems, obtained by the superposition of source–sink Havelock singularities simulating the basic features of the ship's wave pattern. The spatial evolution of the ship-wave system is examined over a smooth but steep shoal, resembling coastal environments, both in the subcritical and in the supercritical case. Since any ship free-wave system, either in deep water or in finite depth, can be adequately modelled by wavecut analysis and suitable distribution of Havelock singularities e.g. as presented by Scrags [21st Int. Conf. Offshore Mech. Arctic Eng., OMAE2002, Oslo, Norway, June 2002], the present method, in conjunction with ship CFD codes, supports the prediction of ship wash and its impact on coastal areas, including the effects of steep sloping-bed parts.     

On-line sensing system of dynamic ship's attitude by use ofservo-type accelerometers

For an accurate automatic measurement of ship's attitude the paper proposes an intelligent online sensing system which uses four servo-type accelerometers and one servo-type inclinometer appropriately located on the ship. Through an adequate location of the accelerometers, the heaving, rolling, and pitching signals of the ship are separated from each other with adequate linear combinations of the four sensors' outputs. Furthermore, the inclinometer is utilized to extract a bias signal of the pitching. By introducing linear dynamic models and linear observation equations on the three signals, their online measurement is reduced to the state estimation of the linear dynamic systems. A bank of Kalman filters are used to execute the online state estimation and to overcome changes in parameters in the dynamic models with time     

The cross-flow drag on a manoeuvring ship

In this paper, an analysis is given of the experimentally derived local lateral force on a manoeuvring ship as a reaction to the ship's lateral velocity. The tests were performed with models consisting of several segments. Special attention is paid to the longitudinal distribution of the non-linear component of the lateral force, the so-called cross-flow drag. This aspect is of utmost importance when the non-linear contribution becomes dominant as will occur in a tight turn during which the ship's drift velocity becomes relatively large compared to the ahead speed.     

利用MATLAB实时处理GPS数据

利用MATLAB软件环境,现场接收并实时处理海上地球物理调查过程中的GPS定位数据,剔除原始数据中的跳点,处理定位误差。采用样条拟合对测线进行拟合光滑,绘制各步处理结果的图形,并将处理前后的航向、航速数据及由此计算出的Eotvos改正值绘制成的曲线进行比较,结果表明:由原始数据计算得到的定位误差较大,与实际船体航行的轨迹有一定差距,而用经过MATLAB处理后的数据计算得到的定位误差较小,航向、航速等与船体航行的真实航迹接近,由此计算出的Eotvos改正值的精度也达到了海上重力测量中Eotvos改正的要求,保证了地球物理数据的质量。