海洋沉积物/颗粒物在生源要素循环中的作用及生态学功能

海洋沉积物/颗粒物是生源要素循环过程中的关键源与汇，沉积物/颗粒物一方面是海水生源要素的主要归宿，生源要素从溶解态经复杂的生物-化学过程转变为颗粒态，颗粒物质再沉降形成沉积物，另一方面，海洋沉积物/颗粒物经过微生物-浮游动物-底栖生物作用分解形成溶解态的生源要素，并释放到海水中再次被浮游植物利用，进入下一轮循环，所以，海洋沉积物/颗粒物具有异常重要的生态学功能。浮游植物是海水溶解态生源要素的利用者和海源颗粒态生源要素的初始形成者，浮游动物通过摄食浮游植物或其他有机颗粒物可释放出溶解态生源要素或形成更大的颗粒物，颗粒物沉降后形成的沉积物又通过底栖生物摄食-扰动-破碎等过程将颗粒生源要素释放进入水体参与再循环。生态系统不同类群的生物在颗粒生源要素的释放-沉降中所起的作用不同而又相互关联，其中浮游动物-底栖生物的摄食与代谢、微生物参与的分解过程起着非常重要的作用。所以，海洋沉积物/颗粒物生态学功能研究作为支撑海洋环境和资源的持续利用的科学基础，已成为海洋科学的前沿领域，必将获得跨越发展。     

Release and uptake of dissolved silica in seawater by marine sediments

Natural marine sediments can release dissolved silica to silica-poor seawater and can remove silica from seawater enriched with dissolved silica. These are fast reactions, with sufficient reaction occurring within the first 48 hours to indicate clearly the direction of the reaction. The relative importance of these two processes varies with the ratio of clays to biogenic silica in the sediment. Both the release and the uptake reactions approach the interstitial water concentration of dissolved silica as an end point, which suggests that these reactions may influence this concentration. No change in sediment reactivity with respect to silica uptake or release reactions was observed with increasing depth in core for the three sediment cores investigated; this indicates that uptake sites are not saturated, and silica is available for dissolution for a long time after deposition.     

Different parameterizations of marine snow in a 1D-model and their influence on representation of marine snow, nitrogen budget and sedimentation

A model is presented that simulates the formation of marine aggregates from particles of different origin inside a model of pelagic biological processes. Experiments are carried out with parameterizations appropriate for different types of aggregates, using different kinds of physical forcing, and compared to observations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), marine snow concentration, and sedimentation.The occurrence of large, macroscopically visible aggregates (marine snow) can best be simulated with parameterizations that have been derived from in situ observations of marine snow, but not with a parameterization sufficient for dense particles. The parameterization strongly determines the amount and timing of deep export, as well as the post-bloom development of the food web in the upper layers.Detritus in aggregates plays a role mainly during times when zooplankton are abundant, as e.g. in the western Arabian Sea during Southwest Monsoon. Then the large aggregates as fast sinking vehicles may remove detritus quickly from shallow and mid-water depth, preventing the accumulation of nutrients that are produced via detritus decomposition. In this region, detritus contributes strongly to deep sedimentation. The nitrogen budget at this location with regard to the observations cannot be closed: depending on model type, either the model simulates too high sedimentation, or too high DIN. Possible causes for this mismatch include undercollection by sediment traps, inaccurate representation of physical processes in the model and the neglect of biological processes, such as production of dissolved organic matter or denitrification.     

海底土性原位测试影响因素分析

对莺歌海海区的柱状样品的室内物理力学试验和现场原位测试结果进行对比研究，进行抗剪强度测试结果与采样深度、水深等指标的相关分析，指出原位测试结果的影响因素有取样深度、水深、剪切速率等，提出原位测试结果校正的几点建议。为原位测试结果的进一步应用作出了有意义的探讨。     

黄、渤海几种溶解态痕量金属(Cu、Ni、Co、Zn)分布特征及其影响因素

海水中的痕量金属在海洋生物地球化学循环中至关重要。本研究在严格采用痕量金属洁净(trace-metalclean)采样和分析测试技术的前提下,于2016年7月采集了渤海与黄海表、底层海水水样,获得黄、渤海几种痕量金属(Cu、Ni、Co、Zn)的空间分布特征。研究结果显示,黄、渤海海水中痕量金属的空间分布具有近岸高、远岸低的特点,体现了人类活动对近岸海域的影响,而其在局部海域的分布则受到沿岸流、冷水团、沉积物再悬浮过程以及生物过程等因素的影响。Cu、Ni、Co在黄、渤海海水中的分布特征较为类似,平均浓度由高到低依次为渤海北黄海南黄海,而溶解态Zn的分布则与其他几种金属不同,在黄、渤海平均浓度类似,整体偏低,具有其特殊性。本研究测定的几种痕量金属在黄、渤海海水中的浓度较以往报道数据偏低,其中易污染的痕量金属Zn的浓度更是低近1—3个数量级,体现了痕量洁净采样和测试方法的重要性。     

环境因子对菲在黄河口沉积物上吸附的影响

为研究多环芳烃从河口到近海的环境归趋行为与生态风险,考察了沉积物质量浓度、溶解性有机质、温度、盐度4种典型环境因子对菲在黄河口沉积物上吸附的影响,比较了黄河口与近海两种沉积物对菲的吸附性能。研究结果表明,沉积物质量浓度越低,单位质量颗粒物的菲吸附量越高;共存的溶解性有机质对菲的吸附具有增促作用,且腐殖酸比黄腐酸的作用更显著;温度的升高不利于菲的吸附,而盐度的增加有利于菲的吸附。菲在沉积物上的吸附是分配作用与表面吸附两种行为的耦合,其中黄河口沉积物以表面吸附为主,而近海沉积物以分配作用为主。近海沉积物菲吸附量显著高于黄河口沉积物菲吸附量。基于此,菲从河口到近海的迁移过程中,更易于在沉积物表面发生吸附沉降,从而可能降低水相中的生态危害,但对近海底栖生物具有潜在的健康生态风险。     

Natural abundances of 15N as a source indicator for near-shore marine sedimentary and dissolved nitrogen

Because organic matter originating in the euphotic zone of the ocean may have a distinctive nitrogen isotope composition (¹⁵N/¹⁴N), as compared to organic matter originating in terrestrial soils, it may be used to evaluate the relative nitrogen contribution to marine and estuarine sediment. The nitrogen isotope ratios of 42 sediment samples of total nitrogen and 38 dissolved pore-water ammonium samples from Santa Barbara Basin sediment cores were measured. The range of δ¹⁵N values for total nitrogen was $\text{+2.89 – +9.4‰}$ with a mean of $\text{+6.8‰}$ and for pore water ammonium, $\text{+8.2 – +12.4‰}$ with a mean of 10.2‰.The results suggest that the dissolved ammonium in the pore water is produced from bacterial degradation of marine organic matter. The range of δ¹⁵N values for total nitrogen in the sediment is interpreted as resulting from an admixture of nitrogen derived from marine ($\text{+10‰}$) and terrestrial (+2‰ marines. The marine component of this mixture, composed principally of calcium carbonate with smaller amounts of opal and organic matter, contains ～ 1.0% nitrogen. The terrestrial component, which comprises over 80% of the sediment, contains ～ 0.1% organically bound nitrogen and accounts for > 25% of the total nitrogen in Santa Barbara Basin sediment.     

海洋沉积物不同相态中Sr、Nd同位素提取方法研究

海洋沉积物中Fe-Mn氧化物相和残渣态的Sr、Nd同位素组成能够敏感地指示洋流循环及物质来源,但实验室对沉积物中上述相态的Sr和Nd同位素的提取易产生过量或提取不完全,进而影响同位素测定结果的准确性,因此制定有效的提取流程显得非常重要。本文采用不同浓度盐酸羟胺(Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride,HH)与醋酸(Acetic Acid,HAc)混合溶液对中印度洋海盆深海沸石黏土、北极半深海沉积物以及安达曼海近海沉积物的Fe-Mn氧化物相进行提取,残渣态用HNO3-HF高压密闭消解法溶融,测定了各相态的主微量元素含量及Sr、Nd同位素组成,通过分析不同实验条件下得到的Fe-Mn氧化物相与残渣态的稀土元素(REE)配分模式、Al/Nd含量比值及Sr、Nd同位素组成,建立了3种不同成因类型海洋沉积物不同相态的化学提取方法。提取深海沸石黏土中Fe-Mn氧化物相的理想试剂条件为0.25 mol/L HH和15%HAc,北极半深海沉积物和安达曼海近海沉积物的试剂条件为0.5 mol/L HH和15%HAc。该方法可以准确获得沉积物中Fe-Mn氧化物相与残渣态的Sr、Nd同位素组成信息,为古海洋学的研究提供方法支持。     

海湾区海水中的溶存甲烷 Ⅰ.分布特征及成因

本文基于日本东京湾、伊势湾和浜名湖的调查资料，详细地讨论了海湾区海水中溶存甲烷的分布特征、成因及其来源。溶存甲烷在海湾中的分布主要受物理混合过程所控制；由河流携入和沉积物中产生是海湾区海水中溶存甲烷的两个主要来源。     

天然气水合物的上界面——硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化界面

定义了海域天然气水合物成矿带的上界面。指出在地球深部存在最原始的、从根本上不依靠光合作用来生存的生命系统。根据对ODP岩心样品中微生物数量的统计,海底以下沉积层中的生物数量可能占据全球原核生物总量的70%,其生物总碳量和地球表面所有植物的碳总量相当。地球内部如此巨大的生物总量应该在地壳中的气体分布等方面起着重要作用。甲烷在地壳层中广泛存在,并主要是微生物成因的。微生物产甲烷的途径主要有两个,一是二氧化碳还原,另一个是醋酸盐发酵。相应地,参与产甲烷的微生物菌群主要是产甲烷菌和食醋酸菌。甲烷在沉积层中的厌氧氧化是一个不争的事实。该过程发生在海底以下一个非常局限的区带,称为硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化区带。通常,这个区带很窄,仅为一个面,因此,硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化区带又称硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化界面。这是一个基本的生物地球化学界面,在功能上它起到屏蔽甲烷向海底和大气逸散的作用,是一个巨大的甲烷汇。甲烷的厌氧氧化同样是一个由微生物介导的过程,参与此过程的微生物主要是食甲烷古菌和硫酸盐还原菌。硫酸盐还原-甲烷厌氧氧化界面在海洋沉积层中一般深可达海底以下上百米,浅可至海底。此界面为天然气水合物的上界面,该界面以上没有甲烷...     

乳山湾外低氧海域沉积物中有机碳、氮、磷及其形态特征分析

根据2009年8月在乳山湾及其毗邻海域的综合调查,分析了该海域表层沉积物中有机碳、氮、磷含量及其组成形态的变化,初步探讨了影响底质理化参数变化的原因及对乳山湾外近岸底层低氧形成的影响.结果表明,乳山湾外近海为粉砂质岸滩,以细颗粒为主;底质中有机碳含量介于0.49％ ～0.93％,平均值为0.69％;总氮含量介于382～1020 mg/kg,平均值为671 mg/kg;可溶性总氮含量介于23.0 ～ 60.0 mg/kg,平均值为44.0mg/kg,其中可溶性有机氮和氨氮分别占可溶性总氮的58.8％和38.8％;总磷含量介于138～769 mg/kg,平均值为356 mg/kg,有机磷是占有绝对优势的磷形态(62.5％).研究区域沉积物中总氮和湾内相当,有机碳、总磷含量普遍低于乳山湾内,但均明显高于南黄海区域,且呈还原性状态.调查区域内沉积物中相对较高的有机碳、氮、磷可能是在潮流作用下乳山湾与外海的物质交换所致,其耗氧过程是导致底层溶解氧亏损的重要原因,值得进一步关注.     

Sensitive fluorometric procedure to determine individual amino acids in marine waters

Improved methodology for amino acid analysis coupled with semi-micro isolation techniques make feasible the measurement of individual amino acids from marine waters where sample volumes are limited (e.g., sediment pore water or culture filtrates). If a water sample contains more than 20 nmole 1^?1 of the respective compounds, dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) can be isolated from 5 ml of filtrate by cation exchange and measured on a sensitive amino-acid analyzer equipped with a fluorometric detector. Two ml generally provides sufficient sample to determine total dissolved amino acids. Lower concentrations of amino acids can be measured after concentration from larger samples (250 ml) by ligand exchange.     

15 ka以来罗斯海陆架岩心沉积学记录及古海洋学意义

本文对取自罗斯海陆架的JB04岩心沉积物进行AMS14C测年、粒度、有机碳等测试,结合沉积物粒度组分因子分析,研究该岩心的沉积学记录,探讨其古海洋学意义。结果显示:JB04岩心沉积物的底部年龄为15 ka;沉积物粒度组分因子分析提取出3个环境敏感粒级,分别代表正常冰海沉积、低能海洋沉积和高能海洋沉积;综合沉积物岩相及沉积物组成特征,可以将岩心分为4段,从底部到顶部依次为主要受冰盖刮蚀影响的冰盖下沉积、属低能海洋环境的冰架下沉积、属高能海洋环境的冰架前缘沉积和主要受冰山影响的季节性海冰区沉积。该岩心的沉积地质记录及其古海洋学研究对全面认识罗斯海的海洋环境演变具有重要的意义。     

Budgets of Mn,Cd and Cu in the macrotidal Gironde estuary (SW France)

The behavior and budget of Mn, Cd and Cu in the Gironde estuary were investigated through data from both the water column (WC) and sediment depth profiles. In the estuarine freshwater reaches, Mn and Cd removal from and Cu addition to the dissolved phase occurs with a magnitude equivalent to 10%, 30% and 25% of their respective annual fluvial gross dissolved input, respectively. In the saline estuary, diffusive benthic outflow is the main source of dissolved Mn (74% of the total gross dissolved input within the estuary) to the WC. In contrast, Cd (96%) and Cu (89%) are mainly released into the dissolved phase of the WC from fluvial, estuarine and dredging-related particles through complexation (Cd) and organic carbon mineralization (Cu). Anthropogenic activities (sediment dredging) induce pore water inputs, particulate sulfide oxidation and sediment resuspension, significantly contributing to the metal budget of the WC. The related amounts of metals released could be equivalent to 20–50% (Cd) and up to 70% (Cu) of their respective net dissolved addition. Mass balances suggest that a large part of the metals previously released into the dissolved phase from processes within the estuary are removed by suspended particles due to (co-)precipitation of Fe/Mn (oxy)hydroxides and scavenging on autochthonous organic matter. On an annual basis, the Gironde estuary acts as a net sink of dissolved Mn, removing 60% of the dissolved fluvial inputs, and as a net source of dissolved Cd and Cu, contributing ∼ 85% and 20–45% to the dissolved Cd and Cu fluxes to the ocean.     

海洋倾倒前疏浚底泥的去污染技术

疏浚底泥是陆源性入海污染物的主要蓄积场所, 也是海洋污染的潜在污染源。在疏浚和海洋倾倒过程中, 这些疏浚底泥中的污染物会重新释放出来进入水体, 危害海洋环境, 因此对疏浚底泥进行无害或者减害化处理, 对于实施疏浚底泥海洋倾倒的科学管理、有效保护海洋环境具有重要意义。本文综述了6种主要的疏浚底泥处理方法, 介绍和评述了各方法的原理、影响因素以及优缺点, 并展望了物化和生物等方法联合在去除疏浚底泥污染应用中的前景。     

Sedimentary processes and sediment dispersal in the southern Strait of Georgia,BC, Canada

This paper presents a review of sediment dispersal processes in the Strait of Georgia, based on marine geological studies. Sediment from the Fraser River is dispersed around the Strait through a variety of transport pathways. Most sand and coarser silt fractions settle out and are deposited within a few 100 m of the channel mouths. Both channelled and non-channelled gravity flows probably transport sediment downslope and onto the basin floor. Asymmetric tidal currents force a predominantly northward sediment drift, resulting in a reworked slope off Roberts Bank and a finer-grained depositional slope off Sturgeon Bank. Far-field sediment accumulation is controlled by local morphology and sediment dynamics. Multibeam mapping and seismic profiling reveal that some parts of the basin floor are characterized by bottom sediment reworking and erosion. Given the complexities of sediment dispersal and seafloor reworking, generalizations about sediment dispersal paths and sedimentation rates are difficult. Future understanding will be advanced by the cabled observatory, VENUS, which will enable near real-time monitoring of key processes.     

Dissolved Vanillin as Tracer for Estuarine Lignin Conversion

Lignin is produced only by vascular plants and therefore can be used as a tracer for terrestrial organic carbon input to the estuarine and marine environments. Lignin measurements have been done by analyses of the oxidation products such as vanillin or 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde.In the Elbe Estuary, free dissolved vanillin was analysed in order to test whether such measurements yield information on terrestrial carbon inputs into the Estuary and on the vanillin derived from lignin oxidation. In the period 1990–1992, concentrations of dissolved vanillin in the Elbe ranged from 0 to 60 μg l⁻¹(mean: 8 μg l⁻¹). Higher values were found in areas of increased microbial activity such as the turbidity zone and the river mouth where the water chemistry is influenced by large tidal flats. No correlation was found between dissolved vanillin and suspended matter concentrations, although lignin is normally associated with suspended particulate matter, nor was a covariance seen between dissolved vanillin and the terrestrial carbon inputs into the Estuary. Apparently, biological conversion of lignin was faster than the transport processes, and local sources were more dominant for the vanillin concentration than riverine sources. The dissolved vanillin turnover was fast and, consequently, a significant amount of lignin may be converted within an estuary. In sediments from the Estuary, the concentrations of dissolved vanillin were similar to those found in the water phase and showed no clear vertical profile. The sediment is unlikely to be the source for vanillin.     

Does sedimentary organic delta 13C record variations in quaternary ocean [CO2(aq)]?

Ocean surface water [CO2(aq)] variations based on glacial/interglacial changes in sediment delta 13Corg are shown to compare favorably with reconstructions based on ice core [CO2]. In particular, an approximate 80 microatmospheres increase in atmospheric pCO2 during the last glacial-interglacial transition is calculated to correspond to a 3-4 micromolar increase in ocean surface water [CO2(aq)] at atmospheric equilibrium. A widespread marine delta 13Corg decrease of 1-2% accompanied this event and was not preceded by an equivalent isotopic change in surface water total dissolved inorganic carbon. These observations support the hypothesis that [CO2(aq)] influences photosynthetic isotope fractionation between marine inorganic and organic carbon pools, and therefore that plankton/sediment delta 13Corg may serve as a proxy for surface water [CO2(aq)].     

顾及声图纹理特征的海底底质分类方法研究

针对目前海底底质分类要素单一造成的底质分类类别不够细致和底质信息获取效率低等问题,提出一种顾及声图纹理特征的海底底质分类方法,综合利用海底底质来源、地理等属性以及声图纹理特征等分类要素,进一步细化海底底质类别,解决了海底底质分类信息混淆或表达不充分等问题。实例数据分析表明,该分类方法克服了传统方法单一考虑底质粒度信息的缺点,可以真实反映海底底质的时空变化特性以及一定范围内的表面起伏特征,并且所包含的海底底质分类信息量更全面,从而可以为用户提供直接形象的海底底质信息。