北京平原区两年内土壤中五种重金属元素化学形态变化及生物有效性

为了监测北京市平原区2015年和2016年土壤中5种重金属As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn化学形态的变化趋势,运用Tessier连续提取法对土壤重金属进行了形态分析,并对影响重金属元素生物有效性的因素进行研究。结果表明,2年内研究区表层土壤重金属元素的形态变化微弱,有效态含量以Cd元素最高,达到45.67%,故潜在生态危害性最大;其次为Zn元素,达12.16%,其中碳酸盐结合态占比虽大,但由于研究区土壤呈偏碱性,Zn元素的迁移能力较弱,潜在危害性较小;As、Hg、Pb均以难迁移态存在,故潜在危害性也较小。土壤重金属元素的生物活性系数及迁移系数分别为:CdZnPbAsHg和CdAsZnPb=Hg,其中Cd元素2年的生物活性系数和迁移系数最高,展现出较强的生物活性和迁移能力,其余重金属元素的活性系数和迁移系数较低,潜在危害性较弱。影响重金属元素生物有效性的因素较复杂,以重金属元素全量为主,p H、有机质、CEC等理化性质次之。     

承德中部土壤-黄芩系统重金属生物有效性及迁移累积特征

土壤重金属含量是影响黄芩产量和质量的重要因素。选取承德市中部金沟屯和五道岭两处黄芩种植示范区为研究区,采集表层土壤样品355件,黄芩样品30件,重金属形态样品15件。在分析土壤Mn、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd、As、Pb、Ni、Hg、V、Co、Sb和土壤有机质含量（SOM）及pH值,黄芩Zn、Cu、Cr、Co、Cd、Pb、Ni、Hg和As含量基础上,采用描述性统计、地累积指数、主成分和RDA分析、重金属生物富集系数、生物活性系数和迁移系数等方法论述了土壤-黄芩系统重金属生物有效性及迁移累积特征。结果表明:金沟屯和五道岭区土壤各重金属累积程度总体属无-中度累积水平。五道岭Cu和Hg累积程度高于金沟屯区,其它元素累积程度低于金沟屯区。五道岭区表层土壤Cr、Cu和Cd含量超标率分别为2.82%、1.69%和1.13%;金沟屯区土壤Cd、Cr和Ni,五道岭区土壤Zn和Hg含量超标率均为0.56%。五道岭区黄芩Cu元素含量高于金沟屯区,Co和Cu元素生物富集强度高于金沟屯区,其它元素含量和生物富集强度则均低于金沟屯区。土壤Cd和Hg元素生物活性系数相对最高,Ni、Zn和Pb元素次之,Cu、Cr和As生物活性系数相对较低。金沟屯区根系土具有较低的pH值和较高的SOM含量,区内黄芩根部As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Zn和Pb元素BCF平均值高于五道岭区,Cu元素富集强度低于五道岭区。土壤重金属生物有效性和黄芩重金属生物富集强度受土壤pH和SOM含量影响,其中Cd和Cu元素受SOM含量影响最为明显。     

北京城区土壤中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu及Zn化学形态及环境效应

为弄清北京城区土壤中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu及Zn五种重金属元素的化学形态分布特征,系统采集了126件城区表层土壤样品,采用连续提取法对重金属元素各化学形态含量进行了测定。结果表明:土壤中土壤中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量差异显著。Hg元素以残渣态和强有机结合态为主,Cd元素离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、残渣态、铁锰氧化物结合态含量较高,Pb、Cu、Zn元素以残渣态、铁锰氧化物结合态为主。Hg元素的有效态含量最低(不足1%),现情况下不会对环境造成污染;Cd元素的有效态含量最高(40%),生物有效性和潜在生态危害性较大,运用植物修复技术对其治理为经济有效的方法;Pb、Cu、Zn有效态含量较低(约10%),生物有效性和潜在生态危害性均有限。各元素形态与全量之间相关程度虽有差别,但基本呈正相关关系。     

石家庄污灌区表层土壤中重金属环境地球化学研究

对石家庄市污灌区上、中、下游3条剖面中的农田表层土壤重金属元素Pb、Hg、cr、Cd、As、Cu、Zn的含量、污染状况、形态等进行了调查与研究.结果发现.研究区表层土壤中的重金属(除As外)在污灌区上、中、下游均有不同程度的富集,其中Hg、Cd含量较高,下游表层土壤中重金属平均含量均高于上、中游.运用Muller的地积累指数法进行了污染评价,结果表明,以河北省土壤背景值计算,As未对研究区表层土壤造成污染,研究区上、中、下游表层土壤受到了Hg、Cd的污染,主要为轻度一中等的污染程度.研究区表层土壤中Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cu、Zn的形态主要为残渣态,Cd的形态主要为离子交换态和碳酸盐态,Cd具有一定的生物有效性和潜在生态危害性.     

山东省小清河沿岸土壤重金属污染分布及迁移规律

通过对山东省小清河流域土壤重金属污染现状的调查研究,查明土壤重金属污染状况,元素来源和分布迁移规律,从而为该区土壤重金属污染的科学治理提供有效依据。研究发现,小清河沿岸地区的重金属污染主要表现为As、Cd、Cr、Ni等元素的污染;依据内梅罗污染指数评价方法发现研究区存在重金属污染的土壤总面积为880.5 km2,未受到重金属污染的土壤面积为1 822.1 km2,分别占全区总土壤面积的32.58%和67.42%,其中上游的济南市城区北园镇至华山镇区域的小清河两岸是重污染区。对小清河流域土壤重金属来源的探析表明,大气干湿沉降是土壤重金属污染的主要来源;土壤重金属的生物有效性评价显示重金属元素Cd的活动态比例高达56.17%,活化迁移能力强,是该区对生态环境危害性最大的污染因子。此外,As、Cd、Cr、Pb等重金属元素的活动态含量明显受pH值和Corg含量的制约,在低pH值、高Corg含量的土壤区应高度重视As和Cd的污染问题。     

硫铁矿冶炼区不同土地利用方式及土壤类型对重金属迁移的影响

为探讨硫铁矿冶炼区不同土地利用方式和土壤类型对重金属元素迁移的影响,采集了毕节市林口废弃硫铁矿冶炼厂内耕地砂壤土及附近林地石灰土表层和深层样共40组。室内测试土壤理化指标Pb、Zn、Cd全量和有效态含量,并对重金属元素含量的水平和垂直分布特征及重金属元素含量的相关性进行了讨论。结果表明:土壤中Pb和Zn的含量均符合土壤环境质量二级标准值,耕地表层土壤Cd含量是贵州省农业土壤背景值的7倍。土壤Cd有效态含量占全量的比值最大,而Pb和Zn有效态含量占全量的比值差别较小。耕地砂壤土Zn和Cd的全量随剖面深度的增加表现为先增大后减小,Pb呈减少的趋势;Pb和Zn的有效态含量随剖面深度的增加而减少,Cd有效态含量呈波动变化。林地石灰土中Pb、Zn、Cd的全量和有效态含量均随剖面深度的增加而减少,且Pb、Zn、Cd全量之间及全量与有效态含量之间都具有显著的正相关关系,而在耕地中各元素的相关性不明显。土壤频繁的扰动和偏酸性的环境有利于重金属垂向迁移。      

青海民和—海石湾一带土壤重金属异常生态效应评价

采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗污染综合指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,定量评价了青海民和—海石湾一带土壤重金属异常元素的污染现状和异常区的潜在生态风险危害性,同时对研究区土壤重金属异常的生态效应进行了初步评价。结果表明:土壤重金属污染因子的高低顺序为Hg>Cd>Pb=Cr;主要异常元素的生物有效性排序为Cd>Hg>Pb;异常元素的潜在生态危害性排列为Hg>Cd>Pb>Cr;在小麦、玉米等农作物样品中,尽管异常元素的含量远低于国家规定的粮食安全限制,但Hg的较高潜在生态危害性和Cd的高生物有效性,导致异常区内Hg、Cd的污染防治形势最为严峻。     

沈阳细河沿岸土壤中重金属垂直分布特征与形态分析

研究了沈阳细河沿岸翟家、彰驿和黄腊坨地区13个土壤剖面样品中重金属的垂直分布特征,对土壤环境危害较大的3种重金属元素Cd、Hg、As进行了重点分析。采用改进的Tessier连续萃取法研究了5个表层土壤中7种重金属元素的形态分布。研究表明土壤重金属元素形态分布具有以下特点:As、Cu、Cr、Zn和Pb主要以残渣态存在;Cd主要以离子交换态存在,残渣态所占的比例较低,表明表层土壤中Cd的活动性较强,容易迁移进入生态食物链。大部分样品中Hg以残渣态为主。除Cd外,土壤中其余6种重金属的可交换态含量都比较低。7种重金属的潜在迁移能力顺序为:CdHgPbZnCrCuAs。     

贵阳城市土壤重金属元素形态分析

选取贵阳市62个代表性的表层土壤样品,分析了其重金属元素的含量和存在形态.结果表明,贵阳城市土壤中5种重金属元素(Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd)的含量较高,且变化较大.表层土壤中Cr、Cu、Zn主要以残渣态形式存在,Pb主要以可氧化态形式存在.Cd可还原态含量高达47.5%,残渣态含量最低,说明Cd较活泼,具有潜在的环境影响能力.     

西南重金属高背景区农田系统土壤重金属生态风险评价

西南地区是我国典型重金属高背景区,在重金属高背景区开展生态风险评价对保障粮食安全有重要意义。采集云南省重金属高背景区土壤表层(0～20 cm)样品242件,农作物及对应的根系土样品74件,分析土壤和农作物样品中8种重金属(Cd、Cr、As、Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni)含量以及土壤中重金属赋存形态。研究发现,受地质背景因素影响,Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni和Zn含量平均值均超过云南省土壤背景值,Cd、Cu和Ni含量平均值均超过农用地土壤污染风险管控标准规定的筛选值,土壤pH值多呈酸性,有机质含量较低。土壤中As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn主要以残渣态形式存在,生物有效性低,是由地质背景引起的;Cd残渣态占比较低,生物有效组分较高,Cd元素的地累积指数分布显示,Cd受人为污染和地质背景交互叠加的影响,是研究区污染风险最高的重金属元素。Hg来源较为复杂,全量较低,污染风险较小。研究区大宗粮食作物(马铃薯和玉米)重金属含量均不超标,生物富集系数(BCF)均小于0.03,粮食作物较安全,生态风险较低。黄烟中Cd含量远远超过目前初步制定的安全限量标准,BCF为3.13,说明烟草特别能富集Cd,存在一定的生态风险。表层土壤重金属潜在生态风险指数(RI)统计结果显示,土壤重金属RI贡献降序依次为Cd(73.71)Hg(57.40)Cu(25.25)Ni(8.76)As(7.39)Cr(4.15)Pb(4.04)Zn(2.0),Cd和Hg是研究区最重要的风险元素,但均以中等生态危害为主,很强生态危害分布面积较小,研究区生态风险整体较低,风险可控。     

我国中西部前陆盆地的特殊性和多样性及其天然气勘探

通过对我国中西部前陆盆地构造特征、大地构造背景、地球物理特征的理论研究和典型前陆盆地的详细解析,系统分析了我国中西部前陆盆地的发育特征和特殊性。强调晚二叠世以来大小不一、形态各异的多块体小型克拉通的聚合碰撞作用是导致中西部前陆盆地群形成的基本动力学过程：这些小型克拉通的多块体聚合碰撞造就了中西部前陆盆地的特殊性和多样性。同时,明确提出中西部盆地的基本特点是“两期三类前陆盆地”,即海西一印支期前陆盆地和喜山期前陆盆地,三类指海西一印支期的周缘前陆盆地和弧后前陆盆地、喜山期再生前陆盆地。根据前陆盆地的盆地结构和演化特征,又将中西部的前陆盆地划分为4种组合形式,即叠合型组合、改造型组合、早衰型组合和新生型组合。综合论述了不同时期不同类型前陆盆地构造对天然气聚集的五大控制作用。     

Phenanthrene biomarkers in the organic matter of Precambrian and Phanerozoic deposits and in the oils of the Siberian Platform

The composition and distribution of phenanthrenes (polyaromatic compounds) have been studied in chloroform extracts from dispersed organic matter (OM) of clayey, siliceous, carbonate, and terrigenous rocks of different ages and facies and from some oils of the Siberian Platform. Phenanthrenes have been analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. High contents of 1,7,8-trimethylphenanthrene and 1,1,7,8-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene are present in the OM of Vendian and Cambrian carbonate-shale deposits and in ancient oils of the Nepa-Botuobiya and Anabar anteclises. The OM of Permian continental deposits and oils of the Vilyui syneclise is dominated by 1-methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene (retene). A triangular diagram for identification of the types of original OM of rocks and classification of genetically related oils has been constructed based on the assessment of phenanthrene biomarker distribution. Putative pathways of the formation of phenanthrene biomarkers are discussed.     

微亮晶（臼齿）碳酸盐成因及其在元古宙地球演化中的意义

本文应用多种技术方法,对微亮晶碳酸盐岩的成岩作用及其成因从宏观至微观进行了分析。根据岩石矿物学、地球化学和有机地球化学等研究证明,它是早期成岩过程中,在超高压的大气 CO_2,水平急剧下降的转折期,快速石化作用形成的具等粒结构μm级的微亮晶方解石集合体。MT 碳酸盐岩微亮晶成岩作用有两种类型:一是主要发生在海底沉积软泥中,在其底基质软泥中经差异压实作用形成褶皱肠状及复杂形的 MT 构造;二是直接在海水中或重力流搬运过程中形成的微亮晶球粒(核)。简言之,MT 碳酸盐岩石是在地球早期浅海环境下,由于微生物自养作用形成的地球化学成因产物。微亮晶碳酸盐岩是约束古大气圈和古海洋环境变化的最灵敏标志。通过详测 MT 丰度值和编制地球古大气圈 CO_2水平演化模式等,在前寒武纪发现有太古宙末期、早元古宙末期、中元古宙中期和新元古宙早-中期四个 MT 碳酸盐岩发育高峰值期,证明全球古大气圈 CO_2水平发生过四次不连续性、跳跃式下降周期,直到晚新元古宙未,全球雪球事件的发生,导致了 MT 碳酸盐岩的消失。其后,才进入显生宙的 CO_2低水平状态。MT 碳酸盐岩具有重要的油气资源远景,应予以重视。     

中国参与北极油气资源开发利用前景与方向

北极地区丰富的油气资源近年来引发全世界的广泛关注。评估结果显示,北极油气资源分布不均,主要集中在俄罗斯、美国阿拉斯加、挪威、加拿大和丹麦格陵兰。不同国家和地区北极油气资源勘探开发特点不同,在新形势下可能还会发生变化。中国是油气消费大国和进口大国,俄罗斯北极地区已日渐成为中国重要油气供应地之一。综合分析几个主要北极国家北极油气开发利用现状和未来发展前景,与中国目前参与北极油气开发利用的情况,对未来中国如何参与北极油气资源开发利用提出建议,将俄罗斯作为中国北极油气开发的长期合作伙伴,与其开展项目投资、技术入股、航道建设等多个方面的合作。      

Silica and the cycle of carbon in the ocean

Silicon is a key element whose major role in the control of the cycle of carbon in the ocean has been recently revealed. This is first illustrated through the resolution of the ‘opal paradox’ in the modern Southern Ocean. Second, the ‘silica hypothesis’ explains why, during the Last Glacial Maximum, the atmospheric concentration of CO₂ was about 40 % below that of the interglacial period. Increased deliveries of wind-borne silica to the surface ocean as well as of riverine inputs favoured the dominance of diatoms over coccolithophorids, resulting in a net emission decrease of CO₂ by coccolithophorids from the ocean surface to the atmosphere. To cite this article: P. Tréguer, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 3–11     

Variations of the tree line and glaciers in the Central and Eastern Altai regions in the Holocene

Variations in the tree line position and glacier activity in the Central and Eastern Altai regions in the Holocene were reconstructed on the basis of analysis of sixty radiocarbon and eighteen dendrochronological dates. The tree line was higher than now in the Early and Middle Holocene, and the climate was warmer and, likely, more humid. Glaciers advanced in the forests 300, 1400, and 3000–6000 years ago. In the last millennium the forest decline at the upper tree limit occurred in 1206–1256, 1445–1501, and 1642–1736.     

国际埃迪卡拉系年代地层学研究进展与发展趋势

埃迪卡拉系为国际地层表新增的新元古界最上部的系级年代地层单位,层型剖面被确定为南澳大利亚弗林德斯山脉依诺拉马河剖面,其底界点位（GSSP）选定为埃拉逖那冰成杂砾岩（Elatina diamictite）之上盖帽碳酸盐岩努卡利那组（Nuccaleena Formation）的下界（Gradstein et al．,2004;Knoll et al．,2004）。我国修定后的震旦系与埃迪卡拉系完全相当,底界以南沱冰碛岩之上盖帽碳酸盐岩的下界为界。本文综合国际地层委员会新元古代地层分会以及相关国家和地区近年来在埃迪卡拉系年代地层学领域研究的新进展、存在问题以及未来发展趋势作一概要介绍,以期引起国内晚前寒武纪地层古生物学者的广泛关注。     

Tectonics and magmatism in eastern South America and the Brazil basin of the Atlantic in the Phanerozoic

The magmatic and tectonic activity of eastern South America and the western South Atlantic shows that extension of the continental crust is the determinant factor of magmatism. Heating of the upper mantle is a necessary condition of its manifestation. Ascending plume material is a source of additional heat. In the Early Mesozoic, Eastern Brazil was situated above a large, ascending and probably ramifying plume, which has supplied heat and material since the Triassic, creating favorable conditions for continental magmatism. Magmatic activity continued, gradually waning, until the Neogene as evidence for long-term retention of heat energy beneath the continental lithosphere after the plume ascent. It has been shown that heated mantle material can be displaced from the continent to the ocean for a significant distance beneath the lithosphere with the formation of linear tectonomagmatic rises of the oceanic crust. The structural elements inherited certain directions on the continent and in the ocean, beginning from the Neoproterozoic. These directions were reactivated and continued to control the younger structural grain and magmatic activity. In Southeastern Brazil, these were the structural units striking in the southeastern (about 120° SE) and northeastern directions parallel to the continent-ocean boundary. In Northeastern Brazil, the W-E- and N—S-trending structural units are predominant. All these directions are manifested in oceanic structural units (Rio Grande, Vitória-Trindadi, Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco rises, etc.).     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Types of Karst-fractured and Porous Reservoirs in China''s Carbonates and the Nature of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin

Almost all the oil and gas reservoirs developed in marine sedimentary strata of China have undergone processes of multi-phase reservoir formation and later modification. The irregular reservoirs are classified into three types as the Naxi, Tahe and Renqiu ones, increasing successively in the development degree of karstificated pores and fissures and the connection degree of independent reservoirs. In these reservoirs, the unity in the fluid feature, pressure and oil-gas-water interface also increases successively from the Naxi to the Renqiu type. The main body of Ordovician reservoirs of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin is a network pool rather than a stratified, massive, stratigraphically-unconformed or weathering-crust one. The fluid nature of oil, gas and water, the interface positions and the pressures, as well as the dynamic conditions of fluids within the reservoirs during the production are all different from those in stratified or massive oil and gas reservoirs. Carbonates in the Akekule upli