广东气候年景的客观定量化评估

利用1961—2017年广东86个地面气象观测站逐日降水、气温以及气象干旱指数(Drought Index,DI)资料,建立了综合考虑雨涝、低温、干旱和高温这4个方面的广东气候年景客观定量评估方法,对广东气候年景进行客观定量评估,并应用实况灾情对评估结果进行验证。结果表明,近57 a来,广东雨涝和干旱年景指数变化趋势不显著,而低温年景指数呈显著下降的趋势,高温年景指数呈显著上升的趋势。近57 a来,广东综合气候年景指数以0.06/(10 a)的速率下降,但下降趋势不明显。评估得到广东气候年景评估结果与灾害实况大部相符,气候年景为差的年份有5 a:1963年、1969年、1993年、2001年、2008年。研究结果为广东客观定量的气候年景评估业务和决策服务提供技术依据。     

登陆广东热带气旋特征及其与副热带高压的关系

2004年登陆广东的热带气旋只有2个,个数明显偏少,粤西无热带气旋登陆;登陆广东的初台偏迟,终台结束早,登陆时间集中于7月;热带气旋移速快,强度弱(为热带风暴),对广东影响利大于弊。对1951~2004年7~9月登陆广东的热带气旋进行统计分析,发现各月登陆广东的热带气旋次数差异较大,最多时一个月有5个,最少时没有。登陆广东的热带气旋个数与西北太平洋副热带高压位置、强度有密切关系,可以将有利于和不利于热带气旋登陆广东的副热带高压各分为3种环流形势。     

中国气象频道广东本地化插播服务的实践

中国气象频道是一家本着"防灾减灾、服务大众"为宗旨的专业性频道。随着中国气象频道在广东的顺利开播,实现气象频道本地化气象信息更好的为广东人民服务。分析了广东本地化插播的现状和不足,从插播节目的内容策划和栏目细分等方面进行了初步探讨。     

广东金科网发展规划

随着新世纪的到来,社会经济发展将面临新的挑战。早日实现信息化,争创新优势,广东金科网的发展规划包括： １．进一步提高网络服务水平,面向社会提供高质量的网络服务 ２．进一步加强信息资源的建设,建设“广东高新企业数据库”、“广东名优特产品数据库”、“广东科技新闻数据库”、“广东科技期刊数据库”等具有广东特色的信息资源,完善科委系统办公网络,运用金科网进行全省科技信息的交换和各类计划的申报、管理,促进科技成果的转化,在全国各省市中率先实现全省科技管理信息化。 ３．加强网上应用的开发,开发“环球科技”、“…     

广东移动天气短信用户流失的分析及应对策略

基于广东移动天气短信2013年9月份的拍照数据,按照“用户流失情况、品牌分布、终端使用情况、话费使用情况”等维度设计了提数模型,对广东移动天气短信用户流失的原因进行了分析。结果表明：用户“主动”退订、移动互联网以及同类产品的冲击、运营商营销策略转移,是广东移动用户流失的主要原因。最后,根据以上研究结果提出应对的策略。     

完全预报（PP）方法在广东冬半年海面强风业务预报中的应用

在进行大量普查分析和统计的基础上, 将最近10年历史天气图的地面气压和有关海面强风代表站的风场资料在日本数值预报模式输出报文的1.25°×1.25°格点分布上进行客观分析, 对比传统的以关键区域划分冷空气入侵路径与广东海面强风的关系, 提出了一套与广东冬季海面强风关系更密切、作用更直接的地面关键区气压场分布特征进行客观定量的分型;根据梯度风原理, 用经验加统计的因子挑选方法, 形成了一套应用日本数值预报模式输出、适用于广东海面强风预报的完全预报(PP)方法。检验和业务试用结果均表明:该方法对广东的海面强风具有较强的预报能力;用完全预报方法做沿海海面强风预报是可行的。     

广东记录霾日和统计霾日的气候特征及比较

利用广东省86个气象观测站1961—2013年记录霾日资料和1981—2013年统计霾日资料,采用线性趋势分析、计算气候趋势系数等统计诊断方法,分析了广东记录霾日和统计霾日的气候特征并进行比较。结果表明:广东统计霾日与记录霾日的年平均分布非常相似,但是统计霾日数比记录霾日数明显增加10~80 d。广东霾分布可划分为三个区:(1)多霾区:包括珠江三角洲、北部的南雄、东南部的汕头,年统计霾日40.0~144.5d;(2)一般霾区:包括广东中部偏北的部分地区,年统计霾日20.0~39.9 d;(3)少霾区:广东西南部和东部大部分地区,年统计霾日1.0~19.9 d。广东年记录霾日和统计霾日均以11 d(10 a)的速率明显上升,1990年后显著增加,特别是2003年以来上升非常明显,2007年达到最大,但2008年以来逐年波动下降。广东年霾日数增加最明显的区域在珠三角、汕头、南雄等地。1980—2013年的广东平均年记录霾日序列与统计霾日序列的相关系数达0.78,显著相关。分析表明统计霾日比记录霾日总体上更客观合理,并对两者存在差异的原因进行了分析与讨论。     

GRAPES和日本模式广东定量降水预报对比

采用客观降水检验方法,对广东2012年1月1日至8月31日GRAPE中尺度模式和日本GSM全球谱模式(JMA)降水预报产品进行累加降水量级检验、分区域按季节预报效果对比以及时空分布演变评估.结果表明:随着降水量级和预报时效增加,两个模式TS评分呈现下降趋势,GRAPES模式TS评分总体高于JMA;对于小雨、中雨以上降水预报,两个模式4-6月预报效果好于7-8月,对4-6月广东北部预报稍好于南部,对7-8月广东南部预报略好于北部;两个模式不能预报出广东平均降水中心,GRAPES对广东日均降水预报值随预报时效增加而增加;两个模式能够对广东逐日降水演变做出准确的预报,但降水预报值与实况存在一定的差别.     

MJO对广东前汛期降水的影响

根据澳大利亚气象局MJO指数、国家气象局753站逐日站点资料、NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料,通过合成分析研究了MJO活动对广东前汛期降水的影响。结果表明:MJO传播至东印度洋时广东降水为正异常,当其移至西太平洋时广东降水为负异常。MJO通过引起大尺度环流异常和大气垂直运动的异常对降水产生影响。当MJO传播至东印度洋时,副热带高压异常增强,广东为干冷偏北风和暖湿偏南风的交汇区且此时广东上空空气上升运动强烈,有利降水产生;当MJO传播至西太平洋时,副热带高压异常减弱,广东被偏北风控制且此时广东上空空气下沉运动强烈,对降水不利。     

广东冬季气温变化的气候诊断分析

利用广东省３６个地面站的实测资料,分析了广东冬季平均气温、最低气温的气候变化特征,包括温度变化趋势、突变、周期性,并探讨了影响广东冬季增暖的可能因素。得出：广东冬季气温具有增温趋势,特别是最低气温。冬季广东最低气温从６０年代下半叶开始上升,８０年代以来,增温幅度有所增大,进入暖期。     

Summer dryness in a warmer climate: a process study with a regional climate model

Earlier GCM studies have expressed the concern that an enhancement of greenhouse warming might increase the occurrence of summer droughts in mid-latitudes, especially in southern Europe and central North America. This could represent a severe threat for agriculture in the regions concerned, where summer is the main growing season. These predictions must however be considered as uncertain, since most studies featuring enhanced summer dryness in mid-latitudes use very simple representations of the land-surface processes ("bucket" models), despite their key importance for the issue considered. The current study uses a regional climate model including a land-surface scheme of intermediate complexity to investigate the sensitivity of the summer climate to enhanced greenhouse warming over the American Midwest. A surrogate climate change scenario is used for the simulation of a warmer climate. The control runs are driven at the lateral boundaries and the sea surface by reanalysis data and observations, respectively. The warmer climate experiments are forced by a modified set of initial and lateral boundary conditions. The modifications consist of a uniform 3 K temperature increase and an attendant increase of specific humidity (unchanged relative humidity). This strategy maintains a similar dynamical forcing in the warmer climate experiments, thus allowing to investigate thermodynamical impacts of climate change in comparative isolation. The atmospheric CO ₂ concentration of the sensitivity experiments is set to four times its pre-industrial value. The simulations are conducted from March 15 to October 1st, for 4 years corresponding to drought (1988), normal (1986, 1990) and flood (1993) conditions. The numerical experiments do not present any great enhancement of summer drying under warmer climatic conditions. First, the overall changes in the hydrological cycle (especially evapotranspiration) are of small magnitude despite the strong forcing applied. Second, precipitation increases in spring lead to higher soil water recharge during this season, compensating for the enhanced soil moisture depletion occurring later in the year. Additional simulations replacing the plant control on transpiration with a bucket-type formulation presented increased soil drying in 1988, the drought year. This suggests that vegetation control on transpiration might play an important part in counteracting an enhancement of summer drying when soil water gets limited. Though further aspects of this issue would need investigating, our results underline the importance of land-surface processes in climate integrations and suggest that the risk of enhanced summer dryness in the region studied might be less acute than previously assumed, provided the North American general circulation does not change markedly with global warming.     

Continental vegetation as a dynamic component of a global climate model: a preliminary assessment

A simplified vegetation distribution prediction scheme is used in combination with the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) and coupled to a version of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1) which includes a mixed-layer ocean. Employed in an off-line mode as a diagnostic tool, the scheme predicts a slightly darker and slightly rougher continental surface than when BATS' prescribed vegetation classes are used. The impact of tropical deforestation on regional climates, and hence on diagnosed vegetation, differs between South America and S.E. Asia. In the Amazon, the climatic effects of removing all the tropical forest are so marked that in only one of the 18 deforested grid elements could the new climate sustain tropical forest vegetation whereas in S.E. Asia in seven of the 9 deforested elements the climate could continue to support tropical forest. Following these off-line tests, the simple vegetation scheme has been coupled to the GCM as an interactive (or two-way) submodel for a test integration lasting 5.6 yr. It is found to be a stable component of the global climate system, producing only ~ 3% (absolute) interannual changes in the predicted percentages of continental vegetation, together with globally-averaged continental temperature increases of up to + 1.5 °C and evaporation increases of 0 to 5 W m^–2 and no discernible trends over the 67 months of integration. On the other hand, this interactive land biosphere causes regional-scale temperature differences of ± 10 °C and commensurate disturbances in other climatic parameters. Tuning, similar to the q-flux schemes used for ocean models, could improve the simulation of the present-day surface climate but, in the longer term, it will be important to focus on predicting the characteristics of the continental surface rather than simple vegetation classes. The coupling scheme will also have to allow for vegetation responses occurring over longer timescales so that the coupled system is buffered from sudden shocks.     

Numerical analysis of a thermotopographically-induced mesoscale circulation in a mountain basin using a non-hydrostatic model

Summary The boundary-layer wind field during weak synoptic conditions is largely controlled by the nature of the landscape. Mesoscale (sub-synoptic) circulations result from horizontal gradients of sensible heat flux due to variation in local topography, variation in surface-cover, and discontinuities such as land-sea contrasts. Such flows are usually referred to as thermally-driven circulations, and are diurnal in nature and often predictable. In this paper we use a state-of-the-art non-hydrostatic computer model to shed light on the physical mechanisms that drive a persistent easterly wind that develops in the afternoon in the Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand. The easterly – Canterbury Plains Breeze (CPB) – is observed early in the afternoon and is often intense, with mean wind speeds reaching up to 12 m s⁻¹. Although computer modelling in mountainous terrain is extremely challenging, the model is able to simulate this circulation satisfactorily. To further investigate the mechanisms that generate the Canterbury Plains Breeze, two additional idealized model experiments are performed. With each experiment, the effects of the synoptic scale wind and the ocean around the South Island, New Zealand were successively removed. The results show that contrary to previous suggestions, the Canterbury Plains Breeze is not an intrusion of the coastal sea breeze or the Canterbury north-easterly, but can be generated by heating of the basin alone. This conclusion highlights the importance of mountain basins and saddles in controlling near-surface wind regimes in complex terrain.     

A cold air lake formation in a basin — a simulation with a mesoscale numerical model

Summary A formation of a cold air lake in a basin is studied with a mesometeorological model.A dynamic Boussinesq hydrostatic mesoscale numerical model is developed in a staggered orthogonal grid with a horizontal resolution of 1 km and with a varying vertical grid. The topography is presented in a block shape so that computation levels are horizontal.The mesometeorological model is tested in three idealized topography cases (a valley, a single mountain, a basin) and test results are discussed.In an alpine basin surrounded by mountains and plateaus the air is supposed to be stagnant at the beginning of the night. Due to differences in radiation cooling an inversion layer is formed in the basin and local wind circulation is studied by model simulations.With 14 Figures     

Effects of a Fence on Pollutant Dispersion in a Boundary Layer Exposed to a Rural-to-Urban Transition

Simultaneous particle-image velocimetry and laser-induced fluorescence combined with large-eddy simulations are used to investigate the flow and pollutant dispersion behaviour in a rural-to-urban roughness transition. The urban roughness is characterized by an array of cubical obstacles in an aligned arrangement. A plane fence is added one obstacle height h upstream of the urban roughness elements, with three different fence heights considered. A smooth-wall turbulent boundary layer with a depth of 10h is used as the approaching flow, and a passive tracer is released from a uniform line source 1h upstream of the fence. A shear layer is formed at the top of the fence, which increases in strength for the higher fence cases, resulting in a deeper internal boundary layer (IBL). It is found that the mean flow for the rural-to-urban transition can be described by means of a mixing-length model provided that the transitional effects are accounted for. The mixing-length formulation for sparse urban canopies, as found in the literature, is extended to take into account the blockage effect in dense canopies. Additionally, the average mean concentration field is found to scale with the IBL depth and the bulk velocity in the IBL.     

Evaporation from a blanket bog in a foggy coastal environment

Frequent fog severely restricts evaporation from blanket bogs in Newfoundland because it more than halves the radiant energy input, and it eliminates the vapor pressure deficit, resulting in evaporation at the equilibrium rate (average = 0.99 during fog). During these periods, there is no surface resistance to evaporation because the bog has been wetted by fog drip, and although the latent heat flux dominates over sensible heat (average = 0.8), both are small. In contrast, the surface dries during clear periods, increasing the surface resistance to evaporation so that sensible heat becomes more important ( = 1.05). When the mosses are dry, evaporation is below the equilibrium rate ( = 0.87), although the higher available energy ensures that actual evaporation is higher. During clear periods, daily evaporation averaged 2.5 mm, compared to 1.1 and 0.7 mm for fog and rain, respectively. The suppressed evaporation at this site is important in maintaining appropriate hydrological conditions for blanket bog development.     

Parameterization of a momentum source in a tropical cumulus ensemble

Summary An eddy effect of tropical deep convection on the large-scale momentum, resp vorticity budget is investigated. The process is specified by a simple parameterization approach which is based on a concept of rotating clouds exerting a momentum on the large-scale flow. The cloud rotation is associated with the thermal properties of a cloud ensemble by the principle of conservation of potential vorticity. A decomposition of cloud classes is applied in consistency with the thermodynamical parameterization scheme of Arakawa and Schubert (1974).The parameterization is tested with observations of GATE74, Phase III. The data are processed on a B/C-scale grid (55km) in a region within 9N and 16N, and between 21W and 27W, and with a vertical resolution of 41 levels. The parameterization results correspond to the observed patterns, especially in situations with strong large-scale wind shear. The findings suggest that certain large-scalle flow regimes provoke convective scale momentum generation rather than redistributing large-scale momentum by convective circulations.With 10 Figures     

Spatial structure of a jet flow at a river mouth

The present work concentrates on the latest data measured in the Jordan river flow in lake Kinneret. Spectral characteristics of fluctuating velocity components have been obtained and processed. The three-dimensional structure of turbulence along the flow has been described. The main features of the jet flow turbulence in the river mouth are: a) The supply of turbulent energy changes due to different mechanisms along the flow. b) The structure of turbulence formed in the river decays rapidly along the flow, and c) In the sand area and beyond it, a significant generation of turbulent energy occurs. Quantitative estimations of the above effects were carried out.     

Atmospheric dispersion of a heavier-than-air gas near a two-dimensional obstacle

Flow over a two-dimensional obstacle and dispersion of a heavier-than-air gas near the obstacle were studied. Two species, one representing air and the other representing the heavier-than-air gas were treated. Equations for mass and momentum were cast in mass-averaged form, with turbulent Reynolds stresses and mass fluxes modeled using eddy-viscosity and diffusivity hypotheses. A two-equation k- turbulence model was used to determine the effective turbulent viscosity. Streamline curvature and buoyancy corrections were added to the basic turbulence formulation. The model equations were solved using finite difference techniques. An alternating-direction-implicit (ADI) technique was used to solve the parabolic transport equations and a direct matrix solver was used to solve the elliptic pressure equation.Mesh sensitivities were investigated to determine the optimum mesh requirements for the final calculations. It was concluded that at least 10 grid spaces were required across the obstacle width and 15 across the obstacle height to obtain valid solutions. A non-uniform mesh was used to concentrate the grid points at the top of the obstacle.Experimental measurements were made with air flow over a 7.6 by 7.6 cm obstacle in a boundary-layer wind tunnel. Smoke visualization revealed a low-frequency oscillation of the bubble downstream of the obstacle. Hot-wire anemometer data are presented for the mean velocity and turbulent kinetic energy at the mid-plane of the obstacle and the mid-plane of the downstream recirculation bubble. A single hot-wire probe was found to be suitable for determining mean streamwise velocities with an accuracy of 11 %. The downstream recirculation bubble was unsteady and had a length range from 3 to 8 obstacle lengths.The experimental results for flow over the obstacle were compared with numerical calculations to validate the numerical solution procedure. A sensitivity study on the effect of curvature correction and variation of turbulence model constants on the numerical solution was conducted. Calculations that included the curvature correction model gave a downstream recirculation bubble length of 5.9 obstacle lengths while excluding the correction reduced this length to 4.4.In the second part of the study, numerical calculations were performed for the dispersion of a heavier-than-air gas in the vicinity of the two-dimensional obstacle. Characteristics of an adiabatic boundary layer were used in these calculations. The densities of the contaminant gases were 0, 25 and 50% greater than the air density. Calculations were performed with the contaminant injection source upstream and downstream of the obstacle.Use of the pressure gradient model reduced the size of the dense gas cloud by as much as 12%. The curvature correction model also affected the cloud expanse by reducing the effective turbulent viscosity in the downstream recirculation bubble. The location of the injection source had the largest impact on the cloud size. The area of the cloud within the 5 % contour was three times larger for downstream injection than for upstream injection.