航空短波红外分光谱遥感技术直接寻找油气藏的有效性及应用实例

采用航空短波红外分光谱遥感技术，在新疆准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地某些油气区，进行直接寻找油气资源的试验研究后发现，油气区含油岩系，油气藏上方盖层土壤的光谱在２３００和２３５０ｎｍ波段具有双吸收特征。     

西昌盆地七里坝构造油气化探异常特征及构造含油气评价

通过西昌攀西盆地七里坝构造油气化探工作 ,发现了油气化探弱异常 ,进行了化探异常特征、存在形式以及与油气的关系的研究 ,结果表明 ,七里坝各类异常是该构造内存在有异常源 ,但异常源的烃量可能已有相当部分逸散掉了     

中阿拉伯盆地油气分布规律和主控因素研究

中阿拉伯盆地是中东油气区油气资源最为富集的盆地。本文以该盆地油气田的最新资料为基础,结合盆地构造-沉积演化过程,应用石油地质综合研究方法,探讨该盆地油气的时空分布特征及主控因素。中阿拉伯盆地内发育3个主要含油气系统:下志留统含油气系统、侏罗系复合含油气系统和白垩系复合含油气系统。中阿拉伯盆地油气的层系分布表现为"下气上油",上二叠统—下三叠统储集层富集了盆地内78.9%的天然气可采储量和83.7%的凝析油可采储量,而上侏罗统—下白垩统则富集了盆地内81.9%的石油可采储量。区域上,中阿拉伯盆地的石油储量主要聚集于西海湾坳陷、迪布蒂巴赫(Dibdibah)坳陷、盖瓦尔(Ghawar)凸起和安纳拉(An N`ala)凸起,天然气和凝析油则在卡塔尔凸起更为富集。中阿拉伯盆地的油气分布主要受3个因素控制:优质区域盖层控制了油气的层系分布,主力烃源岩展布和优势运移路径控制了油气的区域分布,基底断裂和盐运动构成的圈闭控制了油气藏的形成与富集。     

Re-Examination of the Oil and Gas Origins in the Kekeya Gas Condensate Field, Northwest China–A Case Study of Hydrocarbon-Source Correlation Using Sophisticated Geochemical Methods

This work discussed the origins, alteration and accumulation processes of the oil and gas in the Kekeya gas condensate field based on molecular compositions, stable carbon isotopes, light hydrocarbons, diamondoid hydrocarbons and biomarker fingerprints. A comparison study is also made between the geochemical characteristics of the Kekeya hydrocarbons and typical marine and terrigenous hydrocarbons of the Tarim Basin. Natural gas from the Kekeya gas condensate field is derived from Middle–Lower Jurassic coal measures while the condensates are derived from Carboniferous–Permian marine source rocks with a higher maturity. In the study area, both natural gas and condensates have experienced severe water washing. A large amount of methane was dissolved into the water, resulting in a decrease in the dryness coefficient. Water washing also makes the carbon isotopic compositions of the natural gas more negative and partially reverse. Considering that the gas maturities are higher than once expected, gas generation intensity in the study area should be much stronger and the gas related to the Jurassic coal measures could promise a greater prospecting potential. As a result of evaporative fractionation, the Kekeya condensates are enriched in saturates and lack aromatics. Evaporative fractionation disguises the original terrigenous characteristics of the light hydrocarbons associated with the natural gas, making it appear marinesourced. Thus, alteration processes should be fully taken into consideration when gas–source correlations are carried out based on light hydrocarbons. With the condensates discovered in the study area all being "migration phase", the pre-salt Cretaceous and Jurassic reservoirs may promise great exploration potential for the "residual phase" hydrocarbons. This research not only is of significance for oil and gas exploration in the southwest Tarim Basin, but also sheds light on the oil/gas-source correlations in general.     

Solubility and mobility of petroleum under hydrodynamic conditions,Surat Basin,Queensland

Factors relating to the solubility of hydrocarbons in formation water, with particular reference to the Precipice Sandstone of the Surat Basin, are discussed. It is suggested that a possible mechanism for the migration and accumulation of crude oil and natural gas in the Surat Basin has been the solution and transportation of hydrocarbons in formation water under hydrodynamic conditions. The Moonie structure is presented as a model.     

塔北地区化探遥感技术探测油气藏的研究

油气藏上方烃类微渗漏，可引起附近地表物质的物理与化学性质变化，形成地物反射光谱特征异常，这为遥感技术直接探测油气藏提供了可能。作者在本文中以地物波谱测试、TM、NOAA卫星资料为信息，以石油地质理论和烃类垂向微渗漏理论为指导，阐述了塔里木盆地北部地区，应用化探遥感技术寻找油气藏的方法及应用效果。     

混源油气定量研究思路与方法

混源研究是油气成藏机理研究的重要内容,是油气勘探方向不可回避的现实问题.以东营凹陷为例,提出多数盆地都具备油气混源的必要条件,混源现象普遍存在但具有明显的非均质性.以塔中地区为例,指出烃类指标、同位素、包裹体等地球化学测试手段是识别混源油的重要途径.密度驱动混合作用和分子扩散是油气混合的重要机制,受油源、混合时间与隔层等多种因素的控制,不同油气藏具有不同的油气混合尺度.混源定量方法主要包括:应用烃类指标或参数进行的二端元、三端元线性与非线性混源定量法、碳同位素混源定量法、模拟实验法、排烃量计算物质平衡法.建立适用于多源混合、包含多项指标、采用更优化的混合定量数学模型如与高分辨率气相色谱指纹相结合的ANN神经网络数学模拟的混源定量计算,将有效提高混源定量精度.     

扎格罗斯盆地含油气系统分析与资源潜力评价

扎格罗斯盆地是全球常规油气资源最富集的前陆盆地。基于最新的数据资料,应用石油地质综合评价和含油气系统分析的方法,研究了扎格罗斯盆地的油气分布和主控因素,以成藏组合为评价单元,评估了油气待发现可采资源量,并探讨了盆地的油气资源潜力和未来的勘探领域。研究表明,盆地发育6套含油气系统,白垩系/古近系复合含油气系统、侏罗系含油气系统和志留系Gakhum含气系统是最重要的含油气系统。区域上,盆地的油气主要分布于迪兹富勒坳陷、基尔库克坳陷和胡齐斯坦隆起;层系上,油气主要储集于古近系、新近系和白垩系。油气分布整体表现为“坳陷富油、隆起富气”的特征,其油气富集的主要控制因素是优质区域盖层、有效烃源岩的展布和新近纪的构造运动。资源评价结果表明,扎格罗斯盆地待发现可采石油、天然气和凝析油的资源量分别为44.6×10⁸t、9.3×10¹² m³和10.4×10⁸t,合计129.8×10⁸t油当量,最有勘探潜力的成藏组合是二叠/三叠系Deh Ram群、Asmari组和西北侏罗系成藏组合。     

渤海湾盆地古近纪古地理特征与油气*

渤海湾盆地是一个典型的内陆裂谷盆地,内部发育6个坳陷、4个隆起、54个凹陷和44个凸起。沉积盆地的含油气性与其古地理分布有密切的关系。利用渤海湾盆地各坳陷大量的录井、岩心、古生物、测井、地震资料及前人的大量文献和数据,对渤海湾盆地各坳陷古近系孔店组、沙河街组沙四段、沙三段、沙二段、沙一段、东营组进行了全区对比和统层。在此基础上,对冀中坳陷、济阳坳陷、临清坳陷内东濮凹陷各组段的沉积相进行了分析,编制了这些区域的古地理图;充分利用前人文献和科研报告中所编制的辽河坳陷、黄骅坳陷、渤海海域古近系各组段的古地理图,编制了渤海湾盆地孔店组、沙河街组沙四段、沙三段、沙二段、沙一段、东营组的古地理图。渤海湾盆地发育数十个含油气凹陷,每个凹陷中心的深湖亚相泥岩构成烃源岩,而在凹陷的边缘发育近岸水下扇、扇三角洲、三角洲、滩坝等砂体,构成重要的储集层,在有利的成藏条件下,凹陷中央的烃源岩向周围与之互层的储集层供烃形成油藏,在凹陷中央的烃源岩中,还发育了页岩油、页岩气、致密油气等非常规油气。因此,每个凹陷就是油气生成、运聚的基本单元,是一个独立的油气运移—聚集系统。生油凹陷的分布及其古地理特征控制了油气在渤海湾盆地古近系中的平面分布。     

深部碳酸盐岩油气生成和保存的特征及其模拟实验研究

塔里木盆地具有地温梯度低和油气藏埋藏深度大的特点，深埋引起的高压利于油藏保存，7000ｍ的地层温度＜１６５℃，低于通常认为石油形成温度上限，油藏保存的深可以达到7000ｍ。铁岭灰岩高温高压模拟实验表明，高压抑制油向气转化。塔里木盆地古生界海相碳酸盐岩晚期二次生烃使生油窗延伸至Ｒｏ１.５%。     

塞内加尔盆地成藏组合划分与资源潜力评价

西非塞内加尔盆地是全球近期油气勘探最活跃的前缘盆地之一。基于盆地最新的油气藏数据和勘探成果,应用石油地质综合研究和含油气系统分析的方法,研究了塞内加尔盆地的油气分布规律和主控因素,以成藏组合为评价单元,评估了待发现油气可采资源量,并探讨了盆地油气资源潜力和未来的勘探领域。研究表明,盆地发育3套含油气系统,志留系含油气系统、盐下三叠系含油气系统和白垩系含油气系统,白垩系含油气系统是最重要的含油气系统。区域上,盆地的油气主要分布于毛里塔尼亚次盆和北部次盆;层系上,油气主要储集于上白垩统赛诺曼阶、下白垩统阿尔比阶和中新统;埋深上,盆地油气储量集中分布于1 500~2 000 m和2 000~2500 m。油气富集的主要控制因素是生储盖的有效配置、优质的储层和圈闭及盐活动。资源评价结果表明,塞内加尔盆地待发现石油、天然气和凝析油的可采资源量分别为1 5083×106 bbl、363 Tcf(万亿立方英尺)和3270×106 bbl,合计7 8879×106 boe油当量,最具勘探潜力的成藏组合是上白垩统赛诺曼阶成藏组合和下白垩统阿尔比阶成藏组合。     

准噶尔盆地腹部油气充注与再次运移研究

准噶尔盆地为一个经历多期构造运动的叠合型盆地。盆地腹部油气藏形成与演化是一个受多源、多期次油气充注与再次调整的复杂过程。采用烃源岩生烃史正演模拟与油气藏地质、地球化学反演分析相互验证的方法,表明腹部油气运聚可以分为早期、晚期和后期油气充注,即:早白垩世前的早期原油充注阶段,原油主要来自于下二叠统风城组烃源岩;晚白垩世以原油充注为主的晚期充注阶段,原油主要来源于上二叠统下乌尔禾组烃源岩;古近纪以来以天然气充注为主的后期充注阶段,天然气来自于风城组和下乌尔禾组烃源岩高过成熟阶段的产物。受喜马拉雅构造运动的影响,形成于中晚燕山期的腹部车莫古隆起发生掀斜作用,致使油气发生再次运移,调整后的腹部油气藏呈分散和小规模分布,油气藏类型由以构造圈闭为主变成以地层/岩性圈闭为主。     

渤海湾盆地古近纪古地理特征与油气*

渤海湾盆地是一个典型的内陆裂谷盆地,内部发育6个坳陷、4个隆起、54个凹陷和44个凸起。沉积盆地的含油气性与其古地理分布有密切的关系。利用渤海湾盆地各坳陷大量的录井、岩心、古生物、测井、地震资料及前人的大量文献和数据,对渤海湾盆地各坳陷古近系孔店组、沙河街组沙四段、沙三段、沙二段、沙一段、东营组进行了全区对比和统层。在此基础上,对冀中坳陷、济阳坳陷、临清坳陷内东濮凹陷各组段的沉积相进行了分析,编制了这些区域的古地理图;充分利用前人文献和科研报告中所编制的辽河坳陷、黄骅坳陷、渤海海域古近系各组段的古地理图,编制了渤海湾盆地孔店组、沙河街组沙四段、沙三段、沙二段、沙一段、东营组的古地理图。渤海湾盆地发育数十个含油气凹陷,每个凹陷中心的深湖亚相泥岩构成烃源岩,而在凹陷的边缘发育近岸水下扇、扇三角洲、三角洲、滩坝等砂体,构成重要的储集层,在有利的成藏条件下,凹陷中央的烃源岩向周围与之互层的储集层供烃形成油藏,在凹陷中央的烃源岩中,还发育了页岩油、页岩气、致密油气等非常规油气。因此,每个凹陷就是油气生成、运聚的基本单元,是一个独立的油气运移—聚集系统。生油凹陷的分布及其古地理特征控制了油气在渤海湾盆地古近系中的平面分布。     

Origins of High H_2S-bearing Natural Gas in China

Natural gas containing hydrogen sulphide （H2S） has been found in several petroliferous basins in China, such as the Sichuan Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, Ordos Basin, Tarim Basin, etc. Natural gas with higher HES contents （HES 〉5 % mol.） is mostly distributed in both the gas reservoirs of Dukouhe, Luojiazhai, Puguang and Tieshanpo, which belong to the Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the northeastern Sichuan Basin and those of the Kongdian-Shahejie formations in the northeastern Jinxian Sag of the Jizhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. In the Sichuan Basin, the HES contents of natural gas average over 9% and some can be 17 %, while those of the Bohai Bay Basin range from 40 % to 92 %, being then one of the gas reservoirs with the highest H2S contents in the world. Based on detailed observation and sample analysis results of a total 5000 m of core from over 70 wells in the above-mentioned two basins, especially sulfur isotopic analysis of gypsum, brimstone, pyrite and natural gas, also with integrated study of the geochemical characteristics of hydrocarbons, it is thought that the natural gas with high HES contents resulted from thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR） reactions. Among them, the natural gas in the Feixianguan Formation resulted from TSR reactions participated by hydrocarbon gas, while that in the Zhaolanzhuang of the Jinxian Sag being the product of TSR participated by crude oil. During the consumption process of hydrocarbons due to TSR, the heavy hydrocarbons were apt to react with sulfate, which accordingly resulted in the dry coefficient of natural gas increasing and the carbon isotopes becoming heavier.     

华南下寒武统Ni-Mo-Se多金属层S-Se同位素体系

为了进一步理解华南下寒武统Ni-Mo-Se多金属层的物质来源及形成环境,文中分析了遵义中南村和张家界后坪两个Ni-Mo-Se矿层及其围岩的黄铁矿硫同位素和全岩的硒同位素组成。硫同位素组成显示两个Ni-Mo-Se矿层形成时的环境存在区域性差别,中南村矿层形成于间歇开放的海洋环境,而后坪矿层形成于封闭的缺氧（静海）环境。较大的硫同位素范围暗示硫酸盐还原菌控制硫同位素的分馏,而热液流体可能提供了大量金属元素,从而导致矿层富集大量的硫化物和稀有金属。硒同位素组成指示牛蹄塘组底部热液流体的Se可能重新经历了氧化还原循环,而Se的富集过程可能受有机质和粘土矿物吸附或类质同象过程控制。因此,控制多金属富集的因素主要为富集金属的热液流体的参与和缺氧环境下的自生沉积。     

Geochemistry of Palaeozoic marine petroleum from the Tarim Basin, NW China: Part 3. Thermal cracking of liquid hydrocarbons and gas washing as the major mechanisms for deep gas condensate accumulations

The Lunnan Lower Uplift in the Tarim Basin, NW China contains a composite petroleum system with mainly biodegraded heavy oil in the west, normal oil in the center and gas condensate in the east. Twenty-three gas samples and 37 oil samples taken from three major hydrocarbon bearing intervals in the Lunnan lower bulge were analyzed for their stable carbon isotopes and molecular biomarkers. On the basis of their isotopic compositions, biomarkers, especially diamondoids, and integrating the physical properties of the hydrocarbons including densities, GOR and PVT relationships, it has been concluded that the recently discovered deep (6500 m) eastern Lungu giant Ordovician gas condensate pool with an estimated reserve of 723 million bbl oil equivalent is a secondary hydrocarbon accumulation derived from the mixing of an early formed oil and a late formed gas. The extremely dry gases with a gas dryness of >0.98 were derived from thermal cracking of crude oils and charged to an existing oil reservoir causing extensive gas washing and secondary alteration. Compared with most of the hydrocarbons in the Lunnan area, the gas from the eastern Lungu gas condensate pool has a heavier carbon isotopic composition, higher dryness and a higher maturity level. The unique physical, chemical and isotopic compositions of the gas condensate are believed to be a direct result of gas flushing of an early formed eastern Lungu oil pool by a late formed dry gas from oil cracking. The eastern Lungu gas condensate pool is presently characterized by containing “dry gas, heavy oil, abundant aromatics and high wax”.     

A comparison of results from two different flash pyrolysis methods on a solid bitumen sample

A Cambrian solid bitumen from northwestern Sichuan Basin, southern China was analyzed using two different flash pyrolysis methods coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, including Pyroprobe® and analytical laser micropyrolysis. Results show that pyrolysis products from a Pyroprobe® (model 5000) analysis are dominated by mono-, di- and tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whilst those from laser micropyrolysis are dominated by aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alk-1-ene/n-alkane doublets), which is consistent with the results from an FT-IR spectrum of the solid bitumen. According to the molecular compositions of the pyrolysates from two types of pyrolysis, results from a 532 nm continuous wave laser may be more suitable for pyrolysis research of bitumen/asphaltene. Thus, differences in pyrolysis techniques must be considered when used to characterize oil asphaltenes or source rock kerogens.     

柯坪隆起阿克苏油苗的地球化学特征及其成因研究

柯坪隆起区是塔里木盆地海相烃源岩露头发育较好的地区之一,但相关的油气研究报道不多。本文详细研究了塔里木盆地柯坪隆起区油苗的有机地球化学特征并进行了相关的成因分析。阿克苏油苗经历了严重的生物降解作用,饱和烃生物标志物所能提供的成因信息十分有限。原油沥青质组分及储层吸附/包裹烃受后生作用影响较小,综合分析油苗沥青质热解产物与吸附/包裹烃的生物标志物及其碳同位素组成可以获得更多有效的成因信息。研究结果表明,阿克苏油苗与其储层吸附/包裹烃具有不同来源。油苗、沥青质以及沥青质热解产物的碳同位素特征与已经报道的多数海相原油及其沥青质较为接近,与典型的寒武系烃源来源的原油差异显著。而储层吸附/包裹烃与已报道的典型寒武系烃源岩来源油的生物标志物及碳同位素特征比较类似,可能形成于较高的热演化阶段。     

物理调整油气藏的类型与成藏机制研究——运用三维荧光定量研究塔里木盆地轮南三叠系油气藏调整机制

轮南隆起是塔里木盆地海相油气最为富集的复式含油气区,从奥陶系到白垩系均发现工业油气流,均来源于中-上奥陶统海相烃源岩。中生界砂岩是海相油气成藏系统的"末端",目前发现的油气均来自奥陶系油气藏的调整。其中,轮南地区三叠系油气藏油气性质复杂、相态多样,不同地区的油气调整期次和成藏过程均不一致。激光诱导三维荧光定量分析技术也可以分析古油水界面变化,在确定古油柱高度,反映油气水变迁等方面发挥重要作用。根据三维荧光定量研究,划分出垂向调整、侧向运移和油气混合三种调整类型:轮南断垒带三叠系仅发生一期油气充注,奥陶系油气发生垂向调整聚集成藏;中部平台区喜马拉雅山期三叠系地层发生翘倾,油气主要通过不整合发生侧向运移调整;晚期的构造运动不仅是油气调整的动力机制,而且构造高部位是早期油气调整和后期油气汇聚的有利区域。根据三种油气调整成藏模式的油气地质特征分析认为,垂向调整油气藏分布范围受断层断开层位和组合形式限制;侧向运移的油气沿不整合面和层状砂体调整距离较远,分布范围较广,在局部岩性或构造圈闭聚集成藏,但油气丰度较低;油气混合型调整油气藏形成于多期构造作用的叠加区,现今构造高部位有利于多期油气汇聚,形成油气性质复杂、相态多样的油气藏。