多波束测深及影响精度的主要因素

通过多波束测深的基本原理、参数校正和数据改正方法的讨论,阐述了保证多波束测深精度的主要校改正方法,并在模型分析的基础上,探讨了声速剖面的结构及其时空变化对多波束测深精度的影响,指出了三个特征海区声速结构的分布特点,并提出了抑制三海区声速改正误差的可能方法及控制多波束测量中声速改正精度的措施     

联合WOA2018温盐模型及实测温盐资料重构全深度声速剖面(四):声速剖面应用

在深远海海域开展多波束水深测量时,受海上苛刻作业条件等多种影响,获取全深度声速剖面往往比较困难。首先联合WOA2018温盐模型和多个站位CTD、XCTD实测温盐剖面资料开展了全深度声速剖面重构,进而使用三组来源不同的全深度声速剖面开展了多波束测深声速改正对比分析。从试验结果看,这几组声速剖面对多波束测深精度的影响基本一致。特别是当假定CTD站位采用XCTD设备并由此推算深度大于1099m的温盐及声速剖面时,多波束测深的声速改正结果也能满足海底地形成果的质量要求。     

印度洋某测区多波束测量声速改正分析

海水声速是影响多波束测深精度的主要因素之一,声速改正方法是否正确直接关系测量结果的精度和可靠性。为保证多波束测深精度,除需具备符合精度要求的多波束系统及其外围设备外,在测量过程中还必须保证各项校正和改正的精度,而在各项校正和改正过程中最难以控制精度的因素便是声速改正。因此,应在测量前充分了解测区的声速变化情况,掌握海区声速变化特征,确定合理的声速剖面测量间隔和布设方位。文中阐述了海水声速特性,分析了印度洋某测区温度、盐度、声速变化规律,对多波束测深进行了正确的声速改正。     

多波束测量声速剖面EOF表示阶次选取研究

经验正交函数(EOF)是描述声速剖面的有效基函数,通常只需要前几阶EOF即可较为精确地表示声速剖面。但使用EOF重构的声速剖面进行多波束测量声速改正时,选取的阶次未必满足多波束测深精度要求。针对此问题,首先介绍了EOF表示声速剖面的原理及流程,然后以北海某区域实测声速剖面数据为例,分析了不同阶次EOF拟合声速剖面误差以及不同阶次EOF拟合声速剖面对多波束测深的影响,最后结合NOAA对多波束测量声速剖面误差造成的水深限差要求确定EOF阶次,实现了在满足多波束测深精度的同时,合理确定EOF阶次的目的。     

远海多波束水深测量中声速剖面获取方法研究

声速剖面正确与否直接影响多波束测深系统测量结果的精度和可靠性,为了获得准确可靠的多波束测深数据,必须努力获取正确的声速剖面数据,来对测深数据进行声速校正。为进一步解决如何高效、准确地获取深远海声速剖面问题,在介绍几种声速剖面获取方法及特点基础上,重点对比了几种方法在远海多波束水深测量中获取的声速剖面数据,并给出了声剖数据的质量检查方法和声剖获取的一般要求,可为同类测量工作提供参考。     

基于多波束数据的声速误差自动改正方法

讨论了声速误差对多波束测深值的影响,在此基础上,建立了自动搜索等效声速剖面的改正方法。该方法利用多波束实测数据搜索等效声速剖面,取代实测声速剖面,可削弱声速误差的影响。实例计算表明,利用多波束实测数据建立的声速剖面自动改正方法,能够有效地消除声速误差的影响,并且在处理过程中不需要人工干预,较大地提高了改正效率。     

BP神经网络在构建声速场中的应用研究

利用BP神经网络,探讨建立某测深区域三维声速场的数学模型,实现了声速剖面的拟合与预测,声速剖面误差为厘米级,此外分析计算证明声速剖面误差带给单波束测深的影响满足测量精度要求,在波束角小于70°时多波束测深的精度也能够达到测量精度的要求。     

多波束测深数据确定声速剖面方法研究

分析了声速剖面测量方法及其误差对多波束测深数据精度的影响.根据多波束测深仪45°倾角渡束测深数据对声速剖面误差不敏感的现象,提出了利用多波束测深仪45°倾角波束测深数据确定声速剖面的A-法并结合检查线计算测线交叉区特征点声速剖面误差,为测区声速剖面的外推提供控制,从而减小声速剖面测量误差对多波束测深的影响提高测深数据精度.     

SeaBeam2100多波束系统的声速误差分析

声速是多波束测深系统进行水深测量的重要参数。以SeaBeam2100多波束系统为例,结合实测资料,以MB-system多波束处理软件为辅助,对声速数据进行了分析,并深入探讨了声速剖面对SeaBeam2100多波束系统测深精度所产生的影响。研究表明,声速(尤其是表层声速)对所测水深的精确度起着关键作用。合理的声速剖面是获得高精度多波束测深资料的基本保证。     

多波束测深系统声速校正

海水声速是多波束测深系统进行水深测量的基本参数之一,声速剖面正确与否直接影响测量结果的精度和可靠性。声速校正为多波束测深系统提供了正确的声速剖面,根据声速剖面垂向上的变化规律,对原始声速数据进行科学采点,运用软件方法或实验方法对声速剖面进行编辑获得声速数据,最终取得合理可靠的水深值。这里对南海SA12试验区采集的声速资料进行了分析,以SeaBeam2100多波速测深系统为例,对声速校正的技术方法进行了探讨。     

Optimal localization of a seafloor transponder in shallow water using acoustic ranging and GPS observations

This study utilized circular and straight-line survey patterns for acoustic ranging to determine the position of a seafloor transponder and mean sound speed of the water column. To reduce the considerable computational burden and eliminate the risk of arriving at a local minimum on least-squares inversion, the position of a seafloor transponder was estimated by utilizing optimization approaches. Based on the implicit function theorem, the Jacobian for this inverse problem was derived to investigate the constraints of employing circular and straight-line survey patterns to estimate the position of a transponder. Both cases, with and without knowledge of the vertical sound speed profile, were considered. A transponder positioning experiment was conducted at sea to collect acoustic and GPS observations. With significant uncertainties inherent in GPS measurements and the use of a commercial acoustic transponder not designed for precise ranging, experimental results indicate that the transponder position can be estimated accurately on the order of decimeters. Moreover, the mean sound speed of the water column estimated by the proposed optimization scheme is in agreement with that derived from conductivity, temperature, and density (CTD) measurements.     

Correction for effects of temperature and pressure on sound speed in shallow seafloor sediments

Abstract

Three types of sediments were selected to measure their sound speed under changing temperature and pressure conditions in laboratory. The effects of temperature and pressure on sound speed in sediments and their trends were analyzed. The results showed that, with increasing temperature and pressure, the sound speed exhibits an increasing trend in all selected sediments. For each sample, the ratio of the sound speed in sediments to that in seawater almost remained unchanged at different pressures and temperatures, with a maximum fluctuation of 1.09% for temperature dependence and 0.68% pressure dependence. Combining the analysis of experimental results and sound speed correction procedure given by Hamilton, specific correction formulas of sound speed for temperature and pressure were presented. The laboratory-measured sound speed in the experiment and the sound speed obtained in the South Yellow Sea were corrected to reduce the effects of temperature and pressure using the correction formulas. The results show that the correction formulas with constant sound speed ratio are effective for correcting the sound speed measurement errors caused by changes in temperature and pressure. As a further consideration, the effects of the fluctuation of sound speed ratio on sound speed correction were analyzed.     

海洋声速剖面的自动聚类研究

以海区30'网格方区多年月平均统计的声速剖面作为原始数据集,提取声速剖面的表层、主跃层和深海等温层分层结构特征,把我国近海及其邻近海域预分为Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅲ类区。对Ⅱ,Ⅲ类区声速剖面,应用有序样本聚类算法分别进行表层分离。根据各类区的表层声速剖面数据,通过归一化处理和Akima差值采样得到梯度剖面,建立起按月归一化后的声速剖面分层梯度样本集,并应用系统聚类法和SOFM神经网络方法分别进行聚类分析,再根据分类结果并结合各类型海区的声学特点,得到各类型海区声速剖面的典型类型。通过对大量历史数据的分析结果表明,该方法为自动分类海洋声速剖面提供了一条有效路径,弥补了长期以来海洋声速剖面主要依靠人工分类的不足。     

基于二次多项式拟合的超短基线声线修正方法

超短基线定位解算中的距离观测值是指换能器与水下应答器之间的直线距离,而海水声速的不均匀分布导致声波在海水中的实际传播路径为连续弯曲的曲线,需要结合实测声速剖面进行声线修正。根据声速在分层介质中的传播特性,本文提出了一种基于二次多项式拟合的声线跟踪算法,采用线性插值方法对声速剖面数据进行合理加密并按等深度进行分层,设定每层声速梯度是不断变化的,用二次多项式拟合声速,基于运动学原理建立了完整的数学解算模型。仿真结果表明,该方法修正后的水下目标分布具有明显的收敛性,且优于等梯度声线跟踪算法和等效声速剖面法,显著提高了超短基线水声定位系统的定位精度。     

Relationships between the sound speed ratio and physical properties of surface sediments in the South Yellow Sea

Building empirical equations is an effective way to link the acoustic and physical properties of sediments. These equations play an important role in the prediction of sediments sound speeds required in underwater acoustics.Although many empirical equations coupling acoustic and physical properties have been developed over the past few decades, further confirmation of their applicability by obtaining large amounts of data, especially for equations based on in situ acoustic measurement techniques, is required. A sediment acoustic survey in the South Yellow Sea from 2009 to 2010 revealed statistical relationships between the in situ sound speed and sediment physical properties. To improve the comparability of these relationships with existing empirical equations, the present study calculated the ratio of the in situ sediment sound speed to the bottom seawater sound speed, and established the relationships between the sound speed ratio and the mean grain size, density and porosity of the sediment. The sound speed of seawater at in situ measurement stations was calculated using a perennially averaged seawater sound speed map by an interpolation method. Moreover, empirical relations between the index of impedance and the sound speed and the physical properties were established. The results confirmed that the existing empirical equations between the in situ sound speed ratio and the density and porosity have general suitability for application. This study also considered that a multiple-parameter equation coupling the sound speed ratio to both the porosity and the mean grain size may be more useful for predicting the sound speed than an equation coupling the sound speed ratio to the mean grain size.     

浅海沉积声学原位探测系统研制及深海功能拓展

海底沉积物的声速和声衰减系数等声学特性参数是影响水下声场空间结构、水声通讯、水声设备使用性能、海底目标探测的重要因素。介绍了最新研制的浅海海底沉积声学原位测量系统的工作原理、结构组成和性能特点,并对系统在黄海和南海海底沉积物声学特性调查中的应用情况进行了总结。最后,对系统在满足深海应用方面的功能拓展进行了讨论和展望。     

Precise Multibeam Acoustic Bathymetry

The maximum error in ocean depth measurement as specified by the International Hydrographic Organization is 1% for depth greater than 30m. Current acoustic multibeam bathymetric systems used for depth measurement are subject to errors from various sources which may significantly exceed this limit. The lack of sound speed profiles may be one significant source of error. Because of the limited ability of sound speed profile measurement, depth values are usually estimated using an assumed profile. If actual sound speed profiles are known, depth estimate errors can be corrected using ray-tracing methods. For depth measurements, the calculation of the location at which a sound pulse impinges on the sea bottom varies with the variation of the sound speed profile. We demonstrate that this location is almost unchanged for a family of sound speed profiles with the same surface value and the same area under them. Based on this observation, we can construct a simple constant-gradient equivalent sound speed profile to correct errors. Compared with ray-tracing methods, the equivalent sound speed profile method is more efficient. If a vertical depth is known (or independently measured), then depth correction for a multibeam system can be accomplished without knowledge of the actual sound speed profile. This leads to a new type of precise acoustic multibeam bathymetric system.     

Precise Multibeam Acoustic Bathymetry

The maximum error in ocean depth measurement as specified by the International Hydrographic Organization is 1% for depth greater than 30m. Current acoustic multibeam bathymetric systems used for depth measurement are subject to errors from various sources which may significantly exceed this limit. The lack of sound speed profiles may be one significant source of error. Because of the limited ability of sound speed profile measurement, depth values are usually estimated using an assumed profile. If actual sound speed profiles are known, depth estimate errors can be corrected using ray-tracing methods. For depth measurements, the calculation of the location at which a sound pulse impinges on the sea bottom varies with the variation of the sound speed profile. We demonstrate that this location is almost unchanged for a family of sound speed profiles with the same surface value and the same area under them. Based on this observation, we can construct a simple constant-gradient equivalent sound speed profile to correct errors. Compared with ray-tracing methods, the equivalent sound speed profile method is more efficient. If a vertical depth is known (or independently measured), then depth correction for a multibeam system can be accomplished without knowledge of the actual sound speed profile. This leads to a new type of precise acoustic multibeam bathymetric system.     

海底地形测量成果的质量检核评估(二):深远海海域声速剖面的获取

声速改正是海底地形探测资料处理的关键技术环节之一,而声速剖面的质量则将从源头上影响声速改正的精度。针对当前深远海海域海底地形探测中在何时、何地布放何种声速仪器获取声速剖面性价比更高的技术难题,提出将海底地形和温盐场作为在深度方向和时空间布放声剖站的设计依据,开展了基于WOA13温盐场提高XBT计算声速剖面精度试验。结果表明,基于已有的海底地形和温盐场可提高深远海海域声速剖面站布设的性价比。