基于组合罗德里格矩阵的异常特征点探测

特征点是点云配准的基础,针对异常特征点对点云配准精度的影响,本文给出了一种异常特征点探测方法,即根据罗德里格矩阵的性质,对特征点进行向量组合,对比分析不同向量组合的点云配准精度,确定配准误差超限的向量组合,此向量组合中含有而其他向量组合中不含有的特征点,便是异常特征点。通过实例验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于二维图像特征的点云配准方法

为了提高低覆盖率点云的配准精度和收敛速度,提出了一种基于二维图像特征的点云配准方法。首先采用基于区域层次的点云配准算法实现粗配准;然后将三维点云转换成二维图像,再采用SURF算法提取二维图像的特征,并求解其匹配像素点对;最后根据二维匹配点获取相应的三维点云相关点,并计算刚体变换,由此实现点云的快速精确配准。试验结果表明,与迭代最近点（ICP）算法相比,该点云配准方法的配准精度和耗时分别提高了约20%和60%,是一种快速、高精度的点云配准算法。     

基于可移动角点的航空和地面LiDAR数据配准

针对航空和地面LiDAR数据配准中点云数据的共轭特征较少且精度差异较大的问题,提出了一种基于可移动角点的航空和地面LiDAR数据配准方法:从航空和地面LiDAR数据中分别提取相应的建筑物角点,采用6参数模型对角点进行初始配准;以地面角点为参照,利用迭代移动方法对误差较大的航空角点进行修正;最后根据移动后的航空和地面角点计算获得点云配准关系。实验结果表明,该文方法可取得较好的点云配准效果,角点修正后能有效提升点云配准精度,适合于含有角点特征的航空和地面LiDAR数据配准。     

基于点线特征的建筑物点云配准方法

针对建筑物表面具有明显的几何特征这一特点,提出基于点线特征的建筑物点云配准方法。首先基于点云配准基本理论,利用提取的建筑物点特征使用对偶四元数实现建筑物不同测站点云的粗配准,获取初始配准参数以及配准后的建筑物点云数据,然后将粗配准获取的参数作为待求精确参数值的初始值,利用建筑物中的线特征将共线方程作为精配准的数学模型,最后通过平差迭代获取参数的精确值,实现不同测站建筑物点云的高精度配准。实验结果表明,获取的配准后同名特征距离中误差为2.1×10^-3 m,证明了将点线特征相结合可以有效改善建筑物点云配准质量,提高建筑物点云配准的精度,对建筑物三维重建具有重要意义。     

利用邻域特征点相关性的点云配准算法

针对经典ICP进行点云配准容易陷入局部最优且处理时间长、精度低的问题,本文提出一种利用邻域提取特征点进行配准的优化算法。首先,通过邻域特征计算法向量和曲率特征从待匹配数据中选取特征点,通过特征点匹配得到配准平移和旋转参数,并利用配准参数对待匹配数据进行初始配准,然后,通过ICP算法对数据进行精细配准。试验证明,在利用特征点进行初始配准的基础上,解决了经典ICP算法容易陷入局部最优的问题,且具有良好的配准精度和运行效率。     

几何刚性和法向量采样一致性的点云配准算法

针对三维激光点云配准中随机采样一致性(RANSAC)算法存在采样次数多、准确度低的缺点,该文提出了一种结合几何刚性和法向量一致性的点云配准算法。该算法通过改进采样策略降低采样次数并提升匹配精度,首先将点云的法向量信息加入采样集,使得每次的采样点从三对减少为两对;接着以两对采样点的刚性和法向量一致性计算置信度来确定当前采样是否置信;最后以迭代运算选取采样内点数最高的样本来估算变换矩阵实现点云精确配准。对激光三维点云进行配准试验,结果表明,本文方法在匹配效率及匹配性能上均优于传统RANSAC算法,且配准精度更高。     

基于平面特征的地面雷达点云配准算法

针对地面LiDAR点云配准中不同坐标系点云数据存在对应的平面特征不同的问题,文章提出了一种基于总体最小二乘的地面LiDAR点云数据配准算法:通过对分割后的点云数据平面拟合,得到相应法向量;根据不同坐标系中LiDAR点云数据对应的平面法向量,利用反对称矩阵和罗德里格矩阵的性质,用3个独立参数代替3个旋转参数,采用总体最小二乘法建立旋转矩阵解算模型;采用总体最小二乘法确定平移参数的计算公式;最后根据转换后特征点云与对应平面点云的重复情况,给出了配准模型的精度公式。实验结果表明该方法精度较高,可以取得较好的点云配准效果,适合于含有大量重复平面特征的点云数据的配准。     

平面特征的多站地面激光雷达点云配准

为了进一步研究建筑物密集区域多站地面激光雷达(LiDAR)点云数据的配准问题,该文提出一种基于平面特征的地面LiDAR数据配准方法:对点云数据进行分割获取平面信息;人工选择典型的平面,对相应的点云数据进行平面拟合,得到相应法向量;利用罗德里格矩阵的性质,建立三维激光扫描数据配准模型。实验结果表明,该方法的配准精度较高、计算速度快,可以取得较好的点云配准效果。     

利用特征点采样一致性改进ICP算法点云配准方法

针对传统迭代最近点算法(ICP)对点云初始位置要求高、收敛速度慢和易陷入局部最优的问题,本文提出了一种基于特征点采样一致性算法改进ICP算法的点云配准方法.首先使用体素网格法采样,通过法向量邻域夹角特性提取特征点并建立快速点特征直方图(FPFH)进行特征描述;然后使用采样一致性算法(SAC-IA)粗配准计算出点云的初始坐标变换,进而使点云获得较好的初始位置;最后通过K维树近邻搜索改进ICP算法,完成点云精确配准.实验结果表明,所提出的方法能够提供良好的初始位置,提高传统ICP算法点云的配准精度和收敛速度.     

线状特征约束下基于四元数描述的LiDAR点云配准方法

针对经典的基于同名点状特征匹配的LiDAR点云配准算法存在计算量大,点状特征提取精度低,以及基于七参数转换模型的LiDAR点云配准算法中方程线性化过程对配准精度影响较大的特点,提出了以线状特征作为LiDAR点云配准的基元,利用四元数法来表达旋转矩阵,进而形成线状特征约束下基于四元数描述的LiDAR点云配准方法,给出了线状特征约束下三维相似变换的相似性测度表达方法,推导并论证了以线状特征作为配准基元时同名线状特征需要满足的条件。根据四元数与旋转变换矩阵之间的对应关系,求解了基于四元数法的旋转矩阵,并根据旋转矩阵求解了平移及缩放系数。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。