黄骅坳陷三马地区中-深部储层成岩作用及主控因素分析

黄骅坳陷三马地区储集岩样品的显微特征及成岩矿物的组合关系分析结果表明，三马地区下第三系中深层储层主要处于晚成岩A期，成岩现象包括石英、长石的次生加大、碳酸盐矿物胶结作用、矿物交代作用、溶解作用和粘土矿物转化作用等。其中石英次生加大于2700m左右开始出现，随埋深增大，石英增生加强；长石次生加大现象不十分普遍；碳酸盐胶结作用包括早期自生泥晶方解石胶结作用、连晶方解石和晚期白云石(或铁方解石)的胶结作用。在扫描电镜下可见到方解石与含铁方解石集合体充填在粒间孔隙中或与石英、钠长石及粘土矿物共生，白云岩多呈菱形粒状分布于粒间；常见的交代现象主要有方解石交代长石、石英及粘土矿物，粘土矿物交代长石、石英等；溶解作用主要有长石的溶解、碳酸盐颗粒的溶解和方解石胶结物的溶解等，粘土矿物的转化主要为蒙脱石、高岭石向伊利石(或绿泥石)转化。还讨论了储层岩相、岩性特征、孔隙水中有机酸含量、早期方解石的充填、烃类早期注入等因素对储层成岩演化的控制作用。     

松辽盆地白垩系砂岩长石碎屑的钠长石化作用

松辽盆地白垩系砂岩以长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为特征。砂岩中发育长石碎屑、岩屑等不稳定组分，而且随着埋藏深度加深（成岩作用加强）钾长石逐渐减少并最终在2700m以下消失。斜长石碎屑中钠长石组分逐渐增多，钙长石组分逐渐减少，最终形成纯钠端元的钠长石。在成岩过程中长石碎屑的钠长石化主要有3种方式：①由离子交代作用导致长石碎屑的钠长石化；②长石碎屑边缘钠长石次生生长；③与长石碎屑溶解伴生的新生钠长石作用。结合热动力学平衡原理分析，斜长石的钠长石化基本不受成岩温度和压力的制约，而钾长石的钠长石化需要较高的成岩温度和压力作用才能进行。因此，斜长石的钠长石化可见于成岩早期，而钾长石的钠长石化只发生于成岩晚期。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中南部三叠系延长组8油层组成岩作用及其对储层物性的控制

鄂尔多斯盆地中南部延长组8油层组主要成岩作用包括压实作用、石英次生加大、自生绿泥石膜生长、次生高岭石化、连晶方解石交代、长石溶蚀。根据铸体薄片,碳氧同位素分析,确定了各种主要成岩产物的空间分布和成因,分析了成岩产物分布与现今总面孔率的关系,从而确定8油层组的物性主要受石英次生加大、连晶方解石、长石溶孔、剩余原生孔隙分布的控制。石英次生加大和连晶方解石发育的地方,储层物性差;具自生绿泥石膜的剩余原生孔隙和长石溶孔发育的地方,储层物性好。     

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组砂岩钠长石化与热液成岩作用研究

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组储层砂岩发育大量自生钠长石矿物,其成因和产出与浊沸石有关,含量和分布比浊沸石多而广泛,但没有引起人们的注意。大量详细岩相学观察发现延长组储层砂岩发育丰富的自生钠长石,其主要为由斜长石碎屑蚀变形成或呈胶结物充填分布在砂岩碎屑颗粒之间。钠长石中含有大量原生的发亮黄色荧光的油气包裹体,表明其形成与油气注入同时。电子探针成分分析表明,钠长石Na2O含量较高,几乎为斜长石的纯钠长石端员(NaAlSi3O8),没有钙长石端员(CaAl2Si2O8)。激光拉曼光谱特征反映出钠长石为沉积成岩期形成的低温钠长石,而非来源于岩浆岩或者变质岩区的碎屑钠长石。应用LA-MC-ICP/MS原位微分析技术对钠长石进行的稀土元素分析表明,延长组砂岩钠长石具有热水成岩作用地球化学特征,属于热液成岩作用产物。认为大量钠长石形成与石油充注的同时进行导致了储层致密过程中岩性油藏的形成。延长组储层砂岩中热液成岩作用对油藏形成和分布意义重大,值得重视和研究。     

陕甘宁盆地庆阳地区长8油层砂岩成岩作用及其对储层性质的影响

庆阳地区长8油层为湖泊三角洲前缘沉积。水下分流河道和河口砂坝组成的指状砂坝控制了水下三角洲沉积格局。砂岩主要由细砂和少量中砂组成,砂岩类型主要为细粒岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩。主要成岩矿物为绿泥石环边、方解石胶结物、石英和长石加大生长、伊利石、伊-蒙混层、钠长石和高岭石等。绿泥石环边的发育对原生粒间孔的保存起到有利的作用,对石英和长石加大起到抑制作用。烃类注入时储层埋深已较大,不利于孔隙保存。储层发育粒间孔隙、粒内溶孔、铸模孔隙、特大孔隙、裂缝孔隙和微孔隙等多种孔隙类型,其中以粒间孔隙最为发育。局部发育的特大孔隙和伸长状孔隙表明该区发生了一定规模的次生溶蚀作用。长8油层主要受埋藏作用的影响,成岩演化处于晚成岩A期。主要成岩相类型为绿泥石环边胶结成岩相、压实充填成岩相、压实压溶成岩相和碳酸盐胶结成岩相,不同成岩相类型决定了油气储层性质不同,绿泥石环边胶结成岩相构成了本区最好的储层类型。     

陆梁油田储层成岩作用与孔隙演化

对陆梁油田白垩系及侏罗系储层成岩作用过程的研究表明,储层的孔隙演化主要与压实作用、溶蚀作用和胶结作用等有密切关系。压实作用、石英次生加大和高岭石的后期充填作用是使孔隙遭受破坏的主要成岩作用类型,长石和碳酸盐矿物的溶蚀作用是形成次生孔隙的主要成岩作用类型。各种成岩作用的时空配置关系控制着孔隙的发育程度;储层孔隙发育具垂向分带性,在纵向上发育一个次生孔隙带,这对预测本区储层物性的空间分布具有重要意义。     

库车凹陷克拉2气田深层优质储层成因及成岩作用模式

基于成岩作用的影响因素及库车盆地的实际,深入研究了克拉2气田次生孔隙发育段储层岩石成分特征及早期古气候条件下胶结物对于成岩作用及次生孔隙的影响,分析了地层压力系统中超高压带、构造裂缝、自生矿物分带的成因、作用、特点及其与储层物性、成岩环境的相关关系,评价了储层中长石、方解石的溶解,白云石对方解石的交代,压实、胶结等主要成岩作用类型对次生孔隙的具体影响和贡献,认为该区早期碱性成岩环境下方解石胶结物的溶解是形成该区次生孔隙发育带的主导因素,并根据该区自生矿物流体包裹体及埋藏史特征,建立了该区成岩作用及孔隙演化的模式。     

成岩过程中长石、高岭石、伊利石之间的物质交换与次生孔隙的形成：来自鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界和川西凹陷三叠系须家河组的研究

根据我国鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界和四川盆地三叠系须家河组砂岩成岩作用和次生孔隙形成机制的研究,总结了碎屑岩成岩过程中长石、高岭石、伊利石之间的物质交换及其对次生孔隙形成的影响。研究表明：（1）砂岩埋藏前组成中长石的类型及相对含量、含膨胀层的粘土矿物（如同期火山物质）的数量、系统的开放性与封闭性以及流体中额外钾离子的存在与否直接控制了长石的溶解方式和次生孔隙的形成机制;（2）在热力学上最不稳定且低温条件下更易溶解的偏基性斜长石在同生到埋藏成岩作用初期已大量溶解,并伴随高岭石的沉淀,在热力学上相对稳定的钾长石是保存时间最长的长石类型,也是以后埋藏成岩过程中对次生孔隙贡献最多的长石类型;（3）在埋藏成岩作用初期到120—140℃古地温以前的成岩阶段中,蒙皂石．伊利石的转化反应是克服埋藏成岩过程中钾长石溶解动力学屏障的重要机制,如果骨架颗粒中存在较多的钾长石和较多的含膨胀层的粘土矿物,则次生孔隙主要由钾长石溶解提供,并有斜长石的钠长石化或自生钠长石沉淀,这是鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界石盒子组和三叠系延长组次生孔隙的主要形成机制;（4）在120～140℃古地温以后的深埋藏成岩阶段中,高岭石的伊利石化是克服埋藏成岩过程中钾长石溶解动力学屏障的另一重要机制,而钾长石的溶解又是封闭条件下高岭石的伊利石化的必要伴随反应,地层中钾长石和高岭石的相对数量控制了长石的溶解以及溶解产物中钾长石、高岭石、伊利石三种矿物间的数量关系,只要地层中钾长石（或高岭石）没有消耗完,钾长石的溶解和高岭石伊利石化反应就会持续发生并在深埋藏条件下形成次生孔隙,这是鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组和四川盆地三叠系须家河组二段砂岩?     

澳大利亚North Carnarvon盆地三叠系Mungaroo组砂岩储层物性和主控因素分析

North Carnarvon盆地三叠系Mungaroo组发育典型的海陆过渡相浅水三角洲,三角洲平原亚相分布广,薄煤层广泛发育。通过岩心、薄片的观察鉴定以及测井资料、扫描电镜、黏土矿物等的分析得到三叠系储层Mungaroo组砂岩类型主要为石英砂岩和长石石英砂岩,具有结构成熟度低、成分成熟度高的特点,不同相带与构造单元砂岩物性差异较大。菱铁矿、高岭石、石英加大边与海绿石是控制Mungaroo组储层物性的典型成岩矿物类型,体现了海陆过渡相砂岩的成岩特点。近端三角洲平原亚相砂岩长石早期溶蚀生成大量土状高岭石与伊利石,且菱铁矿含量较高,充填大量原生粒间孔隙;而远端三角洲平原亚相保留了大量原生粒间孔及长石溶解形成的次生孔,储层物性较好;三角洲前缘亚相砂岩钙质及海绿石胶结物普遍发育,储层物性较差。Dampier坳陷和Barrow坳陷区埋深大,加上砂岩石英颗粒含量高,石英次生加大强烈,碎屑颗粒以线接触—缝合线接触为主;而在紧邻的Exmouth低隆起和Rankin断隆带等低隆起区由于上覆地层厚度较薄,砂岩压实程度较低,普遍发育优质储层。     

安塞油田长2油层成岩作用及其对储层物性的影响

安塞地区长2油层储层以中细粒长石砂岩为主，主要成岩矿物为绿泥石环边、方解石胶结物、石英和长石加大生长、伊利石、伊一蒙混层、钠长石和高岭石等。绿泥石环边的发育对原生粒间孔的保存起到有利的作用。石英加大级别达Ⅲ级，加大边含有丰富的有机包体，均一温度范围48．1～76．5℃，烃类进入储层的时间为早白垩世中期至晚白垩世。储层发育多种孔隙类型，面孔率平均为11．60％．主要类型有粒间孔、骨架颗粒溶孔和微裂缝等。残余粒间孔和骨架颗粒溶孔是本区长2储层的主要孔隙类型。根据成岩作用的矿物岩石学标志、有机质成熟度及古温度，将长2油层砂岩的成岩作用划分为3个成岩阶段：早成岩阶段、晚成岩阶段和表生成岩阶段。储层性质明显地受到沉积微相和成岩作用的影响，沉积物粒度较粗、厚度较大的分流河道储集物性明显优于各种粒度较细、厚度较薄的分流间席状砂体。     

Alterations of cretaceous siltstones and sandstones near basalt contacts (Nûgssuaq,Greenland)

The influence of the intrusion of basaltic dykes and sills was investigated on sandstones and siltstones of the Atane Formation (Turonian-Coniacian) from the Sarqaq area (Nûgssuaq peninsula, central West Greenland).In the unaltered rock sequence, the siltstones are dominated by kaolinite, quartz and feldspar. No cementation was observed. The sandstones which are prevalent in this formation are arkoses and lithic arkoses with quartz/feldspar ratios of about 1, with variable contents of rock fragments and with minor amounts of matrix. The matrix consists mainly of kaolinite, less frequently of illite-muscovite and smectite or interstratified illite-smectite. Cement minerals include calcite, Fe-calcite, both mainly in concretions, and subordinate Fe-oxide hydrates.The porosity of the sandstones and siltstones indicates a former maximum depth of burial of 1000 m in the Sarqaq region.Adjacent to thin dykes and sills (1–2 m) the above-described rocks are altered as follows. In sandstones albite (fibrous), quartzine, smectite, goethite were all formed at the expense of kaolinitic matrix, and aragonite cement. In siltstones, interstratified illite-smectite, illite, smectite and low-cristobalite replaced kaolinite. These minerals, especially smectite, exclude temperatures above 200°C; they were probably formed during a cooling period.Adjacent to thicker basalt intrusions—only sills, over 5 m thick, and no dykes are known from this area—the following alterations are observed. In sandstones two textural types of albite were formed in addition to: (1) fibrous albite mentioned above; (2) undulose lath-shaped albite; (3) coarse-twinned non-undulose replacement albite. Moreover, brownish luminescing undulose quartz, muscovite, chlorite, epidote, nontronite and anatase occur. In siltstones the mineral association muscovite-chlorite-pyrophyllite-albite occurs, suggesting temperatures in the range of 250–500°C. Additionally a 22–26 Å mixed-layer mineral (chlorite-muscovite?) formed. At the contacts of thick as well as thin basalt intrusions the detrital grains directly adjoining the basalt are partly fractured; potassium feldspar grains show also a chemical disintegration.The temperatures calculated by application of a cooling model are higher than those indicated by the mineral alterations observed. Convective heat transfer by pore water is suggested as an explanation.     

Zur Diagenese fluviatiler Sandsteine

Are cement minerals that form during the first stages of diagenesis indicative of the environment of deposition? Discussions of fluvial, marine, and evaporitic sandstones of Triassic and Upper Carboniferous age (fig. 1) indicate that kaolinite, sudoite, and potassium feldspar cements can be regarded as characteristic of freshwater sandstones, whereas (early) chlorite, analcime and albite cements are found in marine and evaporitic sandstones mainly, provided that influences of meteoric water during diagenesis can be excluded. Humid climate favors kaolinite, arid favors potassium feldspar. Early diagenetic siderite concretions develop in coal swamps. Reddish biotites are not resistant during synsedimentary weathering in humid alluvial plains. As a consequence of increasing pH, temperature, and salinity of the interstitial fluids with increasing burial depth, common sequences of cementation include (1) silicates + quartz, (2) carbonates, (3) sulphates, (4) halite (fig. 3). The formation of quartz — the most important cement — is mainly governed by modifications of the micro-environment (e.g. pressure solution). In the Lower Triassic Buntsandstein, lithification due to quartz cementation occurred at a burial depth of about 1000–1200 m in alluvial as well as in brackisch to marine sandstones. Cementation by potassium feldspar (in the alluvial sandstones) and by analcime transforming into albite (in the brackish to evaporitic sandstones) occurred earlier. This was shown by investigations of minus-cement-porosity and contact strength (fig. 2).     

Feldspar albitization in Cretaceous non-marine mudrocks, Gyeongsang Basin, Korea

Plagioclases and K-feldspars in the sandstones and mudrocks of the Cretaceous non-marine Gyeongsang Basin, Korea, were partially to completely albitized. The preservation of fresh plagioclase grains in early micrite-cemented sandstones suggests the diagenetic origin of albite. Albitization textures in mudrocks were examined using backscattered electron images. In contrast to completely albitized plagioclase grains in sandstones, those in mudrocks are mostly partially albitized. It suggests that mudrocks can be more useful for a provenance study than sandstones by preserving detrital minerals better. K-feldspar is unaltered to partially albitized in both sandstones and mudrocks. In mudrocks albitization starts preferentially along microfractures, cleavages and grain margins. Albitization along grain margins seems to be a characteristic feature in mudrocks where development of microfractures in silt-sized feldspar grains by physical compaction is limited by clayey matrix as well as by overpressure. The extent of albitization in mudrocks is mainly controlled by composition of the detrital plagioclase. Mudrocks containing calcic plagioclase grains tend to be more extensively albitized than those containing sodic varieties.     

鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾区块延长组长81储层成岩作用特征及其对储集物性的影响

鄂尔多斯盆地镇泾区块上三叠统延长组长81储层具有成分成熟度低,结构成熟度中等到好的特点,岩性以岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主.长81砂岩属于特低孔特低渗储层,以次生溶蚀粒间孔为主要储集空间.目前储层正处于中成岩阶段A期,主要发育压实、胶结、溶解和交代4种成岩作用类型.机械压实作用是造成长81储层埋深小于2000 m砂岩...     

Origins of authigenic minerals and their impacts on reservoir quality of tight sandstones: Upper Triassic Chang-7 Member,Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,China

Reservoir quality is critical for sweet-spot evaluation in tight sandstone plays, but few studies have focused on the origin of authigenic minerals in tight sandstones and their impact on reservoir quality. This study integrates petrographic analysis, carbon and oxygen isotopic data and mercury injection capillary pressure data of the Upper Triassic Chang-7 tight sand reservoir samples in the Ordos Basin, China to understand the origin of authigenic minerals and the impact of authigenic minerals on reservoir quality. Carbonate minerals, including calcite, ferroan calcite and dolomite, and kaolinite, are the major authigenic minerals in the Chang-7 sandstone. They were derived from the chemical diagenetic alteration of detrital feldspar and biotite, with the involvement of ions that are believed to be primarily from the connate water in interstitial pore space of the interbedded mudstones. Meteoric water and organic fluids from hydrocarbon generation may also have been involved in the alteration processes of the minerals in the Chang-7 tight sandstone. The origin of kaolinite indicates that the porosity was increased by dissolution of detrital grains, offsetting the porosity loss from burial compaction. Authigenic minerals appear to have a weak correlation with pore structure, suggesting that the pore structure of the Chang-7 tight sandstone is not only controlled by major authigenic minerals but also affected by other geological factors.     

Petrographie und Diagenese des Stubensandsteines (mittlerer Keuper) aus Tiefbohrungen im Raum Memmingen (Bayern)

The “Stubensandstein” (Middle Keuper) of the Memmingen region (Southern Germany) — the detrital deposit of a nearby granitic red-soil area — was investigated sedimentologically, on the basis of three cores from 2,230, 1,930 and 1,420 metres depth. Shale- and marl-layers are intercalated in beds of coarse grained, immature sandstone. The rare carbonate is predominantly early diagenetic dolomite. The most exceptional result of the diagenesis is the formation of a variously composed claymineral association in the porous sandstones: Kaolinite, sudoite, sudoite/montmorillonitemixed-layers and tosudite (a regular 1∶1 sudoite/montm.-mixed-layer). The detrital component of the clay-minerals (illite and illite/montm.-mixed-layers) is preserved more or less unchanged in the shales, marls and argillaceous sandstones. Two main diagenetic phases can be distinguished:

1. The early diagenetic formation of kaolinite out of the solution-products of feldspars in acid environment. Quartz is precipitated in microcrystalline form in the pore space, garnet is partly dissolved.
2. In the course of the Neogen deep burial stage kaolinite becomes unstable and sudoite and sudoite/montm. are newformed; the intensity of this phenomenon depends on depth of burial and rock-permeability. Calcite sporadically crystallizes out of an environment that has become alkaline; adjacent feldspar becomes more or less dissolved and is pseudomorphically replaced by calcite. Al(OH)₃ is thereby released and is fixed in montmorillonite, thus forming the sudoite of the carbonatic horizons, which never contain kaolinite.

     

Kinetic Modeling of Diagenesis of Eogene Lacustrine Sandstone Reservoirs in the Jianghan Basin,Southeastern China

In the Tuoshi oilfield,located in the Cenozoic Jianghan Basin of southeastern China ,there have been found hydrocarbon reservoirs hosted in lacustrine sandstones of the Eogene Xingouzui Formation.The main diagenetic features identified in these sandstones include the dissolution of detrital K-feldspar and albite grains,the precipitation of quartz as overgrowths and /or cements ,and the precipitation and /or transformation of clay minerals.These diagenetic features were interpreted to have occurred in early,intermediate and late stages,based on the burial depth.The kinetics of fluid-mineral reactions and the concentrations of aqueous species au each stage of diagenesis were simulated numerically for these lacustrine sandstones,using a quasi-sta-tionary state approximation that incorporates simultaneous chemical reactions in a time-space continuum.During the early diagenetic stage,pore fluid was weakly acidic,which resulted in dissolution of K-feldspar and albite and,therefore,led to the release of K^ ,Na^ ,Al^3 and SiO2(aq) into the diagenetic fluid.The increased K^ ,Na^ ,Al^3 and SiO2(aq) concentrations in the diagenetic fluid caused the precipitation of quartz,kaolinite and illite.At the beginning of the intermediate diagenetic stage the concentration of H^ was built up due to the decomposition of organic matter,which was responsible for further dissolution of K-feldspar and albite and pre-cipitation of quartz,kaolinite,and illite.During the late diagenetic stage,the pore fluid was weakly alkaline,K-feldspar became stable and was precipitated with quartz and clay minerals.When the burial depth was greater than 3000 m,the pore fluids became supersaturated with respect to allbite,but undersaturated with respect to quartz,resulting in the precipitation of albite and the dissolution of quartz.The diagenetic reactions forecasted in the numerical modeling closely matched the diagenet-ic features identified by petrographic examination, and therefore,can help us to gain a better understanding of the diagenetic processes and associated porosity evolution in sandstone reservoirs.