东南沿海地区第四纪大陆岩石圈地幔的特征

东南沿海地区新生代玄武岩中的橄榄岩包体来自年轻的大陆岩石圈地幔 ,该岩石圈地幔在岩石学、矿物组成、痕量元素以及Sr Nd同位素组成等各方面具有很大差异。这些差异反映了它们来自不同的地幔过程。南海张开与地幔热柱有关 ,南海扩张后第四纪形成的火山岩携至地表的包体更多保留了地幔热柱的信息。橄榄岩包体的矿物成分与深海橄榄岩类似 ,相对贫Opx而富Ol;在痕量元素上 ,表现为强不相容元素的富集 ,其配分模式类似于其寄主岩 ;Nd同位素强烈亏损 ,显示出比MORB源区更亏损的特征。大陆岩石圈地幔经历了来自地幔深处的贫SiO2 熔体的进一步改造。     

云南金宝山铂钯矿Nd-Os同位素特征及成因意义

金宝山铂钯矿是峨眉山大火成岩省具有典型意义的岩浆Ni-Cu-PGE矿床,成矿岩体岩矿石Sm-Nd、Re-Os同位素特征表明为地幔柱成因并受到岩石圈地幔和地壳混染作用的影响.∈Nda=+0.01～+0.89,显著高于大陆岩石圈地幔,而低于软流圈地幔,介于地幔柱与岩石圈地幔之间但明显靠近地幔柱的同位素组成.γOs=20～60,高于任何端员类型的地幔储集库,反映地壳混染作用.混合模型分析表明,成矿岩浆演化经历了10%左右的大陆岩石圈地幔熔体混合并受到下地壳5%～10%的混染.     

华北太古代上地幔钕同位素组成、演化及对该区岩石圈地幔不均一性的制约

近年所获得的华北各地区太古代变质火山岩系9个较准确的Sm-Nd同位素年龄及初始Nd同位素比值表明,华北太古代(3500—2500Ma)上地幔都是亏损的,但在1000Ma范围內其ε_(Nd)值一直恒定在+3左右,与全球太古代亏损地幔Nd同位素演化规律一致。这表明华北太古代的构造体制有可能使大量地壳物质重新进入地幔从而保持ε_(Nd)值的恒定。如果华北大陆岩石圈地幔的主体是在太古代时从对流上地幔中分离出来的,利用该区太古代上地幔Nd同位素组成及其可能的sm/Nd值进行计算,可获得该区岩石圈非交代地幔应是与N型大洋中脊玄武岩(以下简称MORB)源类似或更亏损的高亏损地幔,其现代ε-(Nd)值最大变化范围在+7—+23之间。至今在华北我们尚未发现由这种高亏损非交代大陆岩石圈地幔产生的大陆玄武岩。如果某些大陆玄武岩可能产生于大陆岩石圈地幔,则其源区必定是经过地幔交代作用再富集了的地幔。     

华南显生宙时期岩石圈地幔的性质与形成时代

火山岩携带的橄榄岩捕虏体是研究深部岩石圈地幔成分特征与热结构状态的最直接样品。湖北大洪山早奥陶世钾镁煌斑岩携带的石榴二辉橄榄岩具有富集的地球化学特征,指示当时的岩石圈厚度可达110 km。华南内陆地区宁远和道县早侏罗世玄武岩所携带的地幔包体具有饱满的成分特征,代表遭受了较低程度部分熔融的地幔残留。宁远地幔包体的全岩Re-Os同位素特征显示该地区中生代大陆岩石圈地幔为从软流圈新增生而形成的新生地幔。这表明内陆地区古生代存在的富集地幔被完全拆沉,并被新生地幔所取代;中生代内陆地区的岩石圈拆沉作用可能与该地区自225 Ma以来大规模的岩石圈伸展作用有关。华南新生代地幔包体主要分布在沿海地区。通过地幔包体矿物成分估算获得的温度与压力资料揭示新生代沿海地区岩石圈厚度约为80～90 km,并具有热的地温梯度。无论是全岩还是硫化物的Re-Os同位素特征都表明沿海地区在新生代仍残留有古元古代岩石圈地幔,表明新生代沿海地区的拉张作用仅导致了岩石圈地幔的部分拆沉和减薄。     

峨眉山玄武岩研究中的一些问题的讨论

峨眉山玄武岩是当前研究的特点，本文从以下方面论述了峨眉山玄武岩研究中存在的一些问题：时空分布；岩石组合；高Ti和低Ti玄武岩；与其它典型大陆溢流玄武岩的异同点；与地幔柱的关系和地幔柱的起因。对这些问题提出了一些新的认识和解释，或者提出了解决这些问题的途径。这些问题的解决，对研究娥眉山玄武岩本身以及地幔柱－岩石圈的相互作用及其成矿效应均具有重要意义。     

地幔地球化学研究进展:微量元素和同位素特征

系统介绍了近年来地幔同位素地球化学的研究进展,概述了Ｓｒ－Ｎｄ－Ｈｆ－Ｐｂ、Ｏｓ、Ｈｅ－Ａｒ和Ｎｅ同位素在的岩石示踪和成因鉴别上所取得的成果,指出同位素在地幔岩石研究的重要作用,简要总结了全球及区域地幔成分的主要研究手段和某些全球均一化比值的意义;并提出了分析技术的落后和基础理论的停滞是影响同位素和微量元素在地幔研究中应用和发展的主要因素。     

胶辽半岛金伯利岩中地幔捕虏体岩石学特征：古生代岩石圈地幔及其不均一性

华北东部古生代岩石圈地幔经历过复杂的多旋回多阶段熔融岩浆、重结晶、变质和剪切变形历史,因而岩石组成、结构复杂.地幔橄榄岩的主元素、地幔矿物特别是金刚石中的包裹体的Mg#值及Cr#值等显示古生代岩石圈地幔高度难熔亏损玄武质的成分特征,而地幔橄榄岩的不相容元素、同位素显示高度富集的特点.这种高难熔和强富集两重性是克拉通岩石圈地幔的特征.Pb同位素反映华北东部古生代岩石圈地幔具冈瓦纳大陆地幔的特点.复县和蒙阴古生代岩石圈地幔尽管都表现为太古代克拉通地幔的特征,但存在着不均一性,前者受克拉通化后的深部作用影响强于后者.与新生代地幔Sr、Nd同位素对比表明富集的古生代岩石圈地幔向亏损新生代的地幔转变和减薄伴有新生地幔物质对古老岩石圈的置换和混合作用.     

大陆的早期演化

有关大陆学化过程可以通过测定不同年龄的地壳岩石中钕同位素丰度来解决。对来自早期地幔火山夺的Ｎｄ同位素值测量表明，产生低Ｓ，／Ｎｄ比值大陆壳的地幔源具有高Ｓ，／Ｎｄ值，通过研究由地幔熔融产生的火山岩，重建亏损地幔的早期状态。澳大利亚西部２．７Ｇａ岩区的玄武岩Ｎｂ／Ｕ比值与两革幔岩石的Ｎｂ／Ｕ比值非常接近，这说明２．７Ｇａ前大陆地壳的数量与现今相同。     

地幔柱构造与地幔动力学--兼论其在中国大陆地质历史中的表现

地幔柱构造是基于全地慢对流模式、主要依据热点火山活动提出的新的全球构造理论。它的主要表现形式和产物是地幔柱头上部地壳抬升、岩浆活动形成大火成岩省、大型放射状岩墙群，并导致大陆裂解、板块运动和大规模成矿，是生物灭绝、磁极倒转的诱因。中国大陆的地质演化历史中保存了多期地幔柱活动印记，它们主要是华南新元古代Rodinia地幔柱、古生代古特提斯和峨眉山地幔柱和中一新生代中国东部地慢柱构造事件。上述地幔柱活动产生了地壳抬升、强烈岩浆活动、大陆伸展与裂解、岩石圈剧烈减薄和大规模成矿等重要地质事件。     

金刚石及相关矿物岩石—大陆深部地幔成矿及动力学的重要示踪体

本文系统介绍了大陆深部地幔成矿及动力学信息的重要载体－金刚石及其相关矿物岩石的一些重要研究进展,并对大陆深部地幔成矿及动力学研究及有关领域发展趋势进行了评述。     

塔里木和中亚造山带西段二叠纪大火成岩省的两类地幔源区

对塔里木和中亚造山带西段二叠纪玄武质岩石地质、年龄、元素地球化学、同位素组成的系统总结表明,二叠纪火成岩在分布面积、岩石类型(以玄武岩占绝对优势)、活动时间(以275Ma左右为峰期)等方面均与世界典型的大火成岩省一致,将其命名为巴楚大火成岩省(Bachu LIP)。元素和同位素地球化学特征表明,塔里木玄武岩来自长期富集的岩石圈地幔,来源深度为60~80km。塔里木基性岩墙和超镁铁-镁铁杂岩的原始岩浆可能来自软流圈地幔(OIB)部分熔融。中亚造山带西段的玄武岩、基性岩墙和超镁铁-镁铁杂岩主要来自被俯冲带熔体交代的强烈亏损的岩石圈地幔,其中部分地区可能有软流圈物质的加入,如东天山和阿勒泰南缘高Ti系列的玄武质岩石。根据元素和同位素地球化学资料,将巴楚大火成岩省分为2个地幔省(mantle domain),即塔里木省和中亚省。这2个不同地幔省的成矿系列也有显著的差异,塔里木省为钒-钛磁铁矿矿床,而中亚则以铜-镍-(铂族金属)硫化物矿床为主,成矿作用的差异和岩浆地幔源区的差异是完全对应的。综合地质、地球化学和成矿作用,认为巴楚大火成岩省的形成和二叠纪地幔柱密切相关。     

塔里木和中亚造山带西段二叠纪大火成岩省的两类地幔源区

对塔里木和中亚造山带西段二叠纪玄武质岩石地质、年龄、元素地球化学、同位素组成的系统总结表明,二叠纪火成岩在分布面积、岩石类型(以玄武岩占绝对优势)、活动时间(以275Ma左右为峰期)等方面均与世界典型的大火成岩省一致,将其命名为巴楚大火成岩省(Bachu LIP)。元素和同位素地球化学特征表明,塔里木玄武岩来自长期富集的岩石圈地幔,来源深度为60～80km。塔里木基性岩墙和超镁铁-镁铁杂岩的原始岩浆可能来自软流圈地幔(OIB)部分熔融。中亚造山带西段的玄武岩、基性岩墙和超镁铁-镁铁杂岩主要来自被俯冲带熔体交代的强烈亏损的岩石圈地幔,其中部分地区可能有软流圈物质的加入,如东天山和阿勒泰南缘高Ti系列的玄武质岩石。根据元素和同位素地球化学资料,将巴楚大火成岩省分为2个地幔省(mantledomain),即塔里木省和中亚省。这2个不同地幔省的成矿系列也有显著的差异,塔里木省为钒-钛磁铁矿矿床,而中亚则以铜-镍-(铂族金属)硫化物矿床为主,成矿作用的差异和岩浆地幔源区的差异是完全对应的。综合地质、地球化学和成矿作用,认为巴楚大火成岩省的形成和二叠纪地幔柱密切相关。     

岚皋金云角闪辉石岩类捕虏体特征

陕西岚皋地区碱质基性超基性潜火山杂岩中的金云角闪辉石岩类捕虏体，主要由透辉石、富钛韭闪石、高Ｔｉ金云母、磷灰石及钛铁矿组成。捕虏体发育三联晶、碎裂边、扭折变形等固相线下变形变质结构，与正常地幔尖晶石二辉橄榄岩成分相比，捕虏体富ＴｉＯ２、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＣａＯ、Ｎａ２Ｏ、Ｋ２Ｏ，贫ＭｇＯ；其稀土元素具富集特征，尤其富集ＬＲＥＥ；微量元素配分型式显示富亲石不相容元素的特征。岩相学、矿物学及岩石化学特征表明，该类捕虏体为交代地幔捕虏体，它代表了北大巴山早古生代裂谷作用时期的异常地幔。交代营力可能源于地幔热柱的上升，在地幔深处可能以熔体交代作用为主，往上逐渐以流体交代作用为主     

大陆板内玄武岩数据挖掘:成分多样性及在判别图中的表现

通常认为,大陆溢流玄武岩(CFB)、裂谷玄武岩(CRB)、板内玄武岩(WPB)均产于板内构造环境,其地球化学特征与OIB类似,源于富集的下地幔,与地幔柱的活动有关。本文利用GEOROC数据库对全球CFB、CRB和WPB数据进行挖掘,发现上述三类玄武岩判别图投图几乎落入了全部的构造环境域,有些甚至主要落入MORB和IAB区,而不是落入WPB区。结果表明原先的玄武岩判别图的判别功能值得商榷,尤其对大陆玄武岩来说,许多判别图都存在问题。全体CFB、CRB和WPB的地球化学成分变化巨大,暗示其源区具有强烈的不均一性:部分CFB、CRB和WPB来自富集的地幔柱,仍然具有经典的OIB的特征;部分来自MORB的源区,与MORB的再循环作用有关;部分来自岛弧岩石圈之下的亏损地幔源区,以强烈亏损Nb-Ta为特征,类似岛弧玄武岩的地球化学特征。许多地区的大陆玄武岩可分为低钛和高钛两类,低钛玄武岩大多是亏损或强烈亏损的,而高钛玄武岩通常是富集型的。本文的研究表明,富集型大陆玄武岩可能来自富集的下地幔,而亏损的和强烈亏损的玄武岩可能来自具有MORB或岛弧特征的软流圈地幔。进一步指出,源区性质可能是大陆玄武岩多样性的主控因素,其次为部分熔融程度、熔融深度、结晶分离、陆壳混染以及AFC过程。     

熔体再富集作用对大陆岩石圈地幔的影响

         二辉橄榄岩通常被认为是低程度部分熔融的残留,但熔体再富集作用为其成因提供了一种新的解释。熔体再富集作 用通常是指软流圈来源的玄武质熔体加入到难熔的方辉橄榄岩或纯橄岩形成更为饱满的二辉橄榄岩的过程。除了使主量元 素富集之外,熔体再富集作用还可以使微量元素与Sr-Nd 同位素从方辉橄榄岩中的富集特征转变为二辉橄榄岩所呈现的亏 损特征。对于熔体再富集作用是否改变橄榄岩的Os 同位素组成还存在较大的争议,它主要取决于加入熔体的比例,熔体中 硫的饱和程度以及熔体再富集作用发生的时间等因素。对于以低熔/岩比例为主的大陆岩石圈地幔来说,熔体再富集作用对 橄榄岩的Os 同位素组成的影响可能较为有限。除了化学成分上的影响之外,熔体的加入也会改变大陆岩石圈地幔的物理特 征。这一过程使得岩石圈地幔的渗透率增大和黏滞度降低,从而会破坏大陆岩石圈地幔的稳定性。虽然熔体再富集作用可 以影响和改变岩石圈地幔的性质,但它是否导致克拉通地幔的减薄以及克拉通破坏尚有疑问。     

The Petrology and Geochemistry of Volcanic Rocks on Jeju Island: Plume Magmatism along the Asian Continental Margin

The incompatible element signatures of volcanic rocks formingJeju Island, located at the eastern margin of the Asian continent,are identical to those of typical intraplate magmas. The sourceof these volcanic rocks may be a mantle plume, located immediatelybehind the SW Japan arc. Jeju plume magmas can be divided intothree series, based on major and trace element abundances: high-aluminaalkalic, low-alumina alkalic, and sub-alkalic. Mass-balancecalculations indicate that the compositional variations withineach magma series are largely governed by fractional crystallizationof three chemically distinct parental magmas. The compositionsof primary magmas for these series, using inferred residualmantle olivine compositions, suggest that the low-alumina alkalicand sub-alkalic magmas are generated at the deepest and shallowestdepths by lowest and highest degrees of melting, respectively.These estimates, together with systematic differences in traceelement and isotopic compositions, indicate that the upper mantlebeneath Jeju Island is characterized by an increased degreeof metasomatism and a change in major metasomatic hydrous mineralsfrom amphibole to phlogopite with decreasing depth. The originalplume material, having rather depleted geochemical characteristics,entrained shallower metasomatized uppermost mantle material,and segregated least-enriched low-alumina alkalic, moderatelyenriched high-alumina alkalic, and highly enriched sub-alkalicmagmas, with decreasing depth. KEY WORDS: Jeju Island; magma genesis; mantle plume; subcontinental mantle     

Chemical Composition of the Primitive Mantle Source of Peridotite Inclusions at Mount Lianshan, Liuhe County,Jiangsu Province

This paper presents a study of the major and trace element compositions of fresh mantle-derived spinel lherzolite and harzburgite inclusions from Cenozoic alkaline basalt in Mount Lianshan and Mount Panshi, Liuhe County, Jiangsu Province. An estimation is made of the contents of the major elements and some of the trace elements in the primitive mantle source region of the area, from which the authors have obtained MgO/Al2O3= 7.86. The contents of MgO and Al2O3 are also obtained as 37.58% and 4.78% respectively based on the correlation of MgO-Al2O3. Then, the contents of various elements in the primitive mantle are calculated using their regression equations with MgO, and the compositor) of the primitive mantle, a basic issue in geochemistry study, is discussed on that basis.     

Average compositions of magmas and mantle sources of mid-ocean ridges and intraplate oceanic and continental settings estimated from the data on melt inclusions and quenched glasses of basalts

Based on the generalization of the compositions of melt inclusions and quenched glasses from basaltic rocks, the average compositions of magmas were estimated for mid-ocean ridges (MOR), intraplate continental environments (CR), and ocean islands and plateaus (OI). These compositions were used to constrain the average contents of trace and volatile elements in mantle sources. A procedure was developed for the estimation of the average contents of incompatible elements, including volatiles (H₂O, Cl, F, and S), in the mantle. A comparison of the obtained average contents for the depleted mantle (DM) with the available published estimates showed that the contents of most incompatible trace elements (H₂O, Cl, F, Be, B, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Hf, Ta, Th, and U) can be reliably estimated from the ratio of K to the desired trace element in the MOR magmas and the average content of K in the DM. For Nb, Ti, P, S, Li, Y, and heavy REE, we used the ratios of their contents to an element with a similar degree of incompatibility in MOR magmas (U for Nb and Dy for the other elements). This approach was used to determine the average contents of incompatible elements in oceanic plume mantle (OPM) and the subcontinental mantle of intraplate settings or continental plume mantle (CPM). It was shown that the average composition of both suboceanic and subcontinental mantle plumes is moderately enriched compared with the DM in the most incompatible elements (K, U, Ba, and La) and volatile components (H₂O, Cl, and F). The extent of volatile component enrichment in the plume mantle (500–1500 ppm H₂O) is insufficient for a significant depression of the mantle solidus. Therefore, mantle plumes must be hotter than the ambient depleted mantle. The average contents of incompatible trace elements in the OPM are similar to those of the primitive mantle, which could be related either to the retention of primitive mantle material in the regions of plume generation or to DM fertilization at the expense of the deep mantle recycling of crustal materials. In the latter case, the negative anomaly of water in the trace-element distribution patterns of the OPM is explained by the participation of dehydrated crust in its formation. Variations in the compositions of magmas and their sources were considered for various geodynamic settings, and it was shown that the sources are heterogeneous with respect to trace and volatile components. The chemical heterogeneity of the magma sources and gradual transitions between them suggest that the mantle reservoirs interact with each other. Chemical variations in continental and oceanic plume magmas can be attributed to the existence of several interacting sources, including one depleted and at least two enriched reservoirs with different contents of volatiles. These variations are in agreement with the zoned structure of mantle plumes, which consist of a hot and relatively dry core, a colder outer shell with high contents of volatile components, and a zone of interaction between the plume and depleted mantle.     

Geochemical characteristics of the La Réunion mantle plume source inferred from olivine-hosted melt inclusions from the adventive cones of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion Island)

Major and trace element compositions were obtained for bulk rocks and melt inclusions hosted in olivine crystals (Fo > 85) from the adventive cones of the Piton de La Fournaise volcano (La Réunion Island). Ratios of highly incompatible trace elements for these magmas are used to identify the nature of the La Réunion mantle plume source. Although adventive cone lavas display unusual major element compositions compared to the historical lavas of the volcano (e.g., lower CaO/Al₂O₃), trace element data suggest that the magmas emitted by the adventive cones originate from a common chemical source. This source may correspond to either a homogeneous mixed source of different mantle components or a near-primitive less-differentiated mantle source. The melt inclusions display ratios of highly incompatible elements (e.g., Th/La, Nb/La) which are similar to primitive mantle values, and lower Nb/U ratios compared to most oceanic basalts. These results and previous isotopic and trace element data suggest that La Réunion plume samples a source which is intermediate between a primitive-like mantle domain and a slightly depleted one almost unaffected by the recycling processes. This source could have originated from early depletion of the primitive mantle. Assuming a depletion 4.45 Gyr ago, ~10% melting of this slightly depleted source could explain the enriched trace element concentrations of the melt inclusions.