非等间距GM(1,1)建模方法对比分析及应用

非等间距GM(1,1)模型为实际工程变形监测中不等间距观测数据的处理提供较好的解决途径。文中以两种非等间距GM(1,1)建模方法为研究对象,通过工程实例的对比分析与实际应用,讨论两种模型的建模差异,给出模型精度与预测评价,提出选择非等间距GM(1,1)建模方法的参考建议。     

非等间距多点变形预测模型及其应用

将彼此关联的多个变形监测点纳入整体建模,将单点的变形分析扩展到空间多点的整体变形分析,采用非等间距等距化处理的改进方法,建立了基于非等间距的多点变形预测模型。本文通过实例分析与对比,验证了非等间距多点变形预测模型的可行性和有效性,是一种非线性时空整体变形分析与预测的新方法。     

水库大坝表面变形观测的方法探讨

本文主要阐述了风城水库大坝表面变形观测各种工作点的布设、大坝变形观测的方法及效果、大坝变形的数据分析过程等,旨在与同行们共同交流探讨变形观测的方法.     

斜拉桥变形观测方法及精度分析

为了及时发现斜拉桥的过大变形,避免影响桥梁的正常使用,通过采用合理科学的观测方法定期对其进行变形观测,经综合分析,确定及时有效地运营管理措施与维修养护方案,合理地延长斜拉桥的使用年限和确保其使用的安全性。本文结合咸阳市渭河斜拉桥变形观测实例,探讨斜拉桥变形观测中的观测内容、观测的方法、观测数据的处理方法及精度分析等有关技术问题。     

建筑物沉降监测中的改进灰色模型

针对传统非等间距GM(1,1)模型在建筑物沉降监测中预测精度不够高的问题,提出了一种新的非等间距GM(1,1)建模方法。此法基于初始条件改进及把灰色微分方程的白化方程中的灰导数用离散形式进行表示的改进相结合、提高非等间距GM(1,1)模型的建模精度。结合桂林市某广场的集商用、住房于一体的高层建筑的沉降变形监测实例,将本模型的沉降预测的结果同文献中另一非等间距GM(1,1)改进方法进行对比分析和检验,充分验证了建筑物沉降变形分析预报中本模型方法的可行性和优越性,对进一步促进非等间距GM(1,1)模型在沉降变形预测中的应用起到了积极的作用。     

一种马尔可夫的非等间距多点灰色预测模型

针对非等间距单点灰色预测模型在处理多点变形预测时,没有考虑点与点之间的关联性和它们之间的相互影响,而且容易受建模数据随机扰动性影响这一问题,该文提出了一种基于马尔可夫的非等间距多点灰色预测模型。首先,结合某基坑的变形实测数据,建立非等间距多点灰色预测模型和非等间距单点灰色预测模型,通过两种模型预测结果对比验证非等间距多点灰色预测模型在处理多点变形预测问题上的优越性,然后运用马尔可夫模型建立状态转移概率矩阵对预测结果进行修正,最后建立基于马尔可夫的非等间距多点灰色预测模型。结果表明,基于马尔可夫的非等间距多点灰色预测模型的拟合及预测精度更高,适应性更强,更符合实际变形情况,具有实际参考价值。     

用近景摄影测量方法观测建筑物变形*

建筑物变形观测是监视建筑物在各种应力作用下是否安全的重要手段,观测成果也是验证设计理论和检验施工质量的重要的资料.本文介绍了利用近景摄影测量技术观测建筑变形的基本思想,与传统的变形观测方法相比,它具有效率高、质量好、劳动强度低、野外工作量少等显著优点.     

基于虚拟参考站的GNSS滑坡变形监测方法及性能分析

全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)技术在大坝、桥梁、滑坡等形变监测领域应用广泛。针对传统监测方法需要架设基准站、导致监测成本增加的问题,提出一种基于虚拟参考站的GNSS变形监测方法,利用连续运行参考站(continuously operating reference stations,CORS)观测数据,生成虚拟参考站(virtual reference station,VRS)代替实体参考站,实现高精度变形监测。利用中国云南省屏边苗族自治县约30处滑坡监测点进行实验分析,结果表明,当CORS基准站间距小于40 km时,双差对流层和电离层延迟模型内插精度优于10 mm,利用观测时长大于8 h的数据,可以实现平面精度优于5 mm、高程精度优于10 mm的形变监测。     

几何大地测量手段反演地球动力学问题时变形观测值的定权方法

本文从系统论的角度分析了目前几何大地测量手段反演地球动力学问题时变形观测值定权方法的不合理性,进而在严格区分变形的可靠性,观测值的可靠性及变形观测量的可靠性这三个新概念的基础上,运用地球物理场信息或地质分析方法重构了反映变形可靠性的重构量,分析了同时顾及变形的可靠性与变形观测值误差进行变形观测值标准化定权的可行性及定权方法,最后用模拟试验说明本文的论点。     

工程建筑物的变形观测

本文着重论述了工程建筑物变形的原因、类型,变形观测的任务、内容、方法、原则、过程。并从外业观测、资料分析、精度评定等方面,阐述其特点。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

使用FME与VBA提取机场方格网高程数据

因受机场工程设计软件的测量数据容量限制,基于LiDAR采集、点云分类后得到的地面点云数据LAS不能完整应用于目前设计软件进行设计计算。本文通过对拟选技术方案的筛选,提出了利用FME Workbench数据处理功能,结合VBA编程获取外部方格网平面数据的方法。该方法在FME Workbench中实现了地面点云数据构建TIN、采用逐点内插方法从TIN中提取方格网高程数据、等高线生成及相应图形处理与成果输出。最终通过实际算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

自动车辆定位导航系统中传感器的误差分析

对国界定位导航系统中几种常见的辅助传感器所产生的误差进行了分析，导出了不同传感器的误差模型。这些误差模型是估计车辆位置的扩展卡尔曼滤波器的基础，同时也为选择适当的传感器提供了理论根据。