赫尔默特方差分量估计及其近似公式在导线网平差中的应用

通过对赫尔默特方差估计公式及其近似公式的研究,把它们应用于导线网平差中。对几个实用公式的适用性、准确度、迭代速度等有关问题进行讨论。最后,利用赫尔默特公式和一般平差公式对同一导线网的平差结果进行比较。     

赫尔默特方差分量估计在混合水准网平差中的应用

测量中有些时候会碰到定权不统一的问题,导致了平差后的结果不理想.本文主要讨论的是通过赫尔默特方差估计的方法消除由于定权的不合理而产生的精度超限问题.通过实例进行分析表明,利用赫尔默特方差分量估计在进行迭代定权非常实用,大大提高了其精度.     

基于赫尔默特方差估计的不等精度导线网分析

在实际工程中,可能需对不同地形和地貌条件建立不同等级的导线控制网。目前对导线网的平差一般采用在不同阶段或不同精度进行模块化平差计算的方法。该方法将导致不同精度导线模块之间的平差存在一定不足:①增加了平差计算时的工作量,增大了投入,还可能导致模块衔接时出现平面点的错位现象;②利用普通近似方法平差使得导线的平差结果与实际数据差距较大,导线产生旋转或平移。针对这些问题,提出了一种基于赫尔默特方差分量估计的不同精度导线网平差方法,并进行了适当的定权计算,减少了人为定权的主观性。     

方差分量估计与平差基准无关的证明

本文利用平差基准理论,证明了方差分量估计中的一个理论问题——方差分量估计与平差基准无关。     

方差分量估计在多卫星导航系统联合定位中的应用

随着北斗卫星导航系统的逐步建成和完善,全球卫星导航系统进入多系统联合定位时代。多系统联合定位能明显增加可用卫星数量,保障定位能力。全球定位系统、格洛纳斯卫星导航系统以及北斗卫星导航系统观测值精度存在一定差异,采用赫尔默特方差分量估计确定三个系统观测值的权值比,能进一步提高定位的准确性。为同时减弱系统中较大粗差的影响,研究赫尔默特方差分量估计的抗差解在三系统联合定位中的应用。算例结果表明,此方法不仅能有效解决组合定位中的权值比问题,也能减弱观测值中粗差对定位结果的影响。当观测值含粗差时,比较使用抗差赫尔默特方差分量估计方法前后的定位误差可以得出:北(N)、东(E)、及天顶(U)三个方向上定位精度分别提高了16.5%、41.6%、81.0%。     

通用EIV模型的方差分量估计

针对通用EIV模型平差解算时随机模型的不准确情况,将通用EIV模型转换成附有参数的条件平差模型,得到方差分量估计具有一般性且符合平差的要求。文中选用EIV模型为平差模型,转换出通用EIV模型的最小二乘方差分量估计,并给出相应的迭代算法。通过实验算例的对比分析,验证本文算法的可行性与可靠性,通用EIV模型的方差分量估计具有一般性,根据不同的形式,可以得到与已有方法相同的平差结果。     

基于条件方程的方差分量估计公式

著名的Helmert方差分量估计公式是基于间接观测平差模型导出的。基于条件观测平差模型导出了方差分量估计公式并给出了实际应用范例,且对两种模型的方差分量估计公式的等价性进行了理论证明。算例表明,文中的估计公式能正确地估计出各类观测值的方差因子。     

方差分量估计在机载InSAR区域网平差中的应用

基于验后方差分量估计的思想,针对观测值中各类观测分量的方差难以直接估计的问题,研究了机载InSAR区域网平差干涉参数定标权值确定理论,设计了利用Helmert方差分量估计扩展模型的机载InSAR区域网平差干涉参数定标权值确定方法。采用我国机载双天线InSAR数据进行相关试验,表明验后估计定权能合理地顾及DEM的生成精度和拼接精度。     

方差分量估计理论及其在整体大地测量中的应用

本文探讨了整体大地测量平差中的方差分量估计问题,给出了自适应最小二乘配置;不仅较好地解决了各类观测量权比的确定问题,而且能够确定信号的方差因子。此外,文章还对如何更好地确定局部地区扰动位及其泛函的协方差函数作了讨论;最后通过对一个实测网进行了整体平差,并与经典平差结果进行了比较。     

基于方差分量估计的拟合推估及其在GIS误差纠正的应用

拟合推估解算必须首先求得信号向量的方差协方差矩阵,该协方差矩阵一般通过选定的协方差函数,并通过已测点数据进行拟合得到。显然观测噪声的先验方差协方差阵与拟合得到的随机信号的方差协方差矩阵必须相互协调,即观测噪声向量和信号向量的权矩阵所对应的方差因子应该一致,否则将对固定效应和随机效应参数的估计带来系统性的影响。应用方差分量估计来协调拟合推估模型中观测噪声和信号向量的随机模型,并分别从极大似然估计、MINQUE估计、赫尔默特方差分量估计三方面构建了拟合推估模型的方差分量解,最后利用新提出的理论与方法,对一幅实际的扫描地形图进行误差纠正,结果表明基于方差分量估计的拟合推估法能够提高扫描地形图的精度。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

GIS空间数据的采集误差及其分析

本文详细阐述了GIS数据采集过程中的误差来源，重点分析了通过地图、遥感和摄影测量等方式采集数据所产生的误差及其特性，分析了其对GIS数据的影响与消减方法。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。