荒漠地区生物土壤结皮的水文物理特征分析

通过室内压力陶土板系统测定土壤含水率与基质势的关系与Star-1土壤水分物理特征测定系统确定非饱和土壤水力传导度的方法,结合应用van Genuchten公式模拟,分析了位于腾格里沙漠东南缘包兰铁路沙坡头段人工生态防护体系生物土壤结皮的水文物理特征,确定了其水分特征曲线、非饱和土壤水力传导度、非饱和弥散系数,并与原始沙丘沙进行比较。结果表明,生物土壤结皮的持水能力是沙丘沙的3~9倍。当土壤基质势在-1~-3 000 cm的较高范围变化时,生物土壤结皮平均非饱和水力传导度低于沙丘沙(约为12%);而当土壤基质势在-3 000~-15 000 cm的较低范围变化时,沙丘沙的平均非饱和水力传导度又大大低于生物土壤结皮(约为91.0%)。正是由于生物土壤结皮特殊的质地与结构,使其非饱和水力传导度随着土壤基质势的降低,以及土壤含水量的减少,而趋于增大。与原始沙丘沙比较,生物土壤结皮独特的水文物理特点决定了它对荒漠地区土壤微生境的改善与促进作用,特别是通常情况下的高持水能力与低土壤基质势条件下的较高非饱和水力传导度,能够提高浅层土壤水分的有效性,有利于人工生态防护体系主要组分浅根系灌木、草本植物与小型土壤动物的生存繁衍。     

毛乌素沙地风沙滩区降水入渗响应研究

为研究毛乌素沙地地下水浅埋区降水入渗补给滞后响应时间,确定补给滞后的影响因素,为该地水文生态保护与地下水资源评价提供科学依据,以陕北毛乌素沙地风沙滩区为研究区,基于原位试验数据和相关分析法,分析土壤含水率和地下水位对降水入渗的响应机制,运用土壤水均衡分析探讨降水入渗响应与各影响因素的关系式。结果表明,小雨型降水土壤含水率响应深度为0~10cm,中雨型为10~90cm,大雨型与暴雨型均>90cm。最大响应深度z与降水量P显著线性相关。在地下水位一定的前提下,随着前期累计降水增大,当前降水入渗响应深度也增大,前期累计降水对当前降水入渗的影响时段在144 h以内。雨后土壤水分与地下水补给均存在滞后。入渗响应滞后时间与土壤深度呈正比,与降水强度和土壤初始导水率的差成反比。     

洛南黄土有机碳同位素组成及其与洛川、西峰黄土对比

以往黄土-古土壤碳同位素的研究主要集中在东亚季风控制的干旱-半干旱黄土高原中北部地区,而对于秦岭南部暖温带季风性半湿润气候区黄土-古土壤序列有机碳同位素的研究鲜有报道。对比两种气候条件下的黄土有机质碳同位素组成可更广泛和深入地认识黄土碳同位素所指示的生态环境变化。为此,本研究选取了位于秦岭南麓的洛南上白川、刘湾两剖面,剖面厚度分别为74m和10m,以20cm间距采集上白川剖面38个样品,刘湾剖面51个样品。采用高温灼烧氧化法对全部样品有机质碳同位素组成进行测定,并将结果与黄土高原中部洛川和西峰剖面有机质碳同位素进行了对比。结果表明：  上白川剖面有机碳同位素( δ¹³C_org.)的变化范围为-24.43‰～-21.30‰,刘湾剖面的变化范围为-24.70‰～-20.52‰,洛川剖面的变化范围为-23.37‰～-18.72‰, 西峰剖面的变化范围为-23.68‰～-19.47‰。末次间冰期位于半湿润地区的上白川和刘湾剖面有机碳同位素峰值较半干旱地区洛川、西峰剖面偏负1‰～2‰,即上白川和刘湾剖面有机碳同位素峰值分别较洛川剖面的峰值偏负1.8‰和1.9‰,较西峰剖面的峰值偏负1.3‰和1.4‰。因此,该区的植被覆盖应是以C₃植物为主的C₃和C₄混合草原植被类型;   从整体上来看,洛南剖面古土壤层碳同位素较相邻黄土层的碳同位素偏正,因此,古土壤形成时期C₄植被相对比例增加。末次间冰期洛南上白川和刘湾剖面有机碳同位素峰值较洛川、西峰剖面的峰值偏负1‰多,表明受东亚季风控制的半干旱-半湿润的黄土区,暖季节降水对C₄/C₃植被相对比例增加的趋势和幅度均具有明显的影响,主要表现在暖季节降水的增加有利于C₄植被相对比例的增高,同时降水的季节性分布和/或降水量的增多影响土壤有机碳同位素所记录的C₄植被相对比例及其增加幅度。     

应用纤维素示踪北京市PM2.5天然植被排放来源的研究

大气细粒子(PM_2.5)污染是全球尤其是我国许多城市的重要环境问题。利用示踪物质识别和估算大气颗粒物来源是公认的可靠技术,纤维素可以作为示踪物质表征一次颗粒物的天然植被排放来源。本文针对大气细粒子中纤维素含量低、全程序空白相对较高等难点,优化建立了纤维素酶水解、GOD-苯酚-四氨基安替比林测糖法,在我国首次应用于测定大气PM_2.5中纤维素的含量,估算天然植被排放源的贡献。方法检出限为0.26 μg/m³(纤维素),可以满足大气PM_2.5纤维素测定要求;而且有效地降低了空白,全程序空白值(36.5 μg葡萄糖)低于文献方法空白值(53.8 μg葡萄糖),使之更适合于PM_2.5的测定。使用本方法对2012年5月至6月采集的北京市大气PM_2.5样品进行分析,纤维素检出率为96%,纤维素的平均含量为(0.573±0.17) μg/m³,折合为天然植被排放量占PM_2.5质量浓度的1.37%±0.65%;天然植被排放源对有机碳的平均贡献率为4.4%,最大达到9.2%,反映出天然植被排放是北京市PM_2.5的重要来源之 一。本研究方法为我国城市大气颗粒物(包括总悬浮颗粒物、PM₁₀、PM_2.5等)来源识别提供了新的手段。     

气候变化对中国北方荒漠草原植被的影响

气候变化对陆地生态系统的影响及其反馈是全球变化研究的焦点之一。利用气候变量实现对遥感植被指数所表示的植被绿度信息的模拟，可以尝试作为表达生物圈过去和未来状态的一种途径。利用1961-2000年的气温、降水和1983-1999年的NOAA/AVHRR资料，分析了中国北方地带性植被类型荒漠草原植被分布区的短尺度气候的年际和季节变化，及其对植被的影响。结果表明，过去40年中该区域年际气候变化表现为增温和降水波动。年NDVI的最大值（NDVI_max）可以较好地反映气候的变化，过去17年中NDVI_max出现的时间略有提前。综合分析NDVI、植被盖度、NPP、区域蒸散量、土壤含水量及其气候的年际变化，表明增温加剧了土壤干旱化，降水和土壤含水量仍是制约本区植被生长的根本原因。     

西峰和西安黄土中盐碱化古土壤气候意义的初步探讨

对西峰和西安黄土剖面中古土壤的研究揭示出,作为重要气候地层标志的S₄和S₅古土壤竟有盐化和碱化现象。盐碱化特性直接关系到如何认识这些古土壤的气候意义。土壤化学、微形态及粘土矿物分析表明,上述古土壤以草原土特征为主,并在气候最宜期发育了森林植被。盐碱化特性并非产生于土壤被埋藏以后,而是古土壤发育末期的产物。该时期大气粉尘堆积似乎是可溶盐的来源。     

膜孔灌溉下土壤入渗特征的多因素分析

为了研究土壤容重、初始含水率、压力水头、黏粒含量和入渗时间5个因素对膜孔灌自由入渗特性的影响,根据正交试验设计12组试验（9组试验,3组验证试验）。通过开展室内膜孔灌试验,研究了多因素交互对膜孔灌自由入渗单位膜孔面积累积入渗量、入渗率及平均体积含水率增量的影响,并分别建立了单位膜孔面积累积入渗量和湿润体内平均体积含水率增量与各影响因素之间的经验模型。两模型的均方根误差分别为0.032 cm、0.006 cm3/cm3,相关系数均大于0.97,决定系数均大于0.95（P<0.01）,经验证模型计算值与实测值相对误差均在±13%范围以内。研究表明:压力水头对单位膜孔面积累积入渗量影响不显著（P>0.05）,初始含水率对其影响显著（P<0.05）,而土壤容重、黏粒含量和入渗时间对其影响极显著（P<0.01）,其影响程度由大到小依次为入渗时间、黏粒含量、土壤容重和初始含水率;湿润体内平均体积含水率增量不受入渗时间影响,4个因素对其影响均极显著（P<0.01）,其影响程度由大到小依次为初始含水率、土壤容重、压力水头和黏粒含量。研究成果可为进一步优化膜孔灌灌水技术要素组合提供理论依据。     

毛乌素沙地裸地与植被覆盖下非冻结期土壤水分时空分布特征

在水资源短缺的沙地生态系统中,土壤水分是植被恢复和水资源管理的主要控制因子,正确认识沙地土壤水分的分布特征及时空变化规律是促进沙地水资源可持续发展的基础。以毛乌素沙地为研究区,利用原位试验观测、经典统计学分析和聚类分析相结合的方法,揭示了有无植被覆盖下的土壤剖面水分时空变化特征,探讨了植物生长对土壤水分布的影响。结果表明:在2016年非冻结期内,地下水水位埋深较浅时,裸地与植被覆盖情况下土壤平均含水率均随土壤深度的增加而增大,可将0~350 cm土层划分为气候影响层、过渡层与地下水影响层。裸地剖面平均含水率为23.59%,变异系数为4.24%,属于弱变异,剖面含水率在观测期间明显上升,并在8月中旬强降雨时上升速率达到最大;植被覆盖下土壤剖面平均含水率为17.74%,变异系数为15.61%,属于中等变异,剖面含水率在观测期间显著下降,在8月沙柳发育成熟后剖面含水率下降最快。在垂向深度上,植被对土壤剖面含水率的影响近似呈高斯曲线变化,对过渡层含水率的影响最大,占总影响的50%以上,对气候影响层与地下水影响层的影响相对较小,且随着植物生长,气候影响层受到的相对影响逐渐减弱,地下水影响层受到的相对影响逐渐增强。研究成果可为半干旱区毛乌素沙地合理的水资源调控以及沙地生态系统的稳定发展提供参考依据。     

陕西长武黄土剖面L3～S6土层渗透性研究

根据渗水实验、孔隙度、粒度、磁化率测定,研究了长武黄土剖面L₃～S₆土层的渗透性及其成因。研究结果表明,L₃,L₄,L₅和L₆黄土层渗透性较强,稳定入渗速率较高,它们的渗透系数变化在0.57～1.06mm/分之间,4层平均为0.75mm/分;S₃,S₄,S₅和 S₆古土壤渗透性较弱,稳定入渗率较低,它们的渗透系数变化在0.18～0.71mm/分之间,4层平均为0.44mm/分。红色古土壤达到稳定入渗率的时间一般比黄土层要长;   黄土层的平均空隙度比红褐色古土壤高,渗透性强,粒度成分较粗,黄土层比红褐色古土壤层更利于构成含水层;   红褐色古土壤层粒度成分细,空隙度低,渗透性弱,比黄土层利于形成隔水层。长武第4层古土壤厚度小,纵向裂隙发育强,入渗速率较大,不易形成隔水层。磁化率、粘粒含量资料表明红褐色古土壤层与黄土层渗透性、含水空间和隔水性的差异主要是当时气候冷干和温湿交替变化的结果。     

干旱-半干旱区兰州兴隆山现代森林典型植被和土壤中类脂物分子特征及其意义

利用GC－MS对西北干旱区-半干旱区兰州兴隆山森林区典型植被与现代土壤样品中可抽提的类脂物进行了系统分析,检测出包括正构烷烃和α正构脂肪酮等一系列类脂物分子化石。在未进行族分离的情况下,检出兴隆山现代森林木本植物的正构烷烃以C₂₇或C₂₉为主峰,草本植物则以C₃₁为主峰;  土壤样品中均保留有很强的、几乎均势的C₂₇,C₂₉和C₃₁信号; α正构脂肪酮具有明显的奇碳优势,植物中以C₂₃,C₂₅或C₂₉为主峰,土壤样品以C₂₇或C₂₉为主峰;  其反映的信息是植被与微生物共同作用的结果。本研究为理解现代土壤和古土壤中类脂物所指示的植被信息、进一步探讨类脂物分子在植被(有机质)-微生物-土壤-湖泊沉积体系中存在与相互转换关系这一基础理论问题提供了科学资料。同时,为分子化石分析方法的改进和不同处理过程所得数据之间的对比和科学解释提供资料。     

新疆古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮的土壤理化性质分析

古尔班通古特沙漠是我国第二大沙漠,广泛发育着地衣、苔藓和藻类等生物结皮,其分布状况与其自身生理生态特点和所处沙丘部位的环境条件密切联系着.结合野外调查和实验室样品分析结果,讨论了沙丘不同部位土壤理化性质与生物结皮分布、发育的关系.结果表明:不同类型生物结皮在沙丘上的分布和发育状况是不同的,从沙丘顶部的流动或半流动沙面上到沙丘两坡的中部、下部以及丘间低地,生物结皮的分布依次为微生物种类、藻类结皮、地衣结皮和苔藓结皮,从沙丘上部、中部至沙丘底部及丘间,生物结皮的类型、厚度及发育程度呈增强态势.生物结皮在沙丘不同部位的发育特点和分异变化与沙丘不同地貌部位的土壤理化性状、地表基质稳定性等生态条件有着密切的关系.     

Microbiotic crusts and their interrelations with environmental factors in the Gurbantonggut desert,western China

Located in the Junggar Basin in Xinjiang, the Gurbantonggut Desert is the second largest desert in China. Microbiotic crusts consisting of animalcule, lichen, moss, and algae species develop extensively in the region. Their formation, species composition and distribution pattern are closely related to the environmental conditions along the different parts of sand dune. Analysis of microbiotic crust distribution and relationship to environmental factors shows that average microbiotic crust thickness is 0.05–0.1 cm at the tops dunes, 0.2–1.5 cm in the upper part, 1.5–2.5 cm in middle and lower parts of dunes, and 1.5–5.0 cm in interdune areas, while areal coverage is 30.5, 48.5, 55.5, and 75.5%, respectively. Microbiotic crust differentiation along dune slopes is a result of the development stage and converse-succession resistance of the different microbiotic crusts. The numbers of species, thickness and degree of development of microbiotic crusts increase from the upper part to the middle and lower parts of dune slopes. The development and differentiation of microbiotic crusts at various dune slope positions are a reflection of the ecological expression of the comprehensive adaptability and natural selection of different microbiotic crust species to the local environmental conditions, and are closely related to such ecological conditions as the physiochemical properties of soils and topsoil textural stability.     

Variation of albedo to soil moisture for sand dunes and biological soil crusts in arid desert ecosystems

Surface albedo plays a crucial role in the energy balance of soils. The surface albedo and surface soil moisture of bare sand and biological soil crusts (BSCs) were concurrently observed on field plots of shifting sand dune and in revegetated desert ecosystems at Shapotou, northwestern China, to study relationships between surface albedo, solar elevation angle, and surface soil moisture. Results indicated that rainfall exerted a remarkable lowering effect on the variation of surface albedo by increasing surface soil moisture. Surface albedo was an exponential function of solar elevation angle, and the normalized surface albedo (solar elevation angle effect was removed) decreased exponentially with the increase of surface soil moisture. Sand surface had a higher albedo (0.266) than BSCs (0.226) when the surfaces were very dry. However, sand surface albedo became increasingly lower than that of BSCs when the surfaces were in wet conditions and when the soil moisture exceeded a critical value. The changes in soil surface albedo from sand dune to BSCs after revegetation in shallow soil profiles associated with the variation of the surface soil moisture can be seen as an indicator of the degree of sand dune stabilization when compared with the original shifting sand dune soil.     

Effect of structure and texture on infiltration flow pattern during flood irrigation

Understanding the flow pattern of water and solute in subsurface soils is critically important in the fields of agricultural and environmental sciences. Dye tracer tests using a flood irrigation of Brilliant Blue FCF solution (5 g l^-1) and excavation method was performed to investigate the effect of texture and structure on the infiltration pattern at three different field soils developed from granite (GR), gneiss (GN) and limestone (LS). The GR soil showed a homogeneous matrix flow in the surface soil with weak, medium granular structure and a macropore flow along pegmatitic vein and plant root in C horizon. The surface horizon (A1) of GN soil with moderate, medium granular structure and many fine roots had matrix flow. The fingering occurred at the interfaces of sandy loam A horizon and loamy sand C horizon in GR soil and loam A1 horizon and sandy loam A2 horizon in GN soil. The LS soil with strong, coarse prismatic structure and the finest texture showed a macropore flow along cracks and had the deepest penetration of the dye tracer. The macropore (crack and vein), layer interface and plant root induced the preferential flow in the studied soils.     

Water content variations and respective ecosystems of sandy land in China

Soil water conservation is essential to the sustainability of sandy farming. In this paper, long-term observation of soil water, dry soil thickness and soil chemical changes are evaluated at eight locations in sandy soil. This paper subdivides the sandy lands and deserts of China into three climate zones: arid (hyperarid and extremely arid), semiarid, and humid (subhumid and subtropical humid), with respect to the bioclimatic zone, aridity, soil water content, and soil chemical characteristics. The water movement conditions, and chemical variations in each zone are analyzed. The paper also estimates the spatial and temporal correlation function of arid soil thickness and soil moisture. Sandy soils organic matter content, CaCO₃ content, soluble salts content are investigated. Afforestation and selection of tree species in different sandy areas are suggested to regulate sandy land soil moisture. Sandy land in China can be divided into the four sand stabilization regions according to the shifting sand conditions and the techniques advanced: regions I, II, III, and IV. These results have important implications for remote sensing of soil moisture and soil organic carbon, and soil moisture parameterization in climate models.     

Condensation of water vapour on moss-dominated biological soil crust,NW China

Characteristics of water vapour condensation, including the onset, duration, and amount of water vapour condensation on moss-dominated biological soil crust (BSC) and dune sand were studied under simulated conditions with varying air temperature and relative humidity. The simulations were performed in a plant growth chamber using an electronic balance recording the weight of condensation. There was a positive linear correlation between the water vapour condensation and relative humidity while the mean temperature was negatively linearly related to amounts of water vapour condensation for both soil surfaces. The amount of water vapour condensation on BSC and dune sand can be described by the difference between air temperature and dew point with an exponential function, indicating that when the difference of air temperature and dew point exceeds a value of 35.3^?C, there will be zero water vapour condensed on BSC. In contrast, when the difference of air temperature and dew point exceeds a value of 20.4^?C, the water vapour condensation will be zero for dune sand. In general, when the air is fully saturated with water and the dew point is equal to the current air temperature, the water vapour condensed on BSC attained its maximum value of 0.398 mm, whereas it was 0.058 mm for dune sand. In comparison, water vapour condensed on BSC was at a relatively high temperature and low relative humidity, while we did not detect water vapour condensation on the dune sand under the similar conditions. Physical and chemical analyses of the samples pointed to a greater porosity, high content of fine particles, and high salinity for BSC compared to the dune sand. These results highlight that soil physicochemical properties are the likely factors influencing the mechanism of water vapour condensation under specific meteorological conditions, as onset was earlier and the duration was longer for water vapour condensation on BSC in comparison with that of dune sand. This contributed to the greater amount of vapour absorbed on BSC compared to the dune sand under an identical meteorological condition. The feedback of water vapour condensation on BSC formation and its contribution to sustain the revegetation desert ecosystems was discussed.     

Aeolian Facies Belts in the Taklimakan Desert1

At least at the beginning of the last glacial epoch, the facies belts of dune sand, sandy loam and loess formed by winds had existed in the Taklimakan desert and areas south of it. There were no appreciable changes in the NE and NW wind systems and their wind forces that deposited dune sand, sandy loam and loess in the global cold stage since the last glacial epoch; accordingly no marked shifts of the boundaries of these aeolian facies belts took place. In the global warm stage since then, the climate in the Taklimakan desert and areas south of it became warm and dry, resulting in ablation of substantial volumes of ice and snow in their surrounding mountains and thus forming alluvial and diluvial deposits in the region. The alluvial-diluvial actions, however, failed to change the general framework of aeolian facies belts.     

Soil Loss by Wind Erosion for Three Different Textured Soils Treated with Polyacrylamide and Crude Oil, Iraq

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＬａｒｇｅａｒｅａｓｏｆａｒｉｄａｎｄｓｅｍｉａｒｉｄｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄａｒｅａｆ ｆｅｃｔｅｄｂｙｗｉｎｄｅｒｏｓｉｏｎ .Ａｐｐｒｏｘｉｍａｔｅｌｙ 2 8.4%ｏｆｔｈｉｓａｒｅａａｒｅａｆｆｅｃｔｅｄｂｙｓｅｖｅｒｅａｎｄｖｅｒｙｓｅｖｅｒｅｗｉｎｄｅｒｏｓｉｏｎ (Ｋａｔｅｓｅｔａｌ.,1977) .ＩｎＩｒａｑ ,ｔｈｅａｒｉｄａｎｄｓｅｍｉａｒｉｄｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｎｅａｒｌｙ 75%ｏｆｔｈｅｔｏｔａｌｌａｎｄ .5 0 %ｏｆｔｈｉｓｌａｎｄｉｓｓｕｂｊｅｃ…     

基于蒸渗仪和解析法估算毛乌素沙地潜水蒸发量

地下水蒸发是旱区地下水均衡计算中重要的排泄项之一。由于包气带水分运移高度非线性且大气—地表界面动力学过程复杂,估算潜水蒸发量一直是地下水资源评价的难题之一。利用内蒙古乌审旗河南乡均衡试验场E601型蒸渗仪,建立了毛乌素沙地水面蒸发及4种典型岩性（风化砂岩K₁、萨拉乌苏组砂Qpal+l、砂质壤土Qhl、风积沙Qheol）的饱和土蒸发原位试验,结合长期观测获取的大量数据,开展了地下水蒸发与水面蒸发、埋深的关系和地下水蒸发量计算方法研究。结果表明:（1）4种典型岩性（风化砂岩、萨拉乌苏组砂、砂质壤土、风积沙）饱和蒸发量与水面蒸发量比值分别为0.60,0.77,0.47,0.88,表明不同岩性的饱和裸土的蒸发强度不等于自由水面的蒸发强度;实际计算裸土蒸发强度时,不能以自由水面蒸发强度作为参考点,如果运用,必须校正。（2）利用蒸渗仪观测数据和土壤水运动方程稳态解析解,获得4种典型岩性（风化砂岩、萨拉乌苏组砂、砂质壤土、风积沙）潜水稳定蒸发计算的关键经验系数c,分别为628932.63,165058.71,48948.21,1525104.031 m?2。（3）利用稳定蒸发公式确定鄂尔多斯盆地风沙滩区四种典型包气带岩性（风化砂岩、萨拉乌苏组砂、砂质壤土、风积沙）潜水极限蒸发深度约为60 cm,结果得到了室内非稳态蒸发试验的佐证,为研究区水资源评价提供了重要的参数依据。