单一流迳基岩水流平均流速方程

分析了基岩水运动时的几种主要水头损失，建立了单一流迳基岩无压水和承压水运动的平均流速方程，并进行了室内试验的验证。     

单一流迳基岩水流的水位沿程变化

本文依据基岩水壁间运动理论，建立了单一流迳基岩水运动时的水位（水头）曲线方程，讨论了曲线形状，分析了流迳隙宽、阻力系数、断面和流迳突变对曲线形状的影响。     

地下工程洞体突然涌水量的理论计算

本文通过对基岩水运动的平均流速分析，提出了不同流条件突水的涌水量理论计算方法，也为现场突然涌水量计算提供了新的理论依据。     

单一流径基岩裂隙水平均流速试验研究

根据室内模拟试验数据研究了单一流径基岩裂隙水流的平均流速，建立了单一流径无压裂隙水和承压裂隙水的平均流速与不力坡度之间的回归方程。     

基岩裂隙水水位沿程变化曲线方程的实验研究

本文根据室内模拟实验，研究了不同条件下隙宽小于3mm单一裂隙基岩水水位沿程变化曲线，验证了孙峰根等人建立的单一裂隙基岩水水位沿程变化的曲线方程。结论对基岩水运动理论的研究具有重要的参考价值。     

基岩水的壁间运动及基本特征

本文通过对基岩水与孔隙水的比较分析，介绍了基岩水的分布、水动力学和水化学特征，指出了基岩水运动具有均位趋势、选择流动及汇流特性，得出了渗流理论不宜用于基岩水的结论。     

岩溶管道水汇流理论研究

岩溶管道水汇流是一种特殊的非稳定流,根据其单位水头流速(?)和水力比降I的相关曲线分析,建立相应的数学模型,为探索岩溶管道水运动问题,提出了新的理论和研究方法。      

新疆和静县诺尔湖铁矿矿床水文地质特征

根据和静县诺尔湖铁矿地下水类型、含水岩组等区域水文地质特征,研究构造破碎带和地表水对铁矿安全开采的影响,结果表明:研究区地下水类型主要包括现代洪积砂砾层中的孔隙潜水、坡积碎石层中的孔隙潜水、冰碛砾石层中的孔隙潜水、基岩风化带裂隙网状水以及基岩裂隙脉状水等五种类型;区内地下水的补给来源主要是大气降水和冰雪融水,通过季节性溪流和渗入基岩风化裂隙两种方式径流和排泄;基岩破碎带和裂隙发育带的存在,为基岩充水提供了有利空间。     

新疆和静县诺尔湖铁矿矿床水文地质特征

根据和静县诺尔湖铁矿地下水类型、含水岩组等区域水文地质特征,研究构造破碎带和地表水对铁矿安全开采的影响,结果表明:研究区地下水类型主要包括现代洪积砂砾层中的孔隙潜水、坡积碎石层中的孔隙潜水、冰碛砾石层中的孔隙潜水、基岩风化带裂隙网状水以及基岩裂隙脉状水等五种类型;区内地下水的补给来源主要是大气降水和冰雪融水,通过季节性溪流和渗入基岩风化裂隙两种方式径流和排泄;基岩破碎带和裂隙发育带的存在,为基岩充水提供了有利空间。     

东南极达尔克冰川表面运动速度特征研究

2007-2012年,在东南极达尔克冰川实施了18期空间方向交会观测,解算得到了冰川的运动规律:其整体平均运动速度为0.41 m·d^-1,平均流向的方位角为7.01°;总的来说,其冬季和夏季的流速基本相当,但冰川前缘附近的运动在冬季显得更为活跃;冰川横截面上从边缘到中心,流速逐渐增大,流速最大的点出现在冰川中轴线上,流速最小的点则出现在边界附近;沿冰川流动方向,从上游至入海口,流速亦逐渐增大,冰川前缘流速最大,此处有较多的冰裂缝发育.与之前的遥感研究结果相比较,冰川运动比较稳定,流速未发现显著变化.     

基岩裂隙流水位与流程关系的统计研究

基于室内模拟试验及有关资料,研究了不同条件下基岩裂隙水一维流水位与流程的统计关系,并将结果与前人研究进行了比较分析,得出以下结论:a.基岩裂隙水无压流水位三次方与流程呈线性关系,承压流水头与流程呈线性关系;b.承压流条件下统计结果与前人研究结果无实质性差别,而对无压流,统计结果与孙峰根等人的研究结果一致,与传统的结果,即水位平方和流程呈线性关系不一致;c.统计结果对基岩裂隙水运动理论的研究与应用具有重要的参考价值      

Air/water two-phase flow test tunnel for airfoil studies

A test tunnel for the study of airfoil performances under air/water two-phase flow condition has been designed and constructed. This facility will serve for a better understanding of the flow phenomena and characteristics of hydraulic machinery under gas/ liquid two-phase flow operating conditions. At the test section of the tunnel, a two-dimensional isolated airfoil or a cascade of airfoils is installed in a two-phase inlet flow with a uniform velocity (up to 10 m/s) and void fraction (up to 12%) distribution. The details of the tunnel structure and the measuring systems are described and the basic characteristics of the constructed tunnel are also given. As an example of the test results, void fraction distribution around a test airfoil is shown.Dedicated to the 60th Birthday of Professor Klaus Gersten     

堰槽组合设施测流机制试验研究

山区季节性溪流流量变化大,已有灌溉渠道量水设施难以在较大流量范围内均达到测流精度要求,本文以克伦普堰和排淤量水槽组合而成的堰槽组合量水设施为试验对象,通过试验探究其测流机制。根据流量在5~79 L/s范围内的概化水槽水力性能试验,分析不同流量下的水面线、弗劳德数、垂线纵向时均流速、薄水层特征长度和特征宽度的变化,建立不同流量阈值范围内的测流公式。结果表明:①随流量的增大,堰槽组合设施流动形态从槽内流变为堰流,流量阈值对应的阈值相对水深为0.885,拟合得到组合设施槽内流和堰流的测流公式,与实测流量对比,相对误差小于3%。②组合设施槽内流和堰流水力特性不同,槽内流时槽内各测点纵向时均流速、薄水层的特征长度和特征宽度以及综合流量系数均随着流量增大而增大;堰流时,排淤量水槽槽内前段各测点纵向时均流速随着流量增大而减小,后段各测点纵向时均流速随着流量增大而增大,槽内收缩扭面段中部附近断面平均流速大小一致。③堰槽组合流量系数随着流量增大而减小。④堰槽设施下游薄水层的特征长度和特征宽度随着流量增大有下降趋势,最大值均出现在流量阈值情况下。本研究有效解决了流量变幅较大的明渠测流设施匮乏问题,可为山区季节性溪流测流设施应用提供参考。     

Method for groundwater research in bedrock of mountainous area of Hebei

In recent years, the mountain springs in the bedrock mountainous area of Hebei are decreasing in terms of both quantity and flow rate, which have affected the domestic water and production water supply for people in this area, due to which driven wells have been built with the expectation to relieve the problem. However, this work doesn’t achieve much success due to the complex geological conditions in the bedrock mountainous area and tends to cause huge economic losses. In order to improve the success rate of this work, the authors of this paper made a summary about the type of reservoir structure, water storage conditions and characteristics, by drawing experience from the former practices of digging wells in the mountainous area of Hebei to search for water to relieve drought in 2011, referring to the research results about bedrock summarized by former researchers, employing the reservoir structure theory and by considering the stratum condition of the bedrock mountain area of Hebei. Based on the summary, the authors figure out the major reservoir structure and water research methods for mountainous regions where have metamorphic rocks, carbonate rocks and volcanic rocks distributed, which may offer some valuable guidance to future water researches in the bedrock mountainous area of Hebei     

Hydraulic geometry change of a large river: a case study of the upper Yellow River

Study on hydraulic geometry can reveal the response of river systems to basin attributes, and the trends in channel change. Based on 35 years of data collected at 10 hydrological stations (cross-sections), the hydraulic geometry relations between cross-sectional variables and discharge were established, and the derived parameters were analyzed. The channel behavior of the mountainous bedrock reach (from riverhead to Xunhua cross-section) and the alluvial reach (from Xunhua to Toudaoguai cross-sections) differed significantly over the past decades in response to dramatic water and sediment changes. The hydraulic geometry quasi-equilibrium was achieved through equally adjusting water depth and flow velocity in the mountainous bedrock reach; while primarily through flow velocity in the alluvial reach. The change rate of river width with varying discharge was relatively small in the whole upper Yellow River. Compared with the lower Yellow River and other rivers in the world, both similarity and differences existed, indicating the general adjustment direction of hydraulic quasi-equilibrium and also the importance of considering other influencing factors in hydraulic geometry studies. In addition, dams played an important role in affecting the changes of hydraulic geometry exponents.     

基岩弯曲河段洪水水流结构的试验研究

低坡度基岩弯曲河流在地质构造控制区域广泛存在（床面坡度小于5‰）,洪水对基岩弯曲河流的河床淤积与侵蚀具有较大影响,但以往研究对基岩弯曲河流的洪水动力结构认识不足。通过几何概化基岩弯曲河段,考虑Froude相似与边壁粗糙,建立基岩弯曲河道概化模型,分析洪水下的弯道水面线分布、时均流场与湍流结构特性。结果表明:在洪水流量下,弯顶上游出现最小水面横比降、凸岸水流分离、凹岸双环流发育、流速下潜且二次环流强度达到最大,在弯顶下游水面横比降达到最大并出现环流分裂;床面切应力分布于凸岸水流分离以及弯顶上游中心区域,横向动量输移集中于弯顶上游。试验结果为基岩弯曲河道中的床面侵蚀与沿程淤积提供了水动力方面的解释。     

单层土体结构岩溶土洞的形成机理

岩溶土洞是岩溶区工程路基施工中的主要地质灾害。本文首先对广西桂林阳朔高速公路雁山段、西气东输二线工程广西贵港段两个典型工程路基单层土体结构的岩溶土洞进行详细剖析,然后通过室内模型试验、崩解试验的验证,研究岩溶土洞的形成机理。结果表明:单层土体结构的岩溶土洞发育是先从基岩面逐渐往地面发展,在发展过程中,对于较厚的土层,岩溶土洞的发育与扩展分为3个阶段:(1)基岩面附近的土洞形成与地下水位的承压状态和地下水位初始下降速度密切相关,土洞的形态主要以缝(洞)的形式出现,规模较小,多形成于土体中的裂隙面或非均质部位;(2)在地下水包气带(季节变动带)土洞的扩展以崩解为主,规模较大;(3)近地表(垂直渗入带)土洞扩展机制以上部降雨入渗、洞顶剥落为主,崩塌块体较大。      

Surface soil assessment in the Ubhur area,north of Jeddah,western Saudi Arabia,using a multichannel analysis of surface waves method

Ten boreholes drilled in Ubhur area up to the depth of bedrock indicted the shallow depth of bedrock where the average depth ranges between 10 and 15 m. The standard penetration test N-values of these boreholes were measured and averaged. Based on N-values to the depth of bedrock, Ubhur area can be classified as site class C and D. Multichannel analysis of surface waves technique has been applied along seventy six profiles using 24-channel geophone array and 4.5Hz vertical geophones with 1m geophone spacing and sledgehammer and/or weight drop as seismic energy sources. Values of shear wave velocity to 30 m are calculated and then averaged (Vs30) where it ranges between 310.08 m/s and 1139.8 m/s. Therefore, Ubhur area can be classified into site class B, C and D based on site classification of the national earthquake hazards reduction program (NEHRP) recommendations. Accordingly, the greatest part of the study area falls in site class C while class B and D covered limited areas in the western and the eastern parts respectively. Depending on the shallow depth of bedrock in the study area, the Vs30 parameter is not applicable in the study area so the average values of Vs for the soil thickness, excluding the bedrock, have been calculated and mapped for site class C and D only. So Vs30 approach is not applicable for areas with shallow depth of bedrock which gives higher classification.     

基岩海岛地下水与海水相互作用研究

中国北方基岩海岛水文地质条件独特,气候变化和人类活动不同程度地影响着海岛地下水与海水相互作用过程,然而对包括海水入侵(SWI)和海底地下水排泄(SGD)的水文过程的定量认识比较缺乏。本研究基于2012—2016年我国北方某基岩群岛降水、地下水水位、水质动态监测数据,运用数理统计、空间插值和水力学方法,分析了基岩海岛地下水与海水相互作用的特征和影响因素。结果表明,降水和开采是影响地下水、海水相互作用的主要因素,地下水水位变化滞后于降水事件约10 d;南岛东北岸、南岸的大部分地区没有发生海水入侵,地下水向海排泄过程较稳定,2012—2016年SGD速率均值为0.2 m/d,向海NO₃^-N通量均值为81.8 mmol/(m²·d);北岛东南地区是海水入侵的严重区域,地下水水位长期低于海平面且逐年下降,2012—2016年SWI速率均值为0.3 m/d,向陆NO₃^-N通量均值为69.6 mmol/(m2·d)。分别计算南、北两岛枯水季(2014年4月)、丰水季(2013年9月)SGD水...