降雨型滑坡时空预报新方法

地质条件和降雨是引起重庆地区山体滑坡的两个最主要条件. 文中在分析降雨型滑坡形成条件的基础上, 提出了将地质条件和降雨因素进行分级叠合的降雨型滑坡时空预报新方法. 首先, 利用多因素相互作用关系矩阵, 对某个地区或者某个边坡所在位置的地质条件进行半定量的评价和分级. 然后, 根据日最大降雨量和降雨过程的总降雨量, 对该地区降雨的严重程度进行分级. 最后将“地质条件影响因子”和“降雨影响因子”进行分级叠合, 得到了“滑坡易滑程度判别因子”, 并据此将滑坡按照其易滑度分为滑坡极易发生、滑坡易发生、滑坡不易发生和滑坡基本不发生4级. 通过对某个地区的一些危险边坡进行地质勘察, 结合比较准确的天气预报, 可以对该地区的降雨型滑坡进行较为准确的时空预测预报. 以鸡扒子滑坡为例, 验证了利用“双因素”分级叠合方法进行降雨型滑坡时空预报的可靠性和可行性.     

地质雷达在公路滑坡加固治理中的应用

地质雷达能快速、准确地探测地下潜在的地质缺陷体的空间位置、形状大小及电性质等其他一些地质参数,可以为滑坡的加固设计、施工提供可靠的资料,简述了地质雷达的勘探原理和方法,并以实例说明了地质雷达在滑坡治理中的应用方法及效果。     

低频地质雷达新技术在滑坡勘查中的试验研究

滑坡地质灾害在我国西北、西南广泛分布,传统的滑坡调查是采用地面调查结合钻探、槽探、坑探等方法进行.采用高性价比的地球物理手段进行滑坡勘查,对查清滑坡结构、探索其成灾机理和地质灾害评估及预警有重要意义.本文研究目的旨在探索研究低频地质雷达方法在滑坡勘查中的应用效果,为地质灾害调查提供实用技术手段.通过理论分析和野外试验,建立了滑坡正演模型,得出了滑坡典型电磁波传播特征,并在西北和西南几处滑坡上开展了野外试验,分析了黄土滑坡和基岩滑坡的雷达剖面特征,给出了地球物理解释.试验结果表明:低频地质雷达技术能够划分滑坡地层结构,对滑面深度和滑床形态准确刻画,对落水洞位置准确定位,这充分证实地质雷达是一种实用有效的地质灾害调查与评价技术手段.     

金沙江上游特米大型古滑坡的成因及古地震参数反分析

对金沙江上游特米大型古滑坡的成因及古地震参数反分析进行研究。在野外详细地质地貌调查及14C年代测定的基础上,确定特米大型古滑坡是由地震触发形成,滑坡曾形成堰塞坝堵塞了金沙江,其形成时间约为7210 BP。基于Newmark法分析了触发特米古滑坡的地震震级与震中距之间的关系,结合地质地貌调查,初步推断地震震中位于特米滑坡下游雄松—苏哇龙活动断裂上(栋索到拉扎西段),地震震级为7.0~7.4级。     

乌鲁木齐头屯河上游1999年8月滑坡成因分析

引言1 999年 8月 1 7日新疆头屯河上游庙尔沟一带发生滑坡 ,滑坡体长 70 0 m,宽 3 0 0 m多 ,滑向 1 5 0°。滑坡舌推挤到庙尔沟—昌吉公路西北边缘 ,对交通造成威胁。文中我们对滑坡的结构、成因进行了分析研究。图 1　滑坡区地质示意图( 1)第四系　 ( 2 )第三系　 ( 3)白垩系　 ( 4)侏罗系　 ( 5 )三叠系( 6 )二叠系　 ( 7)石炭系　 ( 8)断层　 ( 9)滑坡Fig.1　 Geological sketch of the landslide area1　滑坡区的区域地质条件从大地构造角度看 ,滑坡位于北天山乌鲁木齐山前凹陷。在地貌上滑坡区是头屯河侵蚀区 ,河流切割深度1 0 0 m,发…     

老滑坡和断层影响下滑坡特征及处治措施研究

滑坡是我国最常见的地质灾害之一.老滑坡体加上断层破碎带的影响往往导致工程滑坡成因机理更为复杂.针对广东大潮高速公路K20工点滑坡案例的破坏情况,通过现场调研和地质勘测确定该滑坡工程的变形特征,探讨了受老滑坡及断层带控制的滑坡致灾机理,并且对该处滑坡进行了稳定性分析.结果表明:该处为老滑坡地貌,地质构造是形成老滑坡的控制...     

活跃陆缘可致海啸的海底滑坡

检查地质记录中的现代、历史和海底滑坡发现,活跃大陆边缘的滑坡可导致海啸。海啸可破坏海岸及海底设施,而且由于其对社会的潜在重大影响,也是海洋地质灾害研究的要素。在此类环境中,海啸被认为主要由地震活动触发;然而,也有一些假说认为海底滑坡可导致海啸。本文简要综述了活跃陆缘可致海啸的海底滑坡地质特征和触发机制。可致海啸的大型海底滑坡大都发生在无增生的陆缘。这些观测结果对海啸预警系统有一定的借鉴意义,因为日本的海啸预警系统尚未考虑海底滑坡触发海啸的情形。     

无人机高分辨率遥感影像地震滑坡信息提取方法

选取四川"4·20"芦山地震震区发生的地震滑坡为研究对象,首先构建区域地质特色的无人机影像地震滑坡样本库;然后引入迁移学习机制完成了无人机高分辨率遥感影像地震滑坡信息提取。研究结果表明地震滑坡提取总体精度达87.2%,能满足地震滑破灾害环境宏观调查,滑坡灾害体监测等应急需求。     

褚家营巨型滑坡的高密度电法勘察及效果分析

滑坡是一种常见的自然灾害,每年都要给人民生命财产带来巨大损失,同时也对工程建设造成严重影响.本文通过高密度电阻率法在褚家营巨型滑坡勘察中的应用,查明了滑体的性质、厚度以及滑动面,为以后的滑坡灾害防治工程提供了准确的依据.利用高密度电法来勘察巨型滑坡,不仅具有效率高、成本低、结果显示直观、地质效果明显等特点,而且在一些地形起伏较大、地质结构复杂或震法不易开展工作的地区,高密度电法也能廉价高效地的完成勘察任务.     

陕北“对滑”型黄土滑坡发育特征及其整治对策探讨——以子长县阎家沟滑坡为例

在相同地质环境条件下沟谷两岸发生相向滑动的滑坡,可称之为"对滑"型滑坡.以陕西子长县阎家沟滑坡为例,讨论了"对滑"型滑坡的形成环境、发育模式、成因机制和后期变形演化特征.在此基础上提出了陕北大量发育的"对滑"型滑坡的整治措施.     

基于分形的巴谢河流域滑坡空间分布格局及其影响因素分析

定量研究区域滑坡空间分布规律,揭示不同类型滑坡的分布格局,对预测和评价滑坡危险性有重要指导意义。基于ArcGIS空间分析功能及分形理论的关联维数和盒计维数,分析了巴谢河流域黄土滑坡及黄土-泥岩滑坡的空间分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明：区域滑坡个体关联具有多尺度分形,黄土滑坡与黄土-泥岩滑坡分别在8 km、12 km尺度上存在阈值,滑坡个体在该阈值尺度前后呈现不同的相关程度,且黄土滑坡个体空间的关联程度和聚集程度均高于黄土-泥岩滑坡;黄土-泥岩滑坡分布范围广、形态复杂,其面积展布盒计维数大于黄土滑坡;地层岩性及坡度对两类滑坡分布格局的影响较大,沟壑密度次之,起伏度影响较小。     

区域滑坡时间分布的自相似性研究

滑坡时间分布是滑坡预测和预警报研究的关键内容,对一定区域滑坡分布时间规律的研究可为区域滑坡预测和预警报提供参考和指导。本文以长江三峡库区滑坡为研究对象,对滑坡的年际分布和月份分布的相似性分别进行了研究。结果表明,两种时间的分布规律具有较好的相似性,且滑坡规模越接近,相似性程度越高。对滑坡时间分布的相似性研究,为应用分形理论研究该区域滑坡时间分布规律提供了理论基础。     

The Spatial Distribution and Attribute Parameter Statistics of Landslides Triggered by the May 12th, 2008, MW7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake

A complete landslide inventory and attribute database is the importantly fundamental for the study of the earthquake-induced landslide. Substantial landslides were triggered by the M_W7.9 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12^th, 2008. Google Earth images of pre- and post-earthquakes show that 52 194 co-seismic landslides were recognized and mapped, with a total landslides area of 1 021 km².Based on the statistics,we assigned all landslide parameters and established the co-seismic landslides database, which includes area, length, and width of landslides, elevation of the scarp top and foot edge, and the top and bottom elevations of each located slope. Finally, the spatial distribution and the above attribute parameters of landslides were analyzed. The results show that the spatial distribution of the co-seismic landslides is extremely uneven. The landslides that mainly occur in a rectangular area (a width of 30 km of the hanging wall of the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault and a length of 120 km between Yingxiu and Beichuan) are obviously controlled by surface rupture, terrain, and peak ground acceleration. Meanwhile, a large number of small landslides (individual landslide area less than 10 000 m²)contribute less to the total landslides area. The number of landslides larger than 10 000 m² accounts for 38.7% of the total number of co-seismic landslides, while the area of those landslides account for 88% of the total landslides area. The 52 194 co-seismic landslides are caused by bedrock collapse that usually consists of three parts:source area, transport area, and accumulation area. However, based on the area-volume power-law relationship, the resulting regional landslide volume may be much larger than the true landslide volume if the landslide volume is calculated using the influenced area from each landslide.     

Spatial Distribution of Seismic Landslides in the Areas of 1927 Gulang M8.0 Earthquake

The 1927 Gulang M8.0 earthquake has triggered a huge number of landslides, resulting in massive loss of people''s life and property. However, integrated investigations and results regarding the landslides triggered by this earthquake are rare; such situation hinders the deep understanding of these landslides such as scale, extent, and distribution. With the support of Google Earth software, this study intends to finish the seismic landslides interpretation work in the areas of Gulang earthquake (VIII-XI degree) using the artificial visual interpretation method, and further analyze the spatial distribution and impact factors of these landslides. The results show that the earthquake has triggered at least 936 landslides in the VIII-XI degree zone, with a total landslide area of 58.6 km². The dense area of seismic landslides is located in the middle and southern parts of the X intensity circle. Statistical analysis shows that seismic landslides is mainly controlled by factors such as elevation, slope gradient, slope direction, strata, seismic intensity, faults and rivers. The elevation of 2 000-2 800 m is the high-incidence interval of the landslide. The landslide density is larger with a higher slope gradient. East and west directions are the dominant sliding directions. The areas with Cretaceous and Quaternary strata are the main areas of the Gulang seismic landslides. The X intensity zone triggered the most landslides. In addition, landslides often occur in regions near rivers and faults. This paper provides a scientific reference for exploring the development regularities of landslides triggered by the 1927 Gulang earthquake and effectively mitigating the landslide disasters of the earthquake.     

A PANORAMA OF LANDSLIDES TRIGGERED BY THE 8 AUGUST 2017 JIUZHAIGOU,SICHUAN MS7.0 EARTHQUAKE

The M_S7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake in Sichuan Province of 8 August 2017 triggered a large number of landslides. A comprehensive and objective panorama of these landslides is of great significance for understanding the mechanism, intensity, spatial pattern and law of these coseismic landslides, recovery and reconstruction of earthquake affected area, as well as prevention and mitigation of landslide hazard. In this paper, we use the trinity method of space, sky and earth to create a panorama of the landslides triggered by this event. There are 4 roads in the distribution area of the coseismic landslides. The Jinglinghai-Xiamo and Jiudaoguai-Jiuzhaitiantang road sections register the most serious coseismic landslides. The landslides are mainly of moderate-and small-scales, and also with a few large landslides and avalanches. A detailed visual interpretation of the coseismic landslides is performed in two areas of Wuhuahai(11.84km²) and Zharusi-Shangsizhai village(47.07km²), respectively. The results show the overall intensity of landsliding(1088 landslides, a total area 1.514km²) in the Wuhuahai area is much higher than those in the Zharusi-Shangsizhai village area(528 landslides, a total area 0.415km²). On the basis of a scene of post-earthquake Geoeye -1 satellite images, we delineate more than 4 800 coseismic landslides with a total occupation area 9.6km². The spatial pattern of these landslides is well related with the locations of the inferred seismogenic fault and aftershocks. Widely distributed earthquake-affected weakened slopes, residual loose materials staying at high-position slopes and in valleys have greater possibilities to fail again and generate new landslides or debris flows under the conditions of strong aftershocks or heavy rainfalls in the future. Geological hazard from these events will become one of the most serious problems in the recovery and reconstruction of the earthquake-affected area which should receive much attention.     

Distribution of Landslides in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, China

Using Google Earth software as a platform, this study has established an integrated database of both old and new landslides in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province, China, and analyzed their development characteristics together with distribution rules, respectively. Based on the results, a total of 2 427 landslides occurred in the study area, including 2 144 new landslides and 283 old landslides, with a total area of about 104.8 km². The new landslides are mostly in small-scales with an area less than 10 000 m², while the area of individual old landslide is mostly larger than 10 000 m². By analyzing the relationship between the two types of landslides and eight impact factors (i.e., elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, slope position, lithology, fault, regional Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), and average annual rainfall), the different individual influencing factors, distribution regularities and mechanisms of the two types of landslides are revealed. In detail, the main influencing factors of new landslides are elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, slope position, lithology, regional PGA and average annual rainfall, while the influencing factors of old landslides are mainly elevation, slope angle, and lithology. This study provides basic data and support for landslide assessment and further disaster reduction in Baoshan City. Besides, it also provides new constraints in deeply understanding the effect of different topographic and geological conditions, historical earthquakes, rainfall and other factors on the occurrence mechanisms of both new landslides and old landslides.     

山西地震带中与强震活动有关的两种滑坡

本文以滑波理论为依据，总结了山西地震带的两种不同特点的滑坡。即：振荡式滑坡及触发式滑坡。虽然两种滑坡都可分为变形、解体、滑动、毁灭等四个阶段，但其动力不同。振荡式滑波的滑动面倾角小，因而滑力来源于强震振动，而触发式滑坡的滑动面倾角大，因而滑力来自滑体本身静荷载。对两种滑坡的研究对预防及减轻强震带来的次生灾害有重要的意义。     

Analysis of historical data for a better understanding of post-construction landslides at an artificial waterway

With growing urbanization, an increasing number of landslides worldwide are linked to construction works, especially along transportation routes. To get a better understanding of these post-construction landslides at artificial waterways, archive studies have been conducted, in addition to analysis of historical scientific literature and technical reports. The resultant database is used to describe the occurrence and the characteristics of the landslides at the Mittelland Canal, and to evaluate aspects of conditioning and preparatory factors, potential triggers and applied mitigation measures. The Mittelland Canal has been chosen because it is one of the most important artificial waterways in Europe, and the high number of landslides that occur there is unique. In particular, landslides at the Mittelland Canal were frequently reported in the first half of the 20^th century. The susceptibility to landslides is strongly influenced by material characteristics, as a large number of landslides is linked to sites where fine-grained mudstone is abundant, which quickly decomposes under immersion in water or under dynamic stress. In addition, landslides can be linked to the creation of over-steepened slopes. Construction works can also be considered another preparatory factor for landslides. In addition, some landslides in World War II appear to be connected to the blast of aerial bombings. Precipitation seems to play a minor role in triggering landslides. The applied mitigation measures were developed recently, marking the importance of the canal as a transportation route. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地震崩滑与地震参数的关系及其在边坡震害预测中的应用

在对我国已有的地震崩塌和滑坡（简称地震崩滑）资料进行研究的基础上,建立地震崩滑与地震参数间的关系,确定触发地震崩滑的最小震级、最小烈度和最大震中距,提出3个预测地震崩滑的初判准则。利用1996年2月3日云南省丽江7.0级地震引发的地震崩塌和滑坡实例,对此初判准则进行了验证。