2002年夏季东亚地区环流20—30 d主振荡型延伸期预报研究

用2002年3-9月逐日东亚地区850 hPa经向风场资料建立主振荡预测模型(POP),对影响长江下游地区强降水过程的主要低频经向风场(20-30 d时间尺度)的时空变化进行10-30 d延伸期独立预报试验.试验结果表明,在夏半年135次预测中提前20 d预报的相关预报技巧在0.50以上,很好地预报了夏季3次强降水过程对应的经向风的低频变化过程.对20-30 d振荡显著的多年资料预报试验表明,这些预测模型是预报低频环流时空演变的有效工具,对于提高未来3-4周长江下游强降水过程的预报准确率有重要意义.     

湖南省汛期强降水的30~60d低频振荡特征及延伸期预报指数研究

基于1986—2015年湖南逐日降水资料、同期美国气象环境预报中心(NCEP)和美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)再分析资料,通过分析强低频振荡年的汛期强降水特征和低频环流场演变对强降水的影响,建立了湖南省汛期延伸期强降水过程预报指数。结果表明:(1)汛期33%的强降水过程均发生在具有显著30~60 d低频振荡的年份中,且大多位于低频降水峰值阶段。(2)通过对强低频振荡年进行合成发现,在活跃位相,南亚高压偏强偏东,副热带高压偏西偏强,这种环流配置导致中国南方大部分地区的高层环流为辐散,底层环流为辐合,有利于降水的产生。在中断位相,南亚高压呈东西带状分布且其位置偏西、强度偏弱,副热带高压偏东偏弱,使得向湖南地区输送水汽的西南气流减弱,进入降水中断期。(3)基于低频散度场不同位相的变化特征,选取了与低频降水相关的两个关键区,从而建立延伸期预报指数,该指数对低频降水显著年的强降水回报准确率能够达到73%。(4)前期4月黑潮的海温异常(SSTA)可作为湖南省强低频振荡年的预测指标。     

川东北极端强降水预报方法对比研究

【目的】 为了建立川东北最佳极端强降水概率预报方程。【方法】 利用ERA时间间隔为1 h的0.25°×0.25°再分析资料,计算1990—2019年5—9月逐日4个时次的物理量,统计分析极端强降水个例物理量异常度,采用4种实验方法对比分析并建立预报方程。【结果】 (1)异常度较明显因子分别为700 hPa比湿、850 hPa比湿、700 hPa水汽通量散度、850 hPa水汽通量散度、500 hPa垂直速度、700 hPa垂直速度、850 hPa垂直速度,大部分平均异常度绝对值在1.5以上,K指数和假相当位温相当,08时总体比其他时次异常度明显。（2）预报方程预报结果。样本内检验,该预报概率平均值为0.652,60%的百分位值为0.623,预报概率最大值为0.999。样本外检验,预报指数阈值为0.6时,平均准确率达到了90%,平均空报率为9.3%,平均漏报率为0.7%,其中有13站的漏报率为0%;以0.65为阈值检验,平均准确率达到了92.4%,平均空报率为6.9%,平均漏报率为0.7%,其中有13站的漏报率为0%,预报效果更佳。【结论】 极端强降水概率预报方程具有较好的预报效果。     

2011年江西汛期降水低频分量的延伸期预报试验

利用2011年2-8月逐日降水量序列及东亚地区850hPa经向风场资料建立多变量时滞回归(multivariable lagged regression, MLR)模型,对5-7月江西降水10-30d和50-70d低频分量分别进行延伸期逐日预报实验。结果表明：2011年江西降水存在显著的10-30d和50-70d的振荡周期。降水50-70d低频分量延伸期预报技巧明显优于10-30d低频分量延伸期预报技巧,平均预报技巧高达0.86。降水50-70d低频分量延伸期预报可准确预报降水低频位相的正负转换,能为江西延伸期强降水过程发生的时段预测提供预报信号。     

2013年初夏长江下游降水低频分量延伸期预报的多变量时滞回归模型

用长江下游降水低频分量和南半球中纬度地区850 hPa低频经向风主成分,建立多变量时滞回归 (multivariable lagged regression, MLR)模型,对2013年6—7月长江下游降水低频分量进行延伸期逐日变化预报试验。结果表明, 20~30 d时间尺度的长江下游低频降水预测时效可达25~30 d。进一步对2001—2012年资料分别构建的MLR模型的历史回报预测试验表明,对于20~30 d振荡较强和正常的年份,南半球中纬度绕球遥相关(south circum global teleconnection, SCGT)波列是预测初夏长江下游低频降水未来30 d变化的显著信号。基于南半球SCGT的发展和演变,对于提前20 d以上预报长江下游地区2013年7月上旬持续强降水过程异常变化过程很有帮助,南半球热带外环流低频变化是影响初夏长江下游地区延伸期强降水变化的重要因子之一。     

多变量时滞回归模型在江南地区初夏降水低频分量延伸期预报中的应用

利用江南地区77个台站的日降水资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,基于不同时间尺度的江南地区降水低频分量和东亚地区850 h Pa低频经向风主成分,建立了多变量时滞回归(Multivariable Lagged Regression,MLR)模型,并对2011年5—7月江南降水低频分量进行延伸期逐日预报试验。结果表明,50~70 d时间尺度的江南低频降水的平均预报技巧高达0.92,可准确预报持续性强降水过程和降水低频位相的正负转换。对利用2001—2012年资料分别构建的MLR模型的历史回报预测试验表明,在50~70 d振荡较强和正常的年份,模型能提前30 d做出初夏江南低频降水分量预报。模型结果也表明,850 h Pa低频经向风的发展和演变是影响初夏江南低频降水未来30 d变化的显著信号,可作为延伸期强降水预报的关键因子。     

2011年江西汛期降水低频分量的延伸期预报试验

利用2011年2—8月逐日降水量序列及东亚地区850 h Pa经向风场资料建立多变量时滞回归(multivariable lagged regression,MLR)模型,对5—7月江西降水10~30 d和50~70 d低频分量分别进行延伸期逐日预报实验。结果表明:2011年江西降水存在显著的10~30 d和50~70 d的振荡周期。降水50~70 d低频分量延伸期预报技巧明显优于10~30 d低频分量延伸期预报技巧,平均预报技巧高达0.86。降水50~70 d低频分量延伸期预报可准确预报降水低频位相的正负转换,能为江西延伸期强降水过程发生的时段预测提供预报信号。     

基于多元线性回归的滇西南短时强降水预报模型研究

利用云南省普洱市2015—2017年多普勒天气雷达资料、探空资料和气象观测站5 min雨量观测资料,分析了普洱地区研究期间41次短时强降水的环境场和雷达回波演变特征。结果表明:中尺度辐合线、中气旋、逆风区是强降水触发和维持的重要成因。短时强降水发生前,整层大气水汽充沛,静力不稳定层结,大气可降水量(PW)≥35 mm、SI≤-0. 23、K> 35,可作为环境场对流潜势的判定因子;短时强降水发生时,雷达回波最强反射率因子≥40 d Bz,35 d Bz回波顶高> 5 km,径向速度的辐合切变量> 5 m·s^-1。通过多元线性回归分析,选取4个相关性显著的影响因子,建立普洱市短时强降水预报模型。所选预报因子包括:35 d Bz回波顶高、30 d Bz垂直剖面中心高度、30 d Bz以上雷达回波面积和SI。预报模型的回报检验表明,普洱短时强降水平均雨强相对均方根误差为17. 0%,局地降水持续时间相对均方根误差为33. 9%,局地过程降水相对均方根误差为25. 6%,回报效果较好。4次短时强降水预报检验中,平均雨强的预报误差每5 min小于1. 2 mm,局地强降水持续时间的预报误差小于10 min,局地过程降水的预报误差小于4 mm,模型均预报出局地连续性降水超过50 mm。预报模型有较好的预报能力,可应用于普洱短时强降水的临近预报预警。     

基于20—30d振荡的长江下游地区夏季低频降水延伸期预报方法研究

用长江下游降水低频分量和环流低频主成分,构造多变量时滞回归模型(MLR)和主成分复数自回归模型(PC-CAR)的混合预报模型(MLR/PC-CAR),对长江下游降水低频分量进行延伸期逐日变化预报,延长预报时效。通过2011年6—8月预测试验表明,20—30 d时间尺度的长江下游低频降水预测时效可达50 d左右,采用南半球中高纬度地区850 hPa低频经向风的主成分作为预测因子的模型的预测精度明显高于东亚地区低频经向风作为预测因子的模型。这表明在20—30 d时间尺度上,长江下游降水与南半球中纬度绕球遥相关(SCGT)型有关的主分量的时滞相关更加密切。进一步对于较强20—30 d振荡的多年资料构建的MLR/PC-CAR混合模型预测试验表明,SCGT是预测夏季长江下游低频降水未来50 d变化的显著信号。基于SCGT的发展和演变,对于把握类似长江下游地区2011年6月初旱涝急转和7月中旬持续降水和强降水过程异常变化过程很有帮助,SCGT可以作为夏季长江下游20—30 d低频降水和强降水过程进行延伸期预报的主要可预报性来源之一。     

热带气旋影响下浙江省强降水过程延伸期预报研究

利用2000—2011年NCEP/NCAR水平风场逐日再分析资料以及浙江省逐日降水量资料,基于低频天气图工具,识别出3种与浙江省台风强降水过程相对应的典型低频大气环流型。通过合成分析,划分了与C型环流场和C+SN型环流场相适配的天气关键区。进而结合历史个例,研究了台风强降水期间关键区内低频系统的活动特征,初步建立了热带气旋影响下浙江省强降水过程预报模型,并提出依据模型开展延伸期过程预报的基本思路。对2012年的回报结果表明,模型表现出较好的性能,并针对强降水过程延伸期预报中需要解决的问题,提出了若干思考与建议。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.