基于土地集约利用的长株潭城市群建设用地供需仿真模拟（英文）

Urban land intensive use is an important indicator in harmonizing the relationship between land supply and demand. The system dynamics(SD) can be used to construct the feedback loop between urban construction land supply and demand and index variable function. Based on this, this study built a supply and demand system dynamic model of urban construction land for Chang-Zhu-Tan urban agglomeration. This model can simulate the change trends of supply and demand of construction land, industrial land, and residential land in 2016–2030 by three scenarios of low, medium, and high intensity modes. The results showed that the scale of construction land of urban agglomeration is expanding, with a rapid increase rate for the urban construction land. The scale and speed of land use based on the three intensity modes existed differences. The large scale and supply of construction land in the low intensity mode caused easily the waste of land resources. In high intensity mode, the scale and supply of construction land were reduced against the healthy development of new-type urbanization. In the medium intensity mode, the scale and supply of land use adapted to the socio-economic development and at the same time reflected the concept of modern urban development. In addition, the results of this study found that the proportion of industrial land in construction land ranged from 15% to 21%, which increased year by year in the low intensity mode, and decreased slowly and stabilized in medium and high intensity modes. The proportion of residential land in construction land ranged from 27% to 35%, which decreased in the low and the medium intensity modes, and maintained a high level in the higher intensity mode. This study contributes to provide scientific reference for decision-making optimization of land supply and demand, urban planning, and land supply-side reform.     

中国山区农村土地利用转型及其对土地整治的政策启示（英文）

The cultivation of mountainous land results in water loss and soil erosion. With rapid urbanization and industrialization in China, labor emigration relieves the cultivation of mountainous areas in regions with high poverty and leads to a significant land use transition. This research built an analysis framework for "land use transition – driving mechanism – effects –responses" for mountainous areas of China undergoing land use transition and then proposed the direction of mountainous land consolidation. The results showed that the turning point of land use morphology was the core of rural land use transition in mountainous areas. The expansion of cropland and the contraction of forestland have transitioned to the abandonment of cropland and the expansion of forestland; this transition was the main characteristic of the dominant land use change. Land marginalization and land ecological functional recovery were the main characteristics of the recessive land use transition in mountainous areas. Socioeconomic factors were the primary driving forces during land use transition in mountainous areas, with labor emigration being the most direct force. The rising costs of farming and the challenging living conditions causing labor emigration were fundamental driving forces. Rural land use transition in mountainous areas reduced the vulnerability of the ecological function of land ecosystems. The advantages and disadvantages of the socioeconomic effects should focus on rural development of mountainous areas as well as the livelihood of farmers; this should be further supported by empirical and quantitative research. Rural land use transition of mountainous areas improves natural restoration and is related to socioeconomic development. Rural land consolidation of mountainous areas should conform to land use transition,with the goal of shifting from the increase of cultivated land to the synergies of ecological and environmental protection.     

近两百年江苏省城乡建设用地数量估算与空间重建（英文）

Land cover is the most evident landscape signal to characterize the influence of human activities on terrestrial ecosystems.Since the industrial revolution,the expansion of construction land has profoundly changed the status of land use coverage and changes.This study is proposed to reconstruct the spatial pattern of construction land(urban construction land and rural settlement land)for five historical periods over the past 200 years in Jiangsu Province with 200 m′200 m grids on the basis of quantitative estimation.Urban construction land is estimated based on data about city walls,four gates along walls,and other socio-economic factors.Rural settlement land is calculated based on the rural population and per capita housing allowance.The spatial pattern of historical construction land is simulated based on the distribution of modern construction land in 1985 with a quantitative-boundarysuitability control method and thorough consideration over connectivity of different land use types.The study concludes that:(1)the amount of construction land in Jiangsu Province is estimated at 963.46 km~2 in 1820,1043.46 km~2 in 1911,1672.40 km~2 in 1936,1980.34 km~2 in1952 and 10,687.20 km~2 in 1985;and(2)the spatial distribution of construction land features the great proclivity to water bodies and main roads and the strong polarization of existent residence.The results are verified directly and indirectly by applying the trend verification of construction land changes and patterns,the correlation analysis between rural settlement land and local arable land,and quantitative accuracy test of the reconstructed construction land to actual historical survey maps covering four sample regions in 1936.     

中国耕地和农村宅基地利用转型耦合特征与机制(英文)

Land use transition refers to the changes in land use morphology (both dominant morphology and recessive morphology) of a certain region over a certain period of time driven by socio-economic change and innovation, and it usually corresponds to the transition of socio-economic development phase. In China, farmland and rural housing land are the two major sources of land use transition. This paper analyzes the spatio-temporal coupling characteristics of farmland and rural housing land transition in China, using high-resolution Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) data in 2000 and 2008, and the data from the Ministry of Land and Resources of China. The outcomes indicated that: (1) during 2000-2008, the cor-relation coefficient of farmland vs. rural housing land change is -0.921, and it shows that the change pattern of farmland and rural housing land is uncoordinated; (2) the result of Spear-man rank correlation analysis shows that rural housing land change has played a major role in the mutual transformation of farmland and rural housing land; and (3) it shows a high-degree spatial coupling between farmland and rural housing land change in southeast China during 2000-2008. In general, farmland and rural housing land transition in China is driven by socio-economic, bio-physical and managerial three-dimensional driving factors through the interactions among rural population, farmland and rural housing land. However, the spatio-temporal coupling phenomenon and mechanism of farmland and rural housing land transition in China are largely due to the "dual-track" structure of rural-urban develop-ment.     

河西走廊张掖绿洲土地利用/土地覆盖变化特征

Taking two false color composite Landsat 5 TM(Thematic Mapper)images of band 4,3,2taken in 1995 and 2000 as data resources,this paper carried out study on LUCC of Zhanye oasis in recent five years by interpretation according to land resources classification system of 1∶00,000 Resources and Environmental Database of the Chinese Academy of sciences.The results show that great changes have taken place in landuse/landcover in Zhangye oasis since 1995:(1)Changes of landuse structure show that cropland and land for urban construction and built-up area increased,on the contrary,water area and grassland decreased.These changes reflect the deterionration of arrangement of water and land resources between the upper and lower reaches of the Heihe River.(2)Regional differences of landuse/landcover are evident,characterized by following aspects:in Sunan County located in Qilian Mountain area,unused land and grassland decreased,but cropland and land for urban construction and built-up area inreased.In Minle and Shandan counties located in foothills,unused land,warer area and cropland decreased,but grassland and land for urban construction and built-up area increased.In Zhangye City,Linze County and Gaotai County located in plain area of the middle reaches of the Heihe River,unused land,warer area and grassland decreased,while woodland,cropland and land for urban construction and buile-up area increased.     

基于景观生态学和马尔可夫模型的日本北九州土地利用分析

Based on four phases of TM images acquired in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, this paper took Kitakyushu in Japan as a case study to analyze spatial change of land use landscape and corresponding effects on environmental issues guided by landscape ecology theory in virtue of combining technology of Remote Sensing with GIS. Firstly, land use types were divided into 6 classes （farmland, mountain, forestland, water body, urban land and unused land） according to national classification standard of land use, comprehensible ability of TM image and purpose of this study. Secondly, following the theory of landscape ecology analysis, 11 typical landscape indices were abstracted to evaluate the environmental effects and spatial feature changes of land use. Research results indicated that land use has grown more and more diversified and unbalanced, human activities have disturbed the landscape more seriously. Finally, transfer matrix of Markov was applied to forecast change process of land use in the future different periods, and then potential land use changes were also simulated from 2010 to 2050. Results showed that conversion tendency for all types of land use in Kitakyushu into urban construction land were enhanced. The study was anticipated to help local authorities better understand and address a complex land use system, and develop improved land use management strategies that could better balance urban expansion and ecological conservation.     

西安市土地利用与环境关系的协调研究

In this paper we adopt annual land use conditions change data, land sifting data, social, economic and population data and environment information of nine districts and four counties in Xi＇an city from 1980 to 2000 to analyze its structural and degree change of land use since the 1980s, and calculate the benefits and transformation of land use type. The results show that the non-agricultural land increased rapidly, especially the urban and rural residential spots and industrial and mining （RIM） land use increased mostly rapidly, an increase of 64%. Meanwhile, the intensity of land exploitation was accelerating, land was transformed to industries with better benefit and areas experiencing faster urbanization process. By analyzing the harmonious degree of land exploitation in economic and environmental aspects, we find out that the land use imbalance mainly existed in the municipal area of Xi＇an, and the imbalance index of land use based on GDP and non-agricultural population were respectively 12.37 and 14.67 in 2000, which were far higher than those in other regions. Nevertheless the environmental harmonious degree in the municipal area of Xi＇an ranges between 0.6 and 0.8, which was better than that of suburban area. Some proposals addressing to the problems of harmonious level in all scales, resources utilization, projects management and feasibility analysis and intensive urbanization are also put forward.     

中国省域耕地集约利用态势与驱动力分析(英文)

The aim of this study is to establish several important factors representing land use intensification in cultivated land(denoted by CII), using a multi-dimensional approach to achieve realistic and practical cultivated land use policies in China. For this reason, the theoretical framework was first built to explain the changes of land use intensification in the cultivated land, and then the variables and index were further developed for the purpose of characterizing the dynamic trends and driving forces of the land use intensification in the cultivated land at the provincial level. The study results indicate that the extent of CII significantly increased during the period of 1996 to 2008, due to the extensive use of fertilizers, machinery and pesticide, increased labor and capital input, and intensified land use. Moreover, the principal component regression results show that the productivity of cultivated land, economic benefits of cultivated land, labor productivity, and land use conversion are the main factors affecting the village development. The first three factors play a positive role, while the last one has a negative effect on the land use intensification in the cultivated land. According to these results, the main policies for sustainable intensification in cultivated land are proposed. First, the sustainable pathways for intensification should be adopted to reduce the unsustainable uses of chemical fertilizer, agricultural chemicals, etc. Second, the conditions for agricultural production should be further improved to increase the cultivated land productivity. Third, it is very necessary and helpful for improving labor productivity and land use efficiency from the viewpoint of accelerated the cultivated land circulation. The last step is to positively affect the production activities of peasants by means of reforming the subsidy standards.     

中国省域间生态地租分异特征及其影响因素(英文)

Ecological land rent is the excess profit produced by resource scarcity, and is also an important indicator for measuring the social and economic effects of resource scarcity. This paper, by calculating the respective ecological land rents of all the provinces in China for the years 2002 and 2007, and with the assistance of the software programs ArcGIS and GeoDA, analyzes the spatial differentiation characteristics of ecological land rent; then, the influencing factors of ecological land rent differentiation among the provinces are examined using the methods of traditional regression and spatial correlation analysis. The following results were obtained: First, ecological land rent per unit of output in China shows stable distribution characteristics of being low in the southwestern and northeastern provinces, and high in Hebei and Henan provinces. There is also an increasing tendency in the central and western provinces, and a decreasing one in the eastern provinces. In general, the spatial distribution of ecological land rent per unit of output in China is quite scattered. Second, the total ecological land rent shows significant spatial aggregation characteristics, in particular the provinces in China possessing high total amounts of ecological land rent tend to be adjacent to one another, as do those with low total amounts, and the spatial difference characteristics of the eastern, central and western provinces are distinguished. The Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta are shown to be highly clustering regions of total ecological land rent, while the western provinces have very low ecological land rent in terms of total amount. Third, population distribution, economic level and industrial structure were all important influencing factors influencing ecological land rent differentiation among provinces in China. Furthermore, population density, urbanization level, economic density, per capita consumption level and GDP per capita were all shown to be positively related to total ecological land rent, which indicates that spatial clustering exists between ecological land rent and these factors. However, there was also a negative correlation between ecological land rent and agricultural output percentage, indicating that spatial scattering exists between ecological land rent and agricultural output percentage.     

过去百年尼泊尔耕地时空变化（英文）

In order to advance land use and land cover change(LUCC) research in Nepal, it is essential to reconstruct both the spatiotemporal distribution of agricultural land cover as well as scenarios that can explain these changes at the national and regional levels. Because of rapid population growth, the status of agricultural land in Nepal has changed markedly over the last 100 years. Historical data is used in this study, encompassing soils, populations, climatic variables, and topography. Data were revised to a series of 30 m grid cells utilized for agricultural land suitability and allocation models and were analyzed using a suite of advanced geographical tools. Our reconstructions for the spatiotemporal distribution of agricultural land in Nepal reveal an increasing trend between 1910 and 2010(from 151.2 × 10~2 km~2 to 438.8 × 10~2 km~2). This expanded rate of increase in agricultural land has varied between different eco, physiographic, and altitudinal regions of the country, significantly driven by population changes and policies over the period of this investigation. The historical dataset presented in this paper fills an existing gap in studies of agricultural land change and can be applied to other carbon cycle and climate modeling studies, as well as to impact assessments of agricultural land change in Nepal.     

生态重建模式的评价方法——以黄土丘陵区为例

生态重建模式是协调生态脆弱地区人地关系的系列政策和配套措施的总称。作者在按模式总体特征、生态重建规模、投资需求及实施效果开展评价方法讨论和筛选评价指标的基础上,以黄土丘陵区为例,总结了“赈济退耕”、“梯田退耕”和“坝系根治”3种模式的基本特征,计算了不同模式下黄土丘陵区生态重建关于退耕、新修梯田、园地扩建、建坝淤地以及林草植被恢复等的规模和投资需求额度,分析了各模式下的生态重建效益。结果表明：“梯田退耕”可作为黄土丘陵区生态重建的主体模式,目前正在实施的“赈济退耕”具有显著的过渡性特征,“坝系根治”在局部区域可作为辅助模式。     

黄土丘陵区生态重建“赈济退耕”及地域分异特征

“赈济退耕”是目前国家关于黄土丘陵区生态重建的主体措施。本文在总结“赈济退耕”措施及其基本特点的基础上 ,根据土地利用、耕地坡度分级数据和“赈济退耕”现行标准分别计算了黄土丘陵区各县退耕 2 5°和 15°以上坡耕地的面积和政策性补贴资金需求额度。在构建并采用退耕指数和政策性补贴资金密度指数等指标对 5 5个县 (市、区 )进行类型划分的基础上 ,分析了黄土丘陵区生态重建“赈济退耕”规模及政策性补贴地域分异特征     

无定河流域不同地貌区水沙过程对比

为了查明人为影响程度较低时期无定河流域内不同地貌区的水沙过程及其变化规律,选取1970年以前一段时期该流域内风沙区和黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的有关水文站的水文泥沙实测数据进行对比分析。结果表明,风沙区河流的流量变率较黄土丘陵沟壑区的小;风沙区河流的含沙量远小于黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的含沙量。黄土丘陵沟壑区河流具有极高的输沙率,而风沙区河流的输沙率微不足道。风沙区和黄土丘陵沟壑区河流的产流模数基本相近,但产沙模数非常悬殊,前者的产沙模数很小,为118.58~725.38t /km² · a,而后者的达到1879.36~25112.15t /km² · a。显然,无定河流域黄土丘陵沟壑区的河流是侵蚀产沙的主要来源区,因而是水土保持工作的重点区域。     

中国生态恢复效果评价研究综述

随着全球环境的日益恶化,生态恢复的理论与实践的研究在世界范围内逐渐开展起来。中国是世界上生态系统退化最为严重的国家之一,也是较早开展生态恢复研究和实践的国家之一。自20世纪50年代以来,中国已经批准和实施了一大批生态恢复工程。对生态恢复工程的实施效果进行科学准确的评价,不仅是生态恢复工程的重要组成内容,更是进一步调整和优化生态恢复方案的重要手段。本文在回顾中国生态恢复效果评价研究的基础上,归纳了中国生态恢复效果评价的主要内容、评价思路及相应的方法与技术,指出现有研究中存在的问题,并对今后中国生态恢复效果评价研究进行了展望,提出了今后该领域的研究重点。     

甘肃中部黄土丘陵沟壑区农林复合生态系统综合效益评价

在对甘肃中部黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域农林复合生态系统大面积调查和示范区定点观测的基础上,参考国内外农林复合生态系统综合效益评价的研究成果,采用层次分析法(AHP),对区域内典型农林复合生态系统模式：沙棘一仁用杏一紫花苜蓿复合经营模式(T1)、侧柏一甘蒙柽柳一紫花苜蓿复合经营模式(T2)、甘蒙柽柳一农作物复合经营模式(3)、雨水集流庭院经济复合经营模式(T4)、围栏放养模式(T5),以坡耕地农田生态系统(T6)作为对照,从生态效益、经济效益、社会效益及综合效益方面进行了分析和评价．该研究成果将为甘肃中部黄土丘陵沟壑区水土保持综合治理、退耕还林工程、实现当地农业和林业可持续发展及提高农村社会经济发展水平提供理论依据。     

三峡库区退耕坡地环境移民压力研究

坡耕地退耕还林还草作为生态环境建设的重要措施正在三峡库区逐步实施。然而，坡耕地退耕将减少退耕地区的耕地数量，特别是坡耕地集中分布的区域，从而引发环境移民问题。利用GIS技术建立了基于GRID的坡耕地退耕压力指数模型及环境移民模型，并对三峡库区坡耕地退耕引发的潜在环境移民的数量进行模拟。模拟结果表明三峡库区坡耕地退耕引发的潜在环境移民数量较大。在退耕压力指数为40％时潜在环境移民数量高达89万人，相当于三峡水库淹没需要安置的水库移民数量。环境移民压力是该地区生态环境建设面临的一大难题。     

Geodetection analysis of the driving forces and mechanisms of erosion in the hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi Province

Journal of Geographical Sciences - This paper analyzes the spatial variation in soil erosion in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi Province, China. It sums up existing research,...     

黄土高原水土流失区生态退耕对粮食安全的影响

退耕还林是黄土高原水土流失区改善生态环境的一种有效途径,但在一定程度上必然会影响到区域的粮食安全,其中最直接最主要的影响便是退耕带来耕地面积减少,引发粮食总产量的降低。根据黄土高原水土流失区的生态退耕规划,对退耕还林还草可能对当地造成的粮食生产影响进行分析。利用具有显著科学性和可操作性的最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数模型,对该区各亚区进行了粮食安全评价,并以此为基础提出了黄土高原水土流失区各亚区退耕还林还草与粮食安全的协调途径。     

传统农区生态修复中的经济补偿探讨——以日本佐渡岛为例

当前,生态修复和生态补偿的相关理论在发达国家较为盛行,也有许多值得借鉴的模式。本文以日本为研究对象,重点研究了在推行生态修复和生态补偿过程中的经验教训。基于长时间在日本佐渡岛上的实地调研和深度访谈,从微观的视角分析在各级政府积极推进朱鹮生息环境修复的背景下,以农户为主体的区域居民的意识和行为,揭示了区域环境整治和农户农业经营之间的矛盾。通过深入比较传统农业经营和环境友好型农业经营在经济效益上的差异,阐明了农户反对朱鹮野化放飞和生态修复的必然性。从而提出为了尽快扭转发展中国家区域间、群体间生态效益及相关经济效益分配不公平的局面,利用经济、社会政策以及法律手段,寻求切合区域实际、各具特色的生态补偿方式的重要性。     

Calculation of Ecological Compensation Standards for the Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System

Kuancheng Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Water Containment Function Area. The Traditional Chestnut Cultivation System is characterized by agroforestry compound, and some studies have shown that the compound planting of chestnut has better ecological benefits than the single chestnut planting mode. However, most of the local farmers in Kuancheng are mainly engaged in single chestnut cultivation. Through ecological compensation, farmers are being encouraged to change their chestnut planting mode, which can achieve the purpose of inheriting China’s important agricultural heritage and improving the ecological benefits. This paper introduces preference coefficients to correct for opportunity costs, and through interviews and questionnaires, we obtained the input and output of the single chestnut cultivation, chestnut-maitake, chestnut-millet, and chestnut-chicken and the income of laborers working outside the home in the Kuancheng area. Through analysis and calculation, we obtained the following results: (1) Although the net income of the three chestnut composite modes is higher, their economic input is higher than that of a single chestnut planting mode, and the return on unit investment is lower. (2) The average income of young and middle-aged workers who work outside is higher than that of the local farming industry, so the local chestnut agroforestry plantation has a higher opportunity cost. (3) The final calculation shows that the chestnut-chicken agroforestry operation mode needs no compensation, the chestnut-maitake plantation mode is compensated at least 1608.5 USD ha^-1 yr^-1, and the minimum compensation for the chestnut-millet plantation mode is 198.3 USD ha^-1 yr^-1, which can guarantee that farmers receive the full value of their creations. Ultimately, farmers are incentivized to revive the traditional agroforestry production mode to achieve both economic and ecological benefits while inheriting agricultural heritage.