厦门西港航道潮流和悬沙回淤实验研究

通过潮汐水流试验和定床浑水悬沙回淤试验，探求厦门西港嵩（屿）－鼓（鼓浪屿）水道及猴屿以南浅段航道水流动力特点及泥沙回淤机制，研究各种工程方案对航道及港区沙回淤规律的影响，预测港区航道今后泥沙回淤趋势。     

粉质土吹填场地即时扰动压实效果模拟试验研究

中国及海上丝路国家围海吹填造陆以及疏浚过程中船舶泥沙舱的吹填土,在土质为细颗粒组分时,均存在压密固结时间较长问题,需要采取新的有效处理技术加以解决。本文提出针对吹填粉质土的即时扰动促沉技术,达到吹填土快速排水固结的目标。采用即时扰动促沉技术,开展了分层吹填即时扰动和一次吹填分层扰动两种模式的室内模拟试验。通过与静置固结模式的比较,结果表明:即时扰动促沉技术对吹填粉质土场地有明显的加速固结效果,而采用分层吹填即时扰动和一次吹填分层扰动两种模式的加固效果相当,前者综合效益更好。该试验结果为细颗粒吹填土的快速固结提供了新的处理方法。     

温州南鳌江口海域海床近期冲淤演变分析

温州南部鳌江口海域近年来先后完成了筑坝促淤、围垦吹填、维护航道等一系列影响水流泥沙和地形地貌变化的大型工程。根据2010年实测水文泥沙资料和4幅不同时期(1963,2003,2005,2011年)地形图对比分析了鳌江口海域的地形变化趋势,结果显示鳌江口海域海床冲淤过程大体上经过了3个不同时期,即1963-2003年江南围涂等海区缓慢淤积期;2003-2005年该海域既冲刷又淤积的稳定期;2005-2011年整个水域以轻微冲刷为主的冲刷期。经过分析得知鳌江口海域海床近年来的变化主要是由航道疏浚、围垦吹填及工程促淤引起的,而围填海工程引起动力变化和泥沙减少也对海床冲淤有一定程度的影响。     

港口疏浚泥在海涂围垦工程中资源化利用研究

针对巴艚渔港和华润浙江苍南发电厂工程产生的大量疏浚量,提出疏浚量在江南海涂围垦工程资源化利用方案.通过对巴艚渔港工程地质条件和粒度成分分析,并进行疏浚泥落淤试验,提出了疏浚泥吹填软基真空预压联合堆载加固实施方案,并利用有限元技术对真空预压联合堆载处理软基进行沉降计算,结果表明:本工程疏浚泥可以在海涂围垦工程中资源化利用...     

海洋工程施工悬浮物源强及扩散规律研究方法概述

各类海洋工程如码头、航道、海上风电、海底管道管线、填海造陆、防波堤等涉及的抛石、爆破、疏浚、打桩、开沟、吹填溢流等作业环节产生的悬浮物,在水动力作用下输移、扩散,会引起周边海域悬浮泥沙浓度增加,对海洋生态环境产生不利影响。文章对国内施工悬浮泥沙浓度扩散规律研究方法和数值模型中悬浮泥沙源强的选取方法进行了概述和总结,为海洋工程施工过程产生的悬浮泥沙扩散研究提供参考和依据。     

厦门港深水航道整治工程潮流模型试验和泥沙回淤分析

对厦门港深水航道潮汐水流试验研究和泥沙回淤分析研究结果表明 ,58km长深水航道范围内泥沙总回淤量为 2 80× 1 0 4 m3 a,其中海沧进港航道的墓前礁浅段和猴屿南的嵩鼓水道仍然是回淤率较大的区段 .此外 ,海沧港区的西端由于码头突出原岸线 70 0多米 ,落潮流被挑离码头 ,形成大尺度回流 ,不仅增加了回淤量 ,对船舶靠泊也不利 .对强波浪条件下泥沙集中淤积问题的研究计算结果表明 ,一次大风浪可能造成的回淤率并不大 ,外航道范围内一次大风浪过程 ( 2d)的回淤率不大于 9.0cm d ,内航道不大于 5.0cm d ,港内不大于 2 .5cm d .     

海洋工程施工悬浮泥沙源强及扩散规律研究进展

各类海洋工程如码头、航道、海上风电、海底管道管线、填海造陆、防波堤等涉及的抛石、爆破、疏浚、打桩、开沟、吹填溢流等作业环节产生的悬浮物,在水动力作用下输移、扩散,会引起周边海域悬浮泥沙浓度增加,对海洋生态环境产生不利影响。文章对国内施工悬浮泥沙浓度扩散规律研究方法和数值模型中悬浮泥沙源强的选取方法进行了综述,为海洋工程施工过程产生的悬浮泥沙扩散研究提供参考和依据。     

乐清湾港区“浅水深用”开发方案的可行性分析

从建港条件、港池正常回淤和港池骤淤等方面,综合分析了乐清湾港区采取"浅水深用"开发方案的技术可行性。研究表明,乐清湾港区采取"浅水深用"开发建设是可行的,乐清湾港池骤淤可能性不大。对乐清湾港区"浅水深用"开发方案的几个关键技术问题进行了探讨:一是码头前沿线的确定,这不仅直接关系到码头投资和营运成本,还对今后乐清湾其它工程产生较大的影响。运用全寿命周期成本理念,通过对建设投资、疏浚方量、维护成本、营运成本等方面的比较与分析以及对码头前沿线位置进行模型试验研究和多方案比选后认为,码头前沿线采用400 m栈桥方案是最为经济合理的。二是港池大开挖技术方式合理确定。为减少港池回淤,开挖方式应采取非坑槽开挖,港池与深槽连通,南、北码头区港池疏浚连通。三是港池疏浚土资源综合利用。在港池开挖和维护中,要贯彻循环经济理念,加强对港池疏浚废土的综合利用。结合港区围垦陆域工程的实施、港池疏浚吹填和软基处理,对港池疏浚泥进行资源化利用,既解决沿海大量废弃疏浚泥的处理问题,又可避免疏浚泥对环境的污染。四是港池维护措施的制定。乐清湾港区港池开挖后,港池的骤淤量虽不大,但港池开挖后采取维护措施是必要的,应考虑经济合理的备淤深度,以减少开挖方量和维护量。五是固滩护滩措施的制定。考虑到双屿港开闸泄水对港区回淤的影响,对双屿港南侧滩地采取必要的固滩护滩措施,遏制或减少双屿港开闸泄水对滩地泥沙的掀动作用。六是应结合乐清湾港池疏浚与吹填工程,加强现场监测,进一步验证前期科研成果的准确性和可靠性。监测资料分析表明,前期科研成果的准确性和可靠性是有保证的。     

广利河口航道整治研究

广利河口拦门沙航道水深较浅,用双导堤结合航道疏浚进行整治。通过潮流定床模型试验对航道走向、导堤间距、高程、水流流态和堤头布置等进行了方案优化,同时采用局部动床定性试验进行了验证。推荐方案沿程流速、流态分布合理,基本能维持航道水深并满足设计船型的航行条件,可供类似河口治理参考。     

滨海新区填海造陆的地形地貌环境演变影响分析

填海造陆对海岸环境的影响主要体现在改变海岸线长度与形态及直接吹填沙导致近海海底地形地貌变化~([1]),这些变化影响着海岸带规划管理和可持续发展,具有重要的理论和现实意义。文章利用滨海新区遥感影像及其海图资料,对该区域近30年海岸线变迁、围填海演变及海底地形信息进行了提取,并对其具体进程和驱动因素进行了研究。研究表明:30年间,滨海新区海岸线变迁是向海洋推进,且推进的趋势越来越明显,岸线长度增长趋势愈发明显,变迁面积较大。针对填海造陆引起围堤基底冲刷问题,笔者建议对中度冲刷区采取防护工程措施、岸外消浪工程和加强动态监测等措施防止泥沙向航道下移。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,