南黄海西部海域高分辨率声学地层及其沉积环境

通过对高分辨率浅地层剖面的分析解译,对南黄海西部陆架区进行了声学地层划分。南黄海西部海域声学地层剖面可划分为5套地层Ⅰ、Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2、Ⅲ1、Ⅲ2,每套地层代表一次全球性(或区域性)海平面变化周期内的海进一海退这样一个完整的旋回变化过程所形成的海侵或海退沉积层序。将典型声学地层剖面与区内钻孔岩心的沉积地层岩性单元对比研究,得到各声学反射层的时代、岩性及沉积环境。并发现依据浅地层进行的声学地层划分与钻孔岩心的地质地层划分有较好的对应关系。结合区内钻孔岩心的分析结果,对晚更新世以来南黄海陆架区的沉积环境及沉积过程进行了探讨。     

珠江口盆地中部浅地层结构特征与海底不稳定因素研究

通过对“Sonne”号调查船第50航次的地震剖面资料分析,结合一些钻井资料,认为珠江口盆地中部第四纪以来的沉积可分为四套,其中层Ⅰ是浅海相沉积,属全新世;层Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ是海陆相交替沉积,属更新世。在陆架区第四纪沉积厚220—400m,其中全新世沉积厚约29m。作者认为珠江口盆地的不稳定地质因素有:浅层断裂,埋藏古河道,浅层气,泥底辟,活动沙波,海底滑移,活动断裂与地震。     

黄河口现代海洋沉积高分辨率地震地层学研究

本文运用地震地层学的知识,结合KDG2和S3钻孔资料,对2002年得到的现代黄河口地区的浅地层地震剖面进行了分析解释,共划分出中更新世以来11个地震地层单元,对每个地震地层单元进行了地震相的有关描述,对剖面上出现的地质现象给予了合理推测和详细分析,并结合相邻的钻孔资料,与全球冰期进行对比,构筑了黄河口地区晚第四纪以来地层的沉积模式。     

渤海金州湾海域声学浅地层剖面及其解释

将渤海金州湾海域的声学浅地层剖面进行了综合分析和解释,识别出了8个连续的强声学反射界面,主要划定了具有沉积环境意义的6个声学层序:全新世浅海相层序A、全新世滨海相层序B、晚更新世末期陆相层序C、晚更新世滨海相层序D、晚更新世海陆交互相层序E和震旦系基岩F。通过与工程地质钻孔的沉积地层岩性单元对比研究,发现依据声学浅地层剖面进行的地层划分与钻孔岩芯的地质地层划分有较好的对应关系,由此确定并推断了各声学地层的岩性及沉积环境,并参考前人的研究结果,对晚更新世以来金州湾地区的沉积过程和环境演化进行了初步探讨。     

莱州湾某区块浅部地层地震反射异常原因探讨

渤海莱州湾某区块采集的三维地震资料出现反射特征杂乱、同相轴连续性差等现象,对该区块浅部地层进行了电火花物探调查,并在地震资料异常区和非异常区分别选取1个位置进行钻孔,同时对海底面以下150 m范围内的土层进行连续的地质取样。通过对物探和地质资料的综合对比分析,判断造成研究区浅层地震资料反射异常与下述几个方面因素有关:(1)研究区处于莱州湾凹陷东部走滑断裂带内,浅部地层受深部断裂系统影响发育许多小断裂;(2)研究地层中富含大量的浅层气;(3)与邻近区块对比,所揭示浅部地层的土质性质十分异常,土层强度和剪切波速等均明显偏大。     

中国近海北部陆架海相地层解体问题的研究

晚更新世以来,中国近海北部陆架近岸地区至少发生了三次海侵并保留三期海相地层.在研究了数千千米的浅地层剖面仪测量资料及大量钻孔资料后,笔者发现最后冰期最盛时期陆架出露,海相地层并非简单地、原封不动地被保留下来.在强大的风力作用下,除进行正常的风成沉积以外,还产生了沉积分异作用,出现风暴沉积及其衍生沉积,裸露的陆架至少部分地改变了原来的沉积结构,形成了新的沉积类型,构成复杂的混杂堆积区和黄土堆积区.这样,原先的海相地层被破坏,或者部分被保留下来,即陆架上海相地层发生了解体.     

温州沿海平原晚更新世以来的海相地层特征及沉积环境

沿海地区的海相地层记录了极其丰富的环境信息,研究海相层的地层特征和沉积环境,对理解古环境演变的过程、探讨沉积记录对海陆变迁的响应机制具有重要意义。QTZ1孔位于温州瓯江口北侧平原,根据岩石地层和磁性地层资料,钻孔34 m处为Q_h/Q■界线,91.5 m处为Q■/Q■界线。综合考虑刺甲藻、环纹藻的环境意义,钻孔沉积物粒度及微体化石组合的分析结果表明,温州沿海平原晚更新世以来共识别出3套海相地层单元,第二海相层和第三海相层之间发育有完整的陆相沉积层。沉积动力条件经历了低能(Q■)→中低能(Q■)→中高能(Q■)→低能(Q■)→高能(Q■)→中低能(Q■)→中低能(Q■)→低能(Q■)→低能(Q_h)的演化过程。受海平面变化影响,研究区晚更新世沉积相变化频繁,以海陆过渡相、陆相和局部的浅海相为主,全新世沉积相以浅海相为主,全新世末期逐渐转为滨海相。     

南黄海盆地崂山隆起海相中—古生界构造地质特征

南黄海盆地位于下扬子地台的东北部、郯庐断裂带以东的活动区内,是一个在前震旦系变质岩基底之上,经海相中—古生界、陆相中生界和新生界多期沉积叠覆而成的叠合盆地。近年来,在崂山隆起上的地震剖面获得了较好的深层反射,隆起上存在较连续分布、厚度超过4~5km的中生界—上古生界地层。但由于中—古生界海相地层的勘探程度低,制约着该区油气勘探的进程。通过地震资料解释,结合邻区钻井与区域地质资料,研究了崂山隆起区海相中—古生界地层的构造地质特征,结果表明,崂山隆起区以下志留统高家边组泥岩滑脱带为界划分为上下2套海相构造层,其形成演化受晋宁运动、广西运动、东吴运动以及印支运动等影响,经历了基底形成、被动边缘克拉通、稳定台地、抬升剥蚀及陆内造山阶段。其中海相上构造层假整合或不整合覆于海相下构造层之上,由于受后期印支、燕山等构造运动的强烈改造作用,造成其在崂山隆起区遭受强烈的隆升褶皱和剥蚀夷平,逆冲断裂广泛发育,并伴随着逆掩推覆和滑脱作用,上构造层的上部地层显著减薄甚至缺失,残留厚度变化较大。该区断裂发育较弱,主要有2组方向的断裂,一组为EW向断裂,这类断裂规模较大,但不发育;一组为NE向断裂。     

南黄海海相地层速度的提取及其特征

南黄海盆地特殊的地震地质条件导致准确获得海相地层速度存在困难。基于本区的多道地震资料,联合使用多数据质控速度分析、初至波层析反演及层控网格层析反演3种方法,提取出了较为可靠的海相中-古生界速度信息。结合提取的地震速度及下扬子区已有钻井信息,总结了南黄海主要海相地层的速度分布。本区海相地层速度整体呈高低相间分布结构,存在速度的突变和倒转。海相下构造层速度高,不同地层间速度差异较小。由于海相下构造层无钻井资料约束,获得的速度信息仍存在不确定性。     

中国近海早第三纪海侵层序及地层对比

中国近海各盆地,据古生物群及沉积特征,在早古新世为陆相沉积,至中晚古新世时为第Ⅰ海侵期。早始新世时为海退期,至中晚始新世为第Ⅱ海侵期。早、中渐新世时为海退期,晚渐新世为第Ⅲ海侵期。在论证地层时代时结合海侵的划分,提出新的见解。海相夹层可作为地层对比的重要标志层。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.