日照近岸海域水体营养盐时空分布特征

【目的】研究日照近岸海域水体营养盐时空分布特征。【方法】根据2018年2、5、8、10月在日照近岸海域开展的海洋环境调查数据,分析该海域营养盐质量浓度的时空分布情况,并对海水的富营养化状况进行评价。【结果与结论】无机氮(DIN)和活性磷酸盐(PO₄-P)质量浓度在秋、冬季均高于春、夏季,活性硅酸盐(SiO₃-Si)质量浓度季节变化不明显。水平区域分布上,4个季节DIN和PO₄-P质量浓度分布均呈调查海域西南部高于东北部,高值区域均位于海州湾北部海域;SiO₃-Si质量浓度总体上呈近岸调查海域高、外海低的分布特征。相关性分析表明,4个季节盐度与营养盐质量浓度呈负相关性;叶绿素a与营养盐质量浓度均呈正相关性;冬季化学需氧量(COD)与营养盐质量浓度呈负相关性,其余季节呈正相关性。四季调查各站位DIN和PO₄-P质量浓度均符合《海水水质标准》(GB3097—1997)二类标准。夏季调查中有1个站位出现富营养化现象,其余季节调查无富营养化现象。营养盐结构分析表明,日照近岸海域营养盐结构...     

北部湾海域秋、冬季甲壳类的种类组成及分布

根据2001年11至2002年1月间北部湾海域秋、冬季2个航次的底拖网渔业资源调查资料，对北部湾海域甲壳类的种类组成及分布进行研究。本次调查共渔获虾类24种，隶属于6科11属；蟹类30种，隶属9科19属；虾蛄9种，隶属2科6属。各种类沿水深和地理分布有明显变化，主要集中分布于湾中部水深21～80m海域。     

摩洛哥冬季渔汛底拖网作业渔场时空分布

根据2012—2015年11月至翌年3月(冬季渔汛)上海某渔业公司在摩洛哥海域的底拖网渔船生产统计数据,采用频度分析法和渔场重心法对冬季渔汛底拖网作业渔场时空分布进行研究。结果表明,摩洛哥冬季渔汛底拖网作业渔场分布在15.0°—18.0°W、20.0°—26.0°N海域,经度方向上主要集中在15.5°—16.5°W和17.0°—17.5°W范围内,纬度方向上主要集中在21°—22°N和23°—25°N海域,其产量所占比率在85%以上。渔场重心呈现出规律的分布,基本上分布在1个经纬度范围内。11月份渔场重心分布在16.63°W、23.20°N附近海域;12月—翌年1月份分布在16.53°W、23.03°—23.09°N海域;2月份分布在23.21°N、16.48°W附近海域;3月份分布在23.56°N、16.33°W海域。     

北部湾海域秋、冬季甲壳类的种类组成及分布

根据 2 0 0 1年 11至 2 0 0 2年 1月间北部湾海域秋、冬季 2个航次的底拖网渔业资源调查资料 ,对北部湾海域甲壳类的种类组成及分布进行研究。本次调查共渔获虾类 2 4种 ,隶属于 6科 11属 ;蟹类 30种 ,隶属 9科 19属 ;虾蛄 9种 ,隶属 2科 6属。各种类沿水深和地理分布有明显变化 ,主要集中分布于湾中部水深 2 1～ 80m海域。     

北部湾海域浮游植物的种类组成与数量分布

1998年2月至1999年5月在北部湾进行了5个航次的调查.结果共检出浮游植物382种(包括变种),主要优势种为细弱海链藻(Thalassiosirasubtilis)和小舟形藻(Naviculasubminusula).调查期间浮游植物细胞数量为43.5×104～283.6×104m-3,平均101.8×104m-3.北部海域的数量远高于南部海域,数量密集区均分布在北部近岸水域,南部和中部海域的数量分布则随季节的变化而变化.浮游植物细胞数量的季节变化较明显,以春季数量最大,多样性指数和均匀度则均以春季最低,秋季最高.     

烟台芝罘湾底质沉积物粒度特征和沉积动力环境研究

根据芝罘湾海域110个底质沉积物样品粒度分析结果,对沉积物类型和粒度参数分布进行了总结。在此基础上,利用粒径趋势分析模型(GSTA)和沉积动力判别图解,探讨了底质沉积物的运移趋势及沉积水动力规律。研究表明,芝罘湾海域底质沉积物类型共有8种,其中砂质泥、砂质粉砂、泥和粉砂分布最广泛;平均粒径值具有从岸向海逐渐增大的趋势,分选性、偏度和峰度分别为差、正偏—极正偏、平坦—中等的特征;粒度运移趋势分析反映出套子湾泥沙向西、西南运移,芝罘湾及以东海域泥沙呈顺时针方向运移;沉积动力判别图解揭示出芝罘湾海域沉积水动力具有整体较弱的特征。     

我国可燃冰潜力大 离商业开采尚远

可燃冰,在我国南海海域储量预估可达600亿立方米,具有巨大的商业开采潜力。我国拟于近期派遣调查船前往南海海域对可燃冰的储量及分布状况进行新一轮的深入调查。但中国科学院天然气水合物专家称,可燃冰开采存在系列技术难关,我国尚处于科研采样阶段,距商业开采还有很长的路要走。     

基于POI数据的公共服务设施空间分布研究——以太原市区为例

为了对太原市区的各类公共服务设施分布状况的合理性进行综合评估.采用核密度分析法、标准差椭圆法,研究太原市区各类公共服务设施的空间分布状况;再采用相关性分析和改进后的CRITIC方法对太原市区的各类公共服务设施分布的合理性进行综合评估.结果表明,太原市区各类公共服务设施在整体上呈聚集分布,且大都集中在太原城区的中部地区,...     

日照市海岸带沉积物重金属元素分布特征研究

根据日照市海岸带两个重点海滩的沉积物调查资料,综合分析了重金属元素的分布特征。结果表明:由岸向海,森林公园海滩剖面样和海域表层样中重金属元素含量逐渐降低,万平口海滩剖面样中重金属含量逐渐减少,海域表层样中重金属含量先升高后降低;从北部到南部,森林公园海滩剖面样中重金属含量逐渐减少,万平口海滩剖面样中重金属含量先减少后增加,海域表层样中重金属含量变化不大。研究区重金属元素的含量与磁性物质的含量呈正相关,与沉积物的平均粒径呈明显负相关,符合元素粒度控制规律。沉积物中重金属元素等主要污染物含量较少,潜在生态危害系数较小,沉积物质量较好,污染程度较低。     

防城港湾海域水质模糊评价与分析

海域水质对海洋环境保护起着至关重要的作用,通过海水环境评价能够正确反映海水环境质量和污染状况.本文采用模糊数学方法通过一级、二级模糊评价对防城港湾海域的水质状况进行分析评价,为该海域的保护区管理和水域资源开发利用提供科学依据.     

Relationship between in situ sound velocity and granular characteristics of seafloor sediments in the Qingdao offshore region

The sound velocity of seafloor sediments from shallow seas can provide important information for harbor design, and ocean and seacoast engineering projects. In this study, in situ measurements were used to obtain accurate sediment sound velocities at 45 stations offshore of Qingdao. The relationships between the sound velocity and granular properties of the seafloor sediments were analyzed. Sound velocity showed an increase with the sand content, sand-clay ratio, and sorting coefficient; and a nonlinear decreasing trend with increasing mean grain size and clay content. We plotted a sound velocity distribution map, which shows that the sound velocity was closely related to the geological environment. Previous empirical equations suggested by Hamilton, Anderson, and Liu were used to calculate the velocity with grain size. A comparison between the measured and calculated velocities indicates that the empirical equations have territorial limitations, and extensive data are essential to establish global empirical equations. Future work includes the calibration of the laboratory acoustic measurements with an in situ technique.     

声速误差对圆走航水下控制点定位影响分析

针对圆走航定位声速剖面测量不准确引起水下控制点坐标解算存在偏差的问题,首先介绍了声速不确定性对测距误差的影响,并将声速测距误差分成背景声速剖面误差、随机误差、测距误差长周期项和测距误差短周期项,再通过分析坐标改正数方程得到不同声速测距误差项对控制点坐标定位的影响。最后,设计2组仿真实验对该理论进行验证,实验结果与理论推导的结论一致。     

A method for the removal of ray refraction effects in multibeam echo sounder systems

To a multibeam echo sounder system (MBES), under water sound refraction plays an important role in depth measure-ment accuracy, and errors in sound velocity profile lead to inaccuracies in the measured depth (especially for outer beams). A method is developed to estimate the sound velocity profile based on the depth measured by vertical beam. Using this depth and other pa-rameters, such as t (sound pulse propagation time), 0 (beam inclination angle), etc. We can estimate a simple sound velocity profile with which the depth error has been reduced. This method has been tested with a real dataset acquired in the East China Sea.     

Sound speed profiles in high spatiotemporal resolution using multigrid three-dimensional variational method: a coastal experiment off northern Shandong Peninsula

It is essential to acquire sound speed profiles (SSPs) in high-precision spatiotemporal resolution for undersea acoustic activities. However, conventional observation methods cannot obtain high-resolution SSPs. Besides, SSPs are complex and changeable in time and space, especially in coastal areas. We proposed a new space-time multigrid three-dimensional variational method with weak constraint term (referred to as STC-MG3DVar) to construct high-precision spatiotemporal resolution SSPs in coastal areas, in which sound velocity is defined as the analytical variable, and the Chen-Millero sound velocity empirical formula is introduced as a weak constraint term into the cost function of the STC-MG3DVar. The spatiotemporal correlation of sound velocity observations is taken into account in the STC-MG3DVar method, and the multi-scale information of sound velocity observations from long waves to short waves can be successively extracted. The weak constraint term can optimize sound velocity by the physical relationship between sound velocity and temperature-salinity to obtain more reasonable and accurate SSPs. To verify the accuracy of the STC-MG3DVar, SSPs observations and CTD observations (temperature observations, salinity observations) are obtained from field experiments in the northern coastal area of the Shandong Peninsula. The average root mean square error (RMSE) of the STC-MG3DVar-constructed SSPs is 0.132 m/s, and the STC-MG3DVar method can improve the SSPs construction accuracy over the space-time multigrid 3DVar without weak constraint term (ST-MG3DVar) by 10.14% and over the spatial multigrid 3DVar with weak constraint term (SC-MG3DVar) by 44.19%. With the advantage of the constraint term and the spatiotemporal correlation information, the proposed STC-MG3DVar method works better than the ST-MG3DVar and the SC-MG3DVar in constructing high-precision spatiotemporal resolution SSPs.

     

珊溪水库地震波速比时空分布特征

选取P波、S波到时差Δt≤14s的台站数据,使用多台和达法计算珊溪水库地震序列地震波速比,结合地震序列的时空分布特征和发震构造,分析序列的波速比时空分布特征。1)珊溪水库90%的地震波速比分布在1.66~1.75,波速比平均值为1.70;2)珊溪水库地震序列包含有多组地震活动,每组地震的波速比呈开始快速下降之后缓慢上升的变化,每两组地震之间的波速比呈现逐渐增大的趋势,其波速比的变化特征可以归纳为"下降-回升-发生一组地震";3)波速比的变化和震中位置的迁移有一定关系,地震迁移到新的位置时最初几次地震的波速比较大,随后波速比逐渐减小;4)波速比沿深度方向和双溪-焦溪垟断裂方向分布不均匀,位于水库淹没区的双溪-焦溪垟断裂西北段波速比较小,位于水库库岸的双溪-焦溪垟断裂东南段波速比在深度方向上的变化最复杂,存在两个高、低值相间的区域,4级以上地震均发生在这一段5~8km深度处的波速比高、低值过渡区域。     

Tests of new in-situ seabed acoustic measurement system in Qingdao

A new in-situ seabed acoustic measurement system is developed for direct in-situ measurement of sediment geoacoustic properties （compressional wave velocity and attenuation）. The new in-situ system consists of two parts： the deck control unit and the underwater measurement unit. The underwater measurement unit emits sonic waves that propagate through the seafloor sediment, receives the returning signals, and transmits them to the deck control unit for waveform display and analysis. The entire operation is controlled and monitored in real time by the deck control unit on the research vessel and can provide recording of full waveforms to determine the sound velocity and attenuation. This paper outlines the design of the system, the measurement process, and demonstrates its application in tests carded out on seabed sediment off the Qingdao coast, China. The test results show that the system performed well and rapidly provided accurate in-situ acoustic velocity and attenuation estimates of the seafloor sediment.     

渭河断陷盆地及邻近地区地震活动的深部背景

利用西安数字地震遥测台网记录的数字地震资料，采用P初动半周期方法，得到了渭河断陷盆地及邻近地区的Q值分布，探讨了该区域地震活动性与地壳内速度分布、Q值分布及地质构造的关系。结果表明：①Q值分布有两个地区存在较强烈地横向不均匀性，其一是淳化、耀县高Q值区和相邻的西安、富平低Q值区，其二是陕晋交界处的韩城高Q值区和相邻的澄城低Q值区，它们都位于不同构造单元交界、差异运动显著、新老地层交错的地区；②历史强震震中主要分布在Q值分布高、低值间的过渡带上；③Q值分布与20km深度P波速度分布有较好地一致性。上述结果表明，该区域的地震活动性有深部构造背景，与区域速度场、介质品质因子分布密切相关。     

独立变量频率法计算P—T大气稳定度频率及其误差分析与订正

本文把确定大气稳定度的因子:太阳高度角、云量和风速看作相互独立的变量,并用韦伯分布拟合风频,通过计算三个独立变量的频率的方法计算大气稳定度频率。成都地区实例计算表明,该法与传统的P-T法统计结果十分吻合,但却具有所需资料少,计算工作量小等明显优点,通过对该法的误差进行分析,提出合理的订正方法,得出精确的订正结果。并提出更精确的三参数风频拟合设想。通过与传统P-T法比较,指出了传统P-T法风速分级与实测风速整数取值之间的矛盾,给出了切实可行的解决方法。     

格仁错断裂现今地壳运动特征的InSAR监测与分析

基于干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）技术,获得格仁错断裂高空间分辨率的地壳形变速度场,并以此为约束,利用深浅部震间断层位错模型反演断层面上的滑移速率与闭锁深度。结果表明,格仁错断裂性质为右旋走滑,断层两侧存在差异运动,断层上的差异运动自西向东逐渐减弱;InSAR变形结果与GPS观测结果高度一致,远场LOS向最大形变差异达4 mm/a;研究区域内断层剖面分析结果显示,格仁错断层两侧地壳形变差异最大,是区域内控制长波长信号的主断层;格仁错断层面滑动分布不均匀,滑动速率约为2～6 mm/a,断裂西北段滑动速率小于东南段。闭锁程度较高的区域主要位于当惹雍错与孜桂错之间,该地区存在较高的强震危险性。     

Spatial distribution characteristics of surface tidal currents in the southwest of Taiwan Strait

This study was conducted on the spatial distribution characteristics of surface tidal currents in the southwestern Taiwan Strait based on the quasi-harmonic analysis of current data obtained by two high frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR) systems. The analysis shows that the tidal current pattern in the southwestern Taiwan Strait is primarily semi-diurnal and influenced significantly by shallow water constituents. The spatial distribution of tidal current ellipses of M₂ is probably affected by the interaction between two different systems of tide wave, one from the northern mouth of Taiwan Strait and the other from the Bashi Channel. The directions of the major axes of M₂ tidal current ellipses coincide roughly with the axis of the Taiwan Strait. The spatial distribution of the magnitudes of the probable maximum current velocity (PMCS) shows gradual increase of the velocity from northeast to southwest, which is in accordance with the spatial distribution of the measured maximum current velocity (MMCS). The directions of the residual currents are in accordance with the direction of the prevailing monsoon wind at the Taiwan Strait and the direction of the Taiwan warm current during summer. The bathymetry also shows a significant effect on the spatial distribution characteristics of tidal currents.