交错网格与旋转交错网格对VTI介质波场分离的影响分析

利用交错网格有限差分和旋转交错网格有限差分进行各向异性介质弹性波场数值模拟时, 质点振动速度分量与应力张量的网格节点定义方式均不相同, 从而对各向异性波场分离效果产生不同的影响. 针对这一问题, 本文以具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性(VTI)介质的波场分离为例, 首先分析了两种网格的参数定义方式以及VTI介质波场的分离过程; 其次, 详细研究和分析了这两种网格的参数定义方式对各向异性介质波场分离的影响, 并依据波前面连续性以及波场分离效果等方面, 通过数值模拟实验对该影响进行分析验证. 结果表明, 旋转交错网格的参数定义方式更有利于进行各向异性介质波场数值模拟和波场分离.      

基于保幅波场分离的弹性波逆时偏移方法研究（英文）

欲实现基于弹性波方程的矢量波场逆时偏移纵、横波独立成像,必须在波场延拓过程中实现纵、横波场的分离,散度和旋度算子分离的纵、横波出现振幅与相位的畸变,导致输出成像结果的振幅失真。本文提出一种在弹性波场延拓过程中实现纵、横波保幅分离的方法,在传统的弹性波方程中加入纵波压力、纵波振动速度和横波振动速度方程,实现纵横波的矢量分解,再对分解后的矢量纵波和矢量横波做标量化合成得到保幅分离的纵、横波场,对保幅分离的纵、横波场应用成像条件,然后实现矢量波场逆时偏移的保幅纵横波成像。该方法可以保证分离后纵、横波的振幅与相位不变;同时,分解后的纵波压力和纵波振动速度可用于层间反射噪音压制和横波极性校正,提高多分量地震资料联合逆时偏移的纵、横波成像质量,从而实现保幅弹性波逆时偏移的目的,为叠前深度剖面应用于叠前反演工作奠定基础。     

求解二阶解耦弹性波方程的低秩分解法和低秩有限差分法

时间域的波场延拓方法在本质上都可以归结为对一个空间-波数域算子的近似.本文基于一阶波数-空间混合域象征,提出一种新的方法求解解耦的二阶位移弹性波方程.该方法采用交错网格,连续使用两次一阶前向和后向拟微分算子,推导得到了解耦的二阶位移弹性波方程的波场延拓算子.由于该混合域象征在伪谱算子的基础上增加了一个依赖于速度模型的补偿项,可以补偿由于采用二阶中心差分计算时间微分项带来的误差,有效地减少模拟结果的数值频散,提高模拟精度.然而,在非均匀介质中,直接计算该二阶的波场延拓算子,每一个时间步上需要做N次快速傅里叶逆变换,其中N是总的网格点数.为了减少计算量,提出了交错网格低秩分解方法;针对常规有限差分数值频散问题,本文将交错网格低秩方法与有限差分法结合,提出了交错网格低秩有限差分法.数值结果表明,交错网格低秩方法和交错网格低秩有限差分法具有较高的精度,对于复杂介质的地震波数值模拟和偏移成像具有重要的价值.     

角度域弹性波Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移速度分析方法

为提高地震成像结果的准确性并真实反映实际地震波场在介质中的传播特性,应该充分利用多分量地震数据的矢量特征进行弹性波成像,其中,最为棘手的问题是纵横波偏移速度场的确定,为此,本文提出了直接利用多分量地震数据进行弹性波角度域偏移速度分析的方法.基于空移成像条件的弹性波Kirchhoff偏移方程提取了弹性波局部偏移距域共成像...     

基于应力偏量的横波纯应力逆时偏移成像方法

基于弹性波解耦延拓方程的波场分离方法不仅可以得到解耦的纵、横波质点振动速度场,还可以获得纵、横波应力场.针对横波纯应力场在利用单一分量成像时不具有明确物理意义的问题,本文将应力偏张量引入到横波应力场中,基于应力偏量第二不变量构建得到横波应力不变量并将其用于应力场的逆时偏移成像中,获得了可完整表征横波应力场的成像结果.模型试算表明,本文构建的横波应力不变量可以有效利用横波应力张量中的波场信息,并得到准确的弹性逆时偏移成像结果.     

二维三分量TTI 介质Lebedev 网格正演模拟

鉴于三维各向异性介质(TTI、单斜等)正演模拟在计算量与内存上的巨大消耗以及标准交错网格机制波场插值带来的数值频散,本文采用二维三分量Lebedev交错网格有限差分方法对TTI介质进行波场模拟,利用二维介质便可得到3个相互垂直分量的弹性波场,并利用余弦相似度将其与完全三维正演波场进行对比,分析了该方法的模拟精度。对比测试结果表明,本文方法避免了插值误差,能够精确反映地震波在二维观测平面内的运动学特征,并且平面内质点的偏振速度、振幅能量与三维结果具有较高的相似度,而模拟占用的计算机资源却只相当于三维模拟中的一个二维剖面,是一种高效、准确的各向异性介质数值模拟方法。     

矢量分离纵横波场的弹性波逆时偏移

弹性波逆时偏移是当前多分量地震资料相对准确的偏移算法,它能够形成多波模式的成像剖面,从而减少纵波勘探的多解性.本文首先依据各向同性介质中矢量分离纵横波场的速度-应力方程组,利用高阶交错网格有限差分数值方法求解弹性波方程,进而构建矢量的纵波和横波波场,不同于散度和旋度算子分离纵横波场的传统方法,文中提出的矢量分离纵横波场方法保持了原始波场的振幅和相位特征.文中也提出将震源归一化的内积成像条件应用于分离后的纯纵波和横波矢量场,由此得到的转换波成像避免了传统弹性波成像方法中出现的极性反转.水平层状和复杂构造模型测试表明,文中提出的基于矢量分离纵横波场的弹性波逆时偏移方法成像精度高,转换波成像PS和SP极性无反转,所形成的多种模式纯波剖面能够准确地对复杂地下构造成像.     

基于波场分离的弹性波逆时偏移

尽管叠前逆时偏移成像精度高,但仅针对单一纵波的成像也可能形成地下介质成像盲区,由于基于弹性波方程的逆时偏移成像可形成多波模式的成像数据,因此弹性波逆时偏移成像可提供更为丰富的地下构造信息.本文依据各向同性介质的一阶速度-应力方程组构建震源和检波点矢量波场,再利用Helmholtz分解提取纯纵波和纯横波波场,使用震源归一化的互相关成像条件获得纯波成像,避免了直接使用坐标分量成像而引起的纵横波串扰问题.针对转换波成像的极性反转问题,文中提出一种共炮域极性校正方法.为有效节约存储成本,也提出一种适用于弹性波逆时偏移的震源波场逆时重建方法,在震源波场正传过程中,仅保存PML边界内若干层的速度分量波场,进而逆时重建出所有分量的震源波场.本文分别对地堑模型和Marmousi2模型进行了弹性波逆时偏移成像测试,结果表明:所提出的共炮域极性校正方法正确有效,基于波场分离的弹性波逆时偏移成像的纯波数据能够对复杂地下构造准确成像.     

起伏地表QR径向基函数有限差分及其在弹性波逆时偏移中的应用

弹性波逆时偏移不受倾角和偏移孔径的限制,能够实现任意复杂构造的高精度多波成像,是目前最精确的多分量资料偏移成像方法之一.逆时偏移算法的核心是波场延拓,传统波场延拓以水平基准面为边界条件,基于固定采样步长进行规则网格剖分,采用阶梯近似法处理起伏地表和复杂构造界面时会产生台阶散射,严重影响起伏地表复杂构造的成像精度.基于无网格节点模型,定量分析了弹性波模拟中径向基函数有限差分法的频散关系和稳定性条件.基于此,提出一种基于QR径向基函数的高精度有限差分方法,并提出一种优化的起伏地表自适应节点剖分方法,推导了精确的无网格自由边界条件和弹性波无网格混合吸收边界条件,形成了新的基于无网格的起伏地表弹性波数值模拟方法.此外,本文将此无网格径向基函数有限差分方法应用于精确的纵横波场矢量分解公式,实现了起伏地表弹性波逆时偏移成像.通过对高斯山丘模型,起伏凹陷模型和起伏地表Marmousi-2模型进行数值试算,验证了本文方法的有效性和可行性.     

相对保幅的角度域VSP逆时偏移(英文)

本文介绍了一种改进的角度域VSP逆时偏移方法。对VSP逆时偏移中的逆推公式进行了改进,为方便数值计算出相对保幅的角度域共成像点道集(ADCIGs)。此外VSP记录到的波场信息丰富,包括上行波场、下行波场和直达波场等,本文分析了这些波场的响应特征,发现直达波和下行波在角度域共成像点道集(ADCIGs)上都产生了成像噪音,直达波产生的噪音尤为严重。把该方法用于我国西部地区实际观测的VSP资料,不仅获得相对保幅角度域共成像点道集(ADCIGs),而且压制了成像噪音。通过数值模型试算,实际资料的应用验证了该方法的实用性与有效性,从而为VSP偏移速度分析、VSP AVA/AVO分析和反演等提供可靠的基础资料。     

弹性矢量波成像域联合层析反演

在地震弹性矢量波场框架下,推导了多波联合层析速度反演方程以及走时残差与角道集剩余曲率的转换关系式,提出了一种利用成像域角道集更新P波、S波速度的走时层析反演方法.其实现过程可以概括为:将弹性波多分量数据作为输入,基于高斯束实现矢量波场成像并提取角道集,利用层析反演方程求解慢度更新量,最终获得多波联合反演结果.模型试算和实际资料处理验证了该方法的反演效果,能够为弹性矢量波联合深度偏移提供高质量的叠前速度场.     

基于解析时间波场外推与波场分解的逆时偏移方法研究

双程波方程逆时深度偏移是复杂介质高精度成像的有效技术,但其结果中通常包含成像方法引起的噪音和假象,一般的滤波方法会破坏成像剖面上的振幅,其中的假象也会给后续地质解释带来困扰.将波场进行方向分解然后实现入射波与反射波的相关成像能够有效地消除这类成像噪音,并提高逆时偏移成像质量.波传播方向的分解通常在频率波数域实现,它会占用大量的存储和计算资源,不便于在沿时间外推的逆时深度偏移中应用.本文提出解析时间波场外推方法,可以在时间外推的每个时间片上实现波传播方向的显式分解,逆时深度偏移中利用分解后的炮检波场进行对应的相关运算,实现成像噪音和成像信号的分离.在模型和实际数据上的测试表明,相比于常规互相关逆时偏移成像结果,本文方法能够有效地消除低频成像噪音和特殊地质构造导致的成像假象.     

P- and S-wavefield simulations using both the first- and second-order separated wave equations through a high-order staggered grid finite-difference method

In seismic exploration, it is common practice to separate the P-wavefield from the S-wavefield by the elastic wavefield decomposition technique, for imaging purposes. However, it is sometimes difficult to achieve this, especially when the velocity field is complex. A useful approach in multi-component analysis and modeling is to directly solve the elastic wave equations for the pure P- or S-wavefields, referred as the separate elastic wave equations. In this study, we compare two kinds of such wave equations: the first-order (velocity–stress) and the second-order (displacement–stress) separate elastic wave equations, with the first-order (velocity–stress) and the second-order (displacement–stress) full (or mixed) elastic wave equations using a high-order staggered grid finite-difference method. Comparisons are given of wavefield snapshots, common-source gather seismic sections, and individual synthetic seismogram. The simulation tests show that equivalent results can be obtained, regardless of whether the first-order or second-order separate elastic wave equations are used for obtaining the pure P- or S-wavefield. The stacked pure P- and S-wavefields are equal to the mixed wave fields calculated using the corresponding first-order or second-order full elastic wave equations. These mixed equations are computationally slightly less expensive than solving the separate equations. The attraction of the separate equations is that they achieve separated P- and S-wavefields which can be used to test the efficacy of wave decomposition procedures in multi-component processing. The second-order separate elastic wave equations are a good choice because they offer information on the pure P-wave or S-wave displacements.     

射线法模拟分析井间地震观测的波场特征

按照井间地震的观测系统,用改进的突变点加插值射线追踪方法,追踪每炮每道的射线路径,计算几种主要类型的波沿射线路径的波至时间和射线振幅,制作井间地震多炮多道水平分量和垂直分量的合成记录.并将合成记录选排为井间共炮点道集、共接收点道集、共偏移距道集和共中心深度点道集,系统地分析了不同道集内几种主要类型的地震波的传播特征.对野外观测的实际井间地震记录进行了模拟,从复杂的井间地震记录中,识别出井间地震实际观测到的不同类型的波场,为随后的井间地震资料处理和应用提供了依据.     

Elastic wave‐vector decomposition in heterogeneous anisotropic media

The goal of wave‐mode separation and wave‐vector decomposition is to separate a full elastic wavefield into three wavefields with each corresponding to a different wave mode. This allows elastic reverse‐time migration to handle each wave mode independently. Several of the previously proposed methods to accomplish this task require the knowledge of the polarisation vectors of all three wave modes in a given anisotropic medium. We propose a wave‐vector decomposition method where the wavefield is decomposed in the wavenumber domain via the analytical decomposition operator with improved computational efficiency using low‐rank approximations. The method is applicable for general heterogeneous anisotropic media. To apply the proposed method in low‐symmetry anisotropic media such as orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic, we define the two S modes by sorting them based on their phase velocities (S1 and S2), which are defined everywhere except at the singularities. The singularities can be located using an analytical condition derived from the exact phase‐velocity expressions for S waves. This condition defines a weight function, which can be applied to attenuate the planar artefacts caused by the local discontinuity of polarisation vectors at the singularities. The amplitude information lost because of weighting can be recovered using the technique of local signal–noise orthogonalisation. Numerical examples show that the proposed approach provides an effective decomposition method for all wave modes in heterogeneous, strongly anisotropic media.     

3D Fourier finite-difference migration by alternating-direction-implicit plus interpolation

Conventional two‐way splitting Fourier finite‐difference migration for 3D complex media yields azimuthal anisotropy where an additional phase correction is needed with much increase of computational cost. We incorporate the alternating‐direction‐implicit plus interpolation scheme into the conventional Fourier finite‐difference method to reduce azimuthal anisotropy. This scheme retains the high‐order remnants ignored by the two‐way splitting in the form of a wavefield interpolation in the wavenumber domain. The wavefield interpolation for each step of downward extrapolation is implemented between the wavefields before and after the conventional Fourier finite‐difference extrapolation. As the Fourier finite‐difference migration is implemented in the space and wavenumber dual space, the Fourier transforms between space and wavenumber domain that were needed for the alternating‐direction‐implicit plus interpolation in frequency domain (FD) migration are saved in Fourier finite‐difference migration. Since the azimuth anisotropy in Fourier finite‐difference is much less than that in FD, the application of the alternating‐direction‐implicit plus interpolation scheme in Fourier finite‐difference migration is superior to that in FD migration in handling complex media with large velocity contrasts and steep dips. Impulse responses show that the presented method reduces the azimuthal anisotropy at almost no extra cost.     

Wavefield interpolation in 3D large‐step Fourier wavefield extrapolation

Extrapolating wavefields and imaging at each depth during three‐dimensional recursive wave‐equation migration is a time‐consuming endeavor. For efficiency, most commercial techniques extrapolate wavefields through thick slabs followed by wavefield interpolation within each thick slab. In this article, we develop this strategy by associating more efficient interpolators with a Fourier‐transform‐related wavefield extrapolation method. First, we formulate a three‐dimensional first‐order separation‐of‐variables screen propagator for large‐step wavefield extrapolation, which allows for wide‐angle propagations in highly contrasting media. This propagator significantly improves the performance of the split‐step Fourier method in dealing with significant lateral heterogeneities at the cost of only one more fast Fourier transform in each thick slab. We then extend the two‐dimensional Kirchhoff and Born–Kirchhoff local wavefield interpolators to three‐dimensional cases for each slab. The three‐dimensional Kirchhoff interpolator is based on the traditional Kirchhoff formula and applies to moderate lateral velocity variations, whereas the three‐dimensional Born–Kirchhoff interpolator is derived from the Lippmann–Schwinger integral equation under the Born approximation and is adapted to highly laterally varying media. Numerical examples on the three‐dimensional salt model of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists/European Association of Geoscientists demonstrate that three‐dimensional first‐order separation‐of‐variables screen propagator Born–Kirchhoff depth migration using thick‐slab wavefield extrapolation plus thin‐slab interpolation tolerates a considerable depth‐step size of up to 72 ms, eventually resulting in an efficiency improvement of nearly 80% without obvious loss of imaging accuracy. Although the proposed three‐dimensional interpolators are presented with one‐way Fourier extrapolation methods, they can be extended for applications to general migration methods.     

深度均匀采样梯形网格有限差分地震波场模拟方法

由于重力引起的岩石压实效应,一般来说,地震波传播速度由浅入深整体逐渐增大.梯形坐标系设计可耦合速度由浅入深逐渐增大的变化,该坐标系中均匀网格采样所对应的物理直角坐标系网格由浅入深逐渐增大,也即浅部低速区对应细网格,深部高速区对应粗网格.在梯形坐标系表征波动方程后利用有限差分求解,本文实现一种深度均匀采样、横向采样间隔随深度增加逐渐线性增大的有限差分地震波模拟方法.梯形坐标系波动方程离散后,仍采用常规均匀网格有限差分算法对其求解.由于横向网格大小由浅入深线性增加,本方法可避免不同大小网格区域过渡所产生的虚假反射.梯形坐标系波场模拟浅层精度高,深层横向响应范围广,可有效减少有限差分网格数量.本文提出的方法是在更广义的坐标系下利用有限差分求解波动方程,正交坐标系仅为该梯形坐标系之特例.本文旨在为大速度动态范围深地高效高精度地震波场模拟提供一种思路.     

Wavefield dependency on virtual shifts in the source location

The wavefield dependence on a virtual shift in the source location can provide information helpful in velocity estimation and interpolation. However, the second‐order partial differential equation (PDE) that relates changes in the wavefield form (or shape) to lateral perturbations in the source location depends explicitly on lateral derivatives of the velocity field. For velocity models that include lateral velocity discontinuities this is problematic as such derivatives in their classical definition do not exist. As a result, I derive perturbation partial differential wave equations that are independent of direct velocity derivatives and thus, provide possibilities for wavefield shape extrapolation in complex media. These PDEs have the same structure as the wave equation with a source function that depends on the background (original source) wavefield. The solutions of the perturbation equations provide the coefficients of a Taylor's series type expansion for the wavefield. The new formulas introduce changes to the background wavefield only in the presence of lateral velocity variation or in general terms velocity variations in the perturbation direction. The accuracy of the representation, as demonstrated on the Marmousi model, is generally good.