Large-scale Tazhong Ordovician Reef-flat Oil-Gas Field in the Tarim Basin of China

The Tazhong reef-flat oil-gas field is the first large-scale Ordovician organic reef type oil-gas field found in China. Its organic reefs were developed in the early Late Ordovician Lianglitag Formation, and are the first large reefs of the coral-stromatoporoid hermatypic community found in China. The organic reefs and platform-margin grain banks constitute a reef-flat complex, mainly consisting of biolithites and grainstones. The biolithites can be classified into the framestone, bafflestone, bindstone etc. The main body of the complex lies around the wells from Tazhong-24 to Tazhong-82, trending northwest, with the thickness from 100 to 300 m, length about 220 km and width 5-10 km. It is a reef-flat lithologic hydrocarbon reservoir, with a very complex hydrocarbon distribution: being a gas condensate reservoir as a whole with local oil reservoirs. The hydrocarbon distribution is controlled by the reef complex, generally located in the upper 100-200 m part of the complex, and largely in a banded shape along the complex. On the profile, the reservoir shows a stratified feature, with an altitude difference of almost 2200 m from southeast to northwest. The petroleum accumulation is controlled by karst reservoir beds and the northeast strike-slip fault belt. The total geologic reserves had reached 297.667 Mt by 2007.     

中国海相油气田勘探实例之五塔中奥陶系大型凝析气田的勘探和发现

塔中奥陶系碳酸盐岩的勘探始于1989年,直至2005年发现塔中Ⅰ号坡折带奥陶系碳酸盐岩凝析气田,探明加控制石油地质储量1.5×108t(油当量),是我国目前发现的第一个奥陶系生物礁型大油气田。油气的主力产层位于上奥陶统良里塔格组上部,储层为受坡折带控制的陆棚边缘礁滩体石灰岩。油气沿坡折带呈带状展布,为整体含油的大型准层状岩性油气藏。论述了塔中碳酸盐岩大油气田的勘探历程、主要地质特征,以及对海相碳酸盐岩勘探的启示。     

十万大山盆地下二叠统生物礁古油藏剖析及其地下隐伏礁的分布预测

广西宁明亭亮茅口组生物礁古油藏为十万大山盆地已暴露破坏的礁石油藏之一。亭亮生物礁为大新（崇左）台地边缘发展起来的大型堤礁。礁的主要造架生物为海绵、水螅、苔藓虫及藻类等，其沉积组合具礁基、礁核、礁盖、礁间滩及礁前等亚相。该石油藏的含沥青储层主要位于礁体的上部和顶部，含沥青礁灰岩厚达９８ｍ以上。礁储层次生溶孔的形成与分布主要受控于深埋有机溶蚀作用，同时在空间上还与礁顶部古风化壳和不整合面密切相关。烃源     

塔中Ⅰ号断裂坡折带上奥陶统碳酸盐岩储层对油气分布的控制作用

塔里木盆地塔中地区Ⅰ号断裂坡折带为碳酸盐岩油气藏的有利成藏区。由于受碳酸盐岩储集层特性的影响,其整体含油、局部富集的特征十分明显。从储层的沉积相、物性和类型三个方面分别讨论储层对油气总体分布的控制作用。认为生物骨架礁沉积区、储层物性高值区及裂缝-孔隙型储层发育区为目前高产油气井的主要分布区。     

塔里木盆地轮南地区奥陶系沉积储层研究新进展

近期轮南奥陶系沉积储层研究取得了几个方面的重要进展:发现了两期三套风化壳岩溶储集系统,其中海西期一套,存在于奥陶系顶部,加里东期两套,存在于奥陶系内部;确定了轮古东奥陶系储集层为风化壳岩溶缝洞性储层;发现了桑塔木组礁滩相储集层。桑塔木组沉积早期轮南地区具有成礁环境,局部发育有小型生物礁;修正了以往对奥陶系沉积相的划分,将奥陶系碳酸盐台地边缘的位置东移30km;提出了奥陶系内部风化壳储层形成的热沉降机制,认为晚奥陶世早期塔里木盆地存在一次热升降运动,该运动使轮南地区发生不均衡抬升,奥陶系良里塔格组出露剥蚀,形成轮南地区广泛分布的风化壳岩溶储集系统,从而揭示了轮南地区奥陶系更为良好的勘探前景。     

塔里木盆地塔中奥陶系天然气的非烃成因及其成藏意义

塔里木盆地塔中北部斜坡带奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩油气勘探取得了重大突破,发现了台缘坡折带礁滩复合体大型凝析气藏和台内岩溶风化壳大型油气藏。利用有机地化指标与构造沉积演化紧密结合对有效烃源岩及成藏过程的研究取得了较好成果,但随着勘探的纵深发展,流体分布复杂的问题日趋突出,通过天然气组分以及相关同位素等分析化验数据,进行塔中北部斜坡带奥陶系油气成藏研究,建立了"三期成藏、两期调整,早期成油、晚期注气,复式聚集、普遍含油"成藏模式,明确了塔中天然气以原油裂解气为主,强调晚期气侵是形成塔中大型天然气田的关键。     

中国海相油气田勘探实例之九 渤海湾盆地千米桥凝析油气田的勘探与发现

千米桥潜山凝析油气田发现于1998年10月,于1999年6月产油气。它是渤海湾地区具有代表性的低位潜山油气田,油气藏为新生古储式,潜山北、南两侧的古近系生油凹陷为其油气来源,油气主力产层为奥陶系马家沟组海相碳酸盐岩,含油气面积为57.1km2,探明油气当量达394.68×108m3。该油气田位于黄骅坳陷北大港构造带东北倾没端,是一个受裂缝和岩溶洞穴共同控制的复杂油气田,储层非均质性强,油气分布复杂,勘探开发难度大。本文回顾了油田的勘探和发现历程。在论述潜山油气田地质特点的基础上总结了取得油气勘探突破的实践和认识,分析了此类潜山勘探的成败原因。     

华南奥陶纪生物礁时空分布的控制因素(英文)

华南奥陶纪生物礁主要分布于三个层位 ,选择了数个生物礁实例分析当时的古地理格局对礁相地层时空分布的控制作用。涉及到的生物礁赋存层位自下而上为 :特马道克晚期扬子地台中部宜昌分乡组和同时代的扬子地台南缘皖南的仑山组 ;阿伦尼克早期分布于地台中部至南缘的红花园组 ;阿什吉尔中期浙赣边区下镇组和三衢山组。研究结果表明 ,礁相地层的的发育与否及其生物和沉积结构在时空上表现出的分异 ,明显受控于与古地理背景的变迁相关的诸多因素 ,如海平面升降、碳酸盐岩台地的规模以及沉积区间的抬升等     

塔里木盆地HD23井区中奥陶统生物礁滩体的识别与研究

礁滩体储层是中国目前碳酸盐岩勘探的重点。塔里木盆地奥陶系礁滩复合储集体发育,中奥陶统生物礁发育层位主要在一间房组,发育区集中分布在塔北、巴楚等地,并以开阔台地台内点礁方式出现。HD23井区内共有奥陶系探井4口,其中HD17井、HD13井、YW2井在中奥陶统一间房组都钻遇了托盘类瓶筐石（Calathium）障积礁,礁的厚度约5 m,礁的上下地层均为砂屑鲕粒灰岩和砂砾屑灰岩等滩相沉积,形成礁滩复合体。文中通过钻井资料和地球物理资料,深入研究了HD23井区礁滩体的特征与分布。三维地震解释显示一间房组地层中存在一个厚度异常体,经分析认为该异常体就是局部异常发育的瓶筐石生物礁滩复合体,该生物礁滩体横向连片,有一定的分布范围和规模。对该井区内中奥陶统一间房组的生物礁滩体加以研究,将为下一步奥陶系的油气勘探提供依据。     

塔中Ⅰ号坡折带奥陶系礁滩复合体发育动力学及其控储机制

塔中Ⅰ号坡折带上奥陶统良里塔格组发现了我国珊瑚-层孔虫造礁群落最早的礁体,在生态演替上具承先启后重要特征,并伴随着发育了多套礁滩相储集体。充分利用古地理、古地磁,同位素、微量元素,包裹体,岩心物性分析等数据,分析了塔里木板块奥陶纪成礁环境,特别是从构造地质学、碳酸盐岩地质学、层序地层学、古生态学、古生物学出发,剖析了塔中隆起碳酸盐岩台地演化的阶段性、海平面变化的周期性,以及奥陶纪造礁生物生态群落的演替及生物生长性,分别建立了良里塔格组各个时期礁滩复合体发育的模式,深入解析了礁滩复合体多期生长发育的动力学特征。塔中良里塔格组3期叠加发育的礁体生长与台地演化的构造阶段性密切相关,同时控制了礁滩复合体微相类型上的多样性和分异性。礁滩复合体地貌隆起和高频海平面变化所导致的暴露,以及准同生期大气淡水淋滤、溶蚀作用是控制台缘礁滩体优质储层发育的动力学基础,经后期埋藏过程中所经历的表生岩溶作用、埋藏期热水岩溶作用以及断层相关岩溶等是该礁滩复合体储层物性改良主控因素。集中揭示了塔中奥陶纪礁滩复合体发育演替几何学、动力学机制及礁滩储集体控储机制,有效指导了塔中古隆起奥陶系生物礁油气规模效益开发,对于类似油气田勘探与学科发展具有积极意义。     

桂中坳陷泥盆系生物礁分布预测

桂中坳陷泥盆系盆地经历了五大演化阶段,包括早泥盆世的初始裂陷和初始扩展,中泥盆世的抬升和裂解,以及晚泥盆世的扩展—萎缩。从早泥盆世埃姆斯期至晚泥盆世早期均有生物礁发育,但以中泥盆世的裂解阶段最为繁盛。泥盆系剩余重力异常总体特征表现为两高两低特点,其中心分别位于宜州、合山和马山、柳江附近。由重力资料划分出研究区的台地、台沟分布,再由地震异常圈定了中泥盆统分层系生物礁分布。在泥盆系应堂组—东岗岭组四个层段共圈出异常体17个,位于忻城县和大塘镇之间的异常体规模最大,面积达307km2。该带距离古断裂较远,油气保存的可能性较大,是未来桂中油气勘探的首选区带之一。     

Hydrocarbon Accumulation Conditions of Ordovician Carbonate in Tarim Basin

<正>Based on comprehensive analysis of reservoir-forming conditions,the diversity of reservoir and the difference of multistage hydrocarbon charge are the key factors for the carbonate hydrocarbon accumulation of the Ordovician in the Tarim Basin.Undergone four major deposition-tectonic cycles, the Ordovician carbonate formed a stable structural framework with huge uplifts,in which are developed reservoirs of the reef-bank type and unconformity type,and resulted in multistage hydrocarbon charge and accumulation during the Caledonian,Late Hercynian and Late Himalayan. With low matrix porosity and permeability of the Ordovician carbonate,the secondary solution pores and caverns serve as the main reservoir space.The polyphase tectonic movements formed unconformity reservoirs widely distributed around the paleo-uplifts;and the reef-bank reservoir is controlled by two kinds of sedimentary facies belts,namely the steep slope and gentle slope.The unconventional carbonate pool is characterized by extensive distribution,no obvious edge water or bottom water,complicated oil/gas/water relations and severe heterogeneity controlled by reservoirs. The low porosity and low permeability reservoir together with multi-period hydrocarbon accumulation resulted in the difference and complex of the distribution and production of oil/gas/water.The distribution of hydrocarbon is controlled by the temporal-spatial relation between revolution of source rocks and paleo-uplifts.The heterogenetic carbonate reservoir and late-stage gas charge are the main factors making the oil/ gas phase complicated.The slope areas of the paleo-uplifts formed in the Paleozoic are the main carbonate exploration directions based on comprehensive evaluation.The Ordovician of the northern slope of the Tazhong uplift,Lunnan and its periphery areas are practical exploration fields.The Yengimahalla-Hanikatam and Markit slopes are the important replacement targets for carbonate exploration.Gucheng,Tadong,the deep layers of Cambrian dolomite in the Lunnan and Tazhong-Bachu areas are favorable directions for research and risk exploration.     

塔中地区良里塔格组台缘颗粒滩沉积特征及分布规律

塔中地区良里塔格组礁滩复合体蕴含着丰富的油气资源。通过钻井、录井、岩芯、薄片及测井等大量资料的综合分析,结合前人研究结果,对塔中I号坡折带上奥陶统颗粒滩类型和特征进行了系统研究。塔中地区良里塔格组台缘颗粒滩包括内碎屑滩、生屑滩、核形石滩、鲕粒滩等类型,具有类型多、发育旋回多以及厚度大的特点。颗粒滩在纵横向上并非是孤立存在的,通常与生物礁伴生,形成纵向叠置,横向指状交叉的礁滩复合体,属油气储集的有利相带。台缘颗粒滩亚相沿塔中I号坡折带呈带状展布,自西向东分布范围逐渐变窄,表现出以（藻）砂屑滩为背景,其他类型颗粒滩呈条带状、块状、点状分布于其间的规律。     

Formation of lode‐style gold mineralisation during Tabberabberan wrench faulting at Lefroy,eastern Tasmania

The Lefroy Goldfield in eastern Tasmania is anomalous in southeastern Australia because mineralised fault reefs (i.e. reefs that are also faults) strike in an easterly direction at a high angle to the predominantly northwest strike of bedding and folds. Gold mineralisation is of Early to Middle Devonian age, with reef formation coinciding with a third regionally compressive deformation event (D₃), and a second phase of Tabberabberan orogenesis. Mineralised reefs are hosted by Mathinna Supergroup turbidites of Cambrian to Ordovician age and extend for up to 2 km across the boundary between the sandstone‐dominated Stony Head Sandstone and the shale‐dominated Turquoise Bluff Slate. Ore shoots in the reefs plunge moderately west and, in the Volunteer Mine, coincide with the intersection of the reef and a D₁/D₂ thrust contact. The subvertical orientation and discordant relationship of the mineralised reefs to bedding, as well as the lack of gold mineralisation along bedding and pre‐D₃ structures, indicate that the reefs formed during a period of wrench faulting. In contrast to lode‐style deposits in Victoria, the far‐field minimum compressive stress at Lefroy during reef formation was not vertical but, rather, occupied a subhorizontal orientation.     

中国海相碳酸盐岩油气储层基本特征

中国在碳酸盐岩油气勘探中相继发现了陕中气田、轮南—塔河油田、塔中油气田、川东北大气区等大型油气田。这些发现揭示了非均质性强的碳酸盐岩储层,主要有4种类型:台缘生物礁(滩)、岩溶风化壳、白云岩和台内颗粒滩四大类储层。中国的台缘礁滩储层主要有两类,一类是面积小的孤立状的塔礁(川东和川东北),另一类是连片分布似层状的台缘礁滩复合体。岩溶风化壳储层依岩溶成熟度和构造型式有三种,即克拉通内岩溶老年期的低幅度地貌层状白云岩储层,岩溶壮年期的高幅度地貌非均质裂缝-洞穴单元储层,以及断块掀斜翘倾的岩溶青年期独立岩溶储层。有油气前景的白云岩储层主要为三类:与蒸发台地相关的准同生白云岩,埋藏成岩作用白云岩和生物成因白云岩。台内颗粒滩主要有两类:即白云石化颗粒滩和裂缝性颗粒滩储层。中国的碳酸盐岩分布广,达300km2,四大类储层发育良好,除已发现油气的四大盆地外,相信不久的将来在中国南方和羌塘地区古特提斯域碳酸盐岩沉积区将取得大的突破。     

湘西渔塘早寒武世生物礁沉积相特征

湘西渔塘早寒武世清虚洞期生物礁为国内外罕见的规模较大的堤状藻礁,发育于川滇黔碳酸盐台地南东边缘。造礁生物为表附藻、尼科尔森藻及葛万藻等,具明显的生长生态及分带性特征。该生物礁的形成及演化受同沉积断裂控制,发育三个造礁旋回,每个旋回由四个依次向上变浅的沉积阶段组成和相对应的礁基、礁核、礁前、礁后及礁顶亚相。礁后藻砂屑灰岩系渔塘铅锌矿极为重要的控矿岩相。     

西沙-南海北部晚第三纪生物礁的比较沉积学研究

在西沙群岛琛航岛一井晚第三纪生物礁中发现了９属４３种造礁钙藻和９个生物化石群落,与在南海北部陆架珠江口盆地惠州３３－１－１井发现的７属１６种造礁钙藻,７个生物化石群落() 及在莺歌海-琼东南盆地区莺６井发现的５属２１种造礁钙藻和５个生物化石群落() 一起,并列为迄今在研究区发现生物礁的三大典型研究剖面。本文较详细地从比较沉积学的角度讨论了这三个生物礁的异同点。生物礁最为重要的鉴定标志就是它具备典型的生物骨架结构。利用有关三个生物礁化石群落的鉴定成果、分布特征、组合关系、剖面演变规律的资料,指出皮壳状与坚硬分枝状珊瑚藻（Ｍｅｌｏｂｅｓｉａｅ）、直立分节状珊瑚藻（Ｃｏｒａｌｉｎａａ）和仙掌藻（Ｈａｌｉｍｅｄａ）在成礁过程中形成格架,扮演了“开路先锋”、“主力军”、“收容队的角色;尤其绿藻门仙掌藻作为其中最为重要的骨架生物之一在西沙生物礁中形成剖面序列,对于完善成礁理论和探索中国的“Ｍｅｓｓｉｎｉａｎ”事件-“南中国海”事件具有重要的古海洋学意义。三地生物礁因陆架海与陆缘海的区别而在沉积环境方面有所不同;成礁基有碳酸盐台地、古老的前第三纪基岩或“海台”;主要成礁期为中新世不同阶段;重要的岩石类型包括珊瑚藻礁灰岩与白云。     

中国低丰度大型岩性油气田形成条件和分布规律

我国低丰度岩性油气田具有很大的资源潜力和储量规模,在中、古生代地层均有广泛的分布,具备良好的油气地质背景和成藏条件,是未来油气勘探的重点领域,其形成条件及富集规律不明.本文在大量统计分析和地质研究的基础上,探讨了低丰度大油气田的形成条件、分布特征、富集规律和未来的勘探领域.研究指出了低丰度大型岩性油气田形成的几个地质背景:大面积高丰度烃源岩;平缓的构造格局;稳定的沉积背景;大规模的沉积体系;建设性成岩环境.系统分析了油气田形成控制因素和分布规律:1陆相(或海陆交互相)大型三角洲平原—前缘主河道砂体、海相高能相带(台缘礁滩、滨岸砂体)是大型岩性油气藏的有利分布区;2次生溶蚀相、白云岩化相、风化淋滤相、绿泥石薄膜胶结相和TSR相等建设性成岩作用是优质储层及大油气田分布的有利区;3古地形(古隆起、斜坡、起伏带、鼻隆等)、断裂(层/褶/坡/陷/块)带、构造反转带、裂缝发育带和地层剥蚀尖灭带是大型油气田形成的有利构造条件和富集地区;4低丰度大型岩性油气田的分布和富集普遍受控于构造、沉积和成岩三因素控制的“甜点”.研究成果可为寻找油气勘探的后备领域和储量接替提供理论基础和科学依据.     

Famennian microbial reef facies, Napier and Oscar Ranges, Canning Basin, western Australia

Following the Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction, which eliminated most skeletal reef-building fauna, the early Famennian reefs of the Canning Basin were constructed primarily by reef-framework microbial communities. In the Napier and Oscar Ranges, the Famennian reef complexes had high-energy, reef-flat depositional environments on a reef-rimmed platform that transitioned into low-energy, deep-water reefs growing in excess of 50 m below sea level. High-energy, reef-flat depositional environments contain doming fenestral stromatolites that grade into porous thrombolites and are associated with coarse-grained sandstones and grainstones. The reef-margin subfacies contains mounds of microdigitate thrombolites, which are more delicate than the reef-flat thrombolites and locally contain abundant red algae, Girvanella, renalcids and sediment-filled tubes. Within the thrombolites, the red algae are in upright growth positions, suggesting that the thrombolites are largely composed of carbonate that precipitated in situ. Reefal-slope environments are dominated by Wetheredella and Rothpletzella with locally abundant Girvanella, renalcids and Uralinella. In reefal-slope strata, delicate fans and microdigitate stromatolites of Wetheredella and Rothpletzella are often oriented horizontal or diagonal to bedding and are interpreted as syndepositionally toppled over. Most mesoscale microbial community structures contain several species of microbial fossils, and no single microbial species appears to have controlled the morphology of the community structure. Therefore, the depositional environment must have determined the distribution and morphology of the stromatolites, thrombolites and other microbial community structures. The adaptability of microbial communities to various reef environments allowed them to fill ecological niches opportunistically after the Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶纪生物礁基本特征、分布规律及成礁模式

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘奥陶纪发育有生物礁。本文通过对鄂尔多斯盆地西缘野外及钻井岩心生物礁调查及室内鉴定分析,认为在乌海桌子山地区、棋探1井地区、彭阳石节子沟等地发育了较为典型的生物礁,主要造礁生物为珊瑚、层孔虫和海绵。三处生物礁发育特征有差异,北段礁体生长发育2～3期,中段发育2期生长,南段生长发育可达4期;北端及南端生物礁造礁生物个体较大,生长的水体环境相对较浅,而中段生物礁造礁生物个体较小,生长的水体相对较深。这些典型生物礁的生长、发展和消亡呈现了不同的发育特征和时空分布规律,北段生物礁体发育层位早,中、南段发育层位晚,这种分布变化规律与华北板块在早古生代处于赤道附近发生了北漂右旋的旋转漂移规律有关。通过对不同地段生物礁基本特征分析,结合δ13C和δ18O同位素分析结果,认为盆地西缘生物礁成礁模式为中央古隆起西部陆缘海背景下的开阔台地边缘带点礁-滩体组合模式,分布较为局限,认为该地区生物礁死亡原因系海平面快速上升事件导致礁体被淹死所致,也进一步推测生物礁之上存在一次海平面快速上升事件。