新型抗振动柔性PDC钻头

钻头与孔底钻具组合之间要用刚性连接，可引起严重的孔底钻具振动。若在钻头上使用倾斜柔性装置，可以减少钻头振动与孔度钻具振动之间的耦合，同时提高钻头的稳定性。这一设想被一个经过特殊设计的能模拟孔底动态情况的实验装置所证实。     

大直径潜孔锤钻具的改进

ＦＧＣ－１５型大直径潜孔锤钻系统进行生产性试验取得令人满意的钻进效果，同时该套钻具系统也存在一些需要改进的方面，本文简要介绍改进的情况。     

双管双动内钻头超前硬质合金钻具在复杂地层中的应用

金刚石绳索取心钻进技术的优点之一,是岩心采取率高、施工质量好。但是,在赤峰杜家地矿区钻探中,采用普通双管和绳索取心钻具,却常常取不上岩心来。为此,我们设计了φ75双管双动内钻头超前硬质合金钻具,通过生产实践,基本上解决了复杂地层的取心问题。钻具结构原理钻具结构原理如附图所示,它由双管接手、接手内设的反水泄压球阀、外岩心管及外钻头、内岩心管及内钻头等组成。其工作原理是,轴心压力通过双管接手传递到内、外管,再由内、外管传递到内、外钻头;回转也是通过双管接手传动内、外管及内、外钻头回转钻进。冲洗液通过双管接手之通水     

螺杆钻具和PDC钻头组合在鄂尔多斯工区定向井中的应用

在分析了PDC钻头特性及破岩机理的基础上,结合螺杆钻具和PDC钻头在鄂尔多斯工区定向井中的应用,总结了螺杆钻具使用时的注意事项,并介绍了螺杆钻具和PDC钻头组合在鄂尔多斯工区定向井中的应用效果。     

青藏铁路基础桩孔施工用旋挖钻具的研究

根据青藏铁路采用旋挖钻进施工的特点，研制出适应青藏铁路各种地层条件的旋挖钻具，并制定出一套科学的旋挖钻进工艺，从而解决了青藏铁路桥桩基础施工这一世界难题，也为实现旋挖设备和钻具国产化打下良好基础。     

KT178型取心钻具在共和干热岩钻井中的应用

共和干热岩资源富集于花岗岩地层,硬度高,研磨性强,部分层段裂隙发育,取心困难。针对干热岩地层和取心需求特点,研制一套KT178取心钻具,并配套设计了孕镶金刚石取心钻头。该钻具为单动双管取心钻具,可配套井底动力钻具使用,设计中注重对钻具外管、卡簧等关键部件的强度校核。在GH-01井和GH-02井中,经过两轮实验和优化,钻具逐渐成熟,获取了较完整的岩心样本,满足干热岩勘探取心要求,具备了向页岩气、水资源勘察等具有间断取心需求的同类工程推广应用的条件。     

河南铝土矿勘探高肋骨PDC 钻头双管钻探工艺探讨

针对河南铝土矿勘探的钻探工艺进行探讨。从岩性及钻探工艺两方面分析在河南铝土矿勘探时常规钻探工艺易出现卡钻、岩心采取率低、钻进效率低的原因,岩性方面:河南铝土矿勘探过程中常遇的二叠系、石炭系地层多属软-中硬岩,易遇水膨胀、孔壁不稳定,钻杆、钻具易粘附孔壁导致泥浆排泄不畅;钻探工艺方面:普通合金钻探工艺岩心采取率低、钻速低,绳索取心钻探工艺岩心采取率高、钻杆钻具与孔壁间隙小,普通金刚石双管钻探工艺岩心采取率高、钻具与孔壁间隙小,普通PDC钻头钻探工艺岩心采取率高、钻具与孔壁间隙仍然不够大,采用常规钻探工艺常发生钻具或钻杆粘附孔壁、泥浆排泄不畅,易产生的卡钻事故而降低钻探效率。高肋骨PDC钻头可有效增大钻具与孔壁间隙、双管取心可有效提高岩心采取率,采用高肋骨PDC钻头双管钻探较好地解决了河南铝土矿勘探时卡钻、岩心采取率低、钻探效率低的问题。因而以为在河南铝土矿勘探中适宜采用PDC钻头双管钻探工艺。     

以市场为导向研究开发适销对路的科技新产品

:科研院所在市场开发中要以市场为导向 ,开发适销对路的科技新产品并注重质量和服务。几年来 ,开发了PZX型组合牙轮钻头、CG型滚刀及滚刀钻头、MRR和MRS型扩底钻头、水文水井及工程钻头与钻具等产品 ,还研制了适用不同工法的新一代钻头和钻具。     

CSR钻探设备、工艺国产化取得显著效果

本文介绍了近两年来在国内进行空气双壁管反循环连续取样(CSR)钻探研究试验所取得的显著成就.扼要叙述了所研制的配套钻具包括双壁钻杆、牙轮钻头等;并且通过在金矿勘查和水井钻探较大量生产试验,总结出包括钻具组合、设备选型和施工工艺等经验;表明了这种钻探方法在国内具有推广价值和良好的技术经济效益.     

大口径钻头与钻具的研究开发

大口径钻头与钻具是钻孔灌注桩钻进的关键工具，勘探所钻头中心研制开发出有循环和无循环2大种类，10个系列，100多种规格各种钻头，为全国施工单位提供了可靠的钻头与钻具，解决了众多施工难题，取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

相山火山盆地磁性结构分布特征

以相山地区大比例尺重磁测量结果为基础,建立正演计算模型,采用模拟退火算法,反演计算了相山盆地不同深度下的物性结构分布特征,对该盆地地下岩层结构及界面变化趋势进行了半定量和定性分析;盆地深部构造岩浆活动发育,局部地段次火山岩体具向下延深和扩大的趋势;西北面磁性界面变化较复杂,磁性岩体的埋深均小于800 m;东南面磁性界面变化相对较平缓,磁性岩体的埋深均大于800 m;盆地中有多个岩浆通道,后期构造岩浆活动主要发生在盆地西南侧、南侧以及东侧,这可能是导致北西侧铀富集成矿好于这些部位的主要原因,受构造影响,盆地中部及西北部,磁性基底呈块状分布.这对指导相山的攻深找盲工作有重要意义.     

川中龙岗地区下侏罗统大安寨段沉积相分析及有利储集层预测

应用钻井、测井和地震等资料对川中龙岗地区下侏罗统大安寨段的沉积相类型及其展布特征进行了研究,将大安寨段的湖泊相沉积划分为4个亚相及若干微相。大安寨段沉积时期的沉积展布及演化主要受湖平面升降控制,经历过一次较大规模的水进水退旋回:大三沉积时期发生水进,主体为浅湖—半深湖沉积;大一三沉积时期水体最深,主体为半深湖沉积;大一三沉积晚期发生水退,到大一沉积晚期湖平面已降至较低水平,主体为滨浅湖沉积,介壳灰岩发育。沉积相带在平面上具有明显的环带状展布特征,据此建立了大安寨段沉积模式。大一段主要发育5个介壳滩,是最有利于储集层发育的沉积相带。储集岩类型主要为介壳灰岩和泥质介壳灰岩,结合裂缝发育分析,预测了3个有利储集层区带。     

Equations for the dissolution reaction rates of montmorillonite,illite, and chlorite

The available experimental data on the dissolution kinetics of montmorillonite, illite, and chlorite were analyzed. The reliability of the data was assessed and possible reasons for discrepancies were discussed. The dissolution rates of the minerals were described by quantitative and qualitative dependencies on various parameters. The quantitative relations were described by various equations, which were proposed in other studies or derived by the author on the basis of the mathematical processing of the raw data. General equations were obtained for the dissolution rate of each of the minerals as a function of temperature, pH, and the degree of saturation of the solution. For the dependencies that were not constrained by experiments, experimental data for structurally similar minerals or theoretical equations were invoked.     

农产品样品无机元素分析测试技术探讨

对全国土壤污染状况调查农产品样品无机元素所选用的分析方法进行了探讨,提出了比较科学合理、先进快速、高效准确的元素监测分析方法,并对部分元素形态分析提出了相关建议。     

湖北郧西黄龙洞骨化石表面改造痕迹研究

湖北黄龙洞遗址出土有距今约10万年的7枚晚期智人牙齿化石,以及大量哺乳动物化石,并发掘出石制品和骨制品等。本研究使用光学显微镜、超景深数码显微镜以及三维扫描仪等对该遗址骨化石表面具有明显改造痕迹的标本进行形态学观察,并参考国内外关于标本表面改造痕迹的认识,对痕迹性质(种类)进行鉴定。然后以鉴定工作为基础,对痕迹在骨骼表面的分布组合特征进行量化分析。痕迹研究结果支持了发掘者此前提出的关于黄龙洞骨骼堆积属于原地埋藏的研究结论,并表明:黄龙洞内古人类的狩猎与屠宰等活动,是造成洞穴内骨骼堆积的主要原因;当时古人类可能在居址附近猎获动物后,将动物集中到洞穴内进行过较细致的屠宰。居住在黄龙洞的古人类屠宰技术行为主要有:切割、刮切、砍斫和砸击等。大多数切割痕迹主要是为了剥取肉食,部分位于骨骺端的切割痕迹以及砍斫痕迹是肢解行为的结果,而砸击痕迹则与取食骨髓以及骨器制作的行为有关。与人工痕迹同时出现的动物改造痕迹还反映出食肉动物和啮齿动物对人类遗留在洞穴内的骨骼有一定程度的再利用。     

陕南镇巴筇竹寺期的海绵骨针化石

在陕南镇巴下寒武统西蒿坪段和水井沱组下段的碳酸盐地层中含有大量保存完好、类型多样的海绵骨针化石。基于形态描述法,对海绵骨针化石进行了详细的形态描述及产地与层位判断。结果表明：根据与其共生的小壳化石和三叶虫等生物地层学资料,发现这些海绵骨针化石属于筇竹寺期;该区海绵骨针类型不仅包含有形态规则的二轴四射骨针、三轴六射骨针、三轴五射骨针,而且还有形态不规则的四轴四射骨针、五轴五射骨针、尖头星状骨针、二歧分叉式骨针等;其中的四轴四射骨针、五轴五射骨针、五刺尖头星状骨针、二歧分叉二射式骨针为本次发现的新类型,极大地丰富了海绵骨针的类型。陕南镇巴筇竹寺期海绵骨针化石的数量以及分异度快速增加,充分说明海绵动物在陕南地区寒武纪早期开始大量繁盛并且迅速演化。     

甘肃的第四系

在全面系统分析、整理第四纪地层资料基础上，以岩石地层为基础，以古地磁、１４Ｃ、热释光测年资料为依据，以化石资料为参考，对更新统及全新统进行了岩石地层、磁性地层单位的对比和划分；重新厘定了一些地层单位的名称和含义；统一了各地层区的地层系统；建立并进一步完善了甘肃第四纪地层层序。确定了兰州、陇西及陇东地区黄土的开始沉积时间。对甘肃第四系的动物群及新构造运动的特征进行了论述。     

Environmental implications of a hydrogeochemical survey for drinking water in Kirsehir region

A hydrogeochemical survey of springs was carried out in Kirsehir, Turkey and fluoride, heavy metals, and mineral contents were analyzed. The highest fluoride levels were detected in Mahmutlu with 2.1 ppm. The fluoride content of Pohrenk was, on average, 1.1 ppm. Consequently, dental fluorosis and dental stains were observed in both villages. Although the fluoride concentrations were within the suggested limits, dental stains and fluorosis were commonly observed among the villagers especially kids. The fluoride concentrations of 0.7–1.0 ppm were the lowest in Cevirme, which is to the northwest of fluoride ore. The heavy metal concentrations of resources around the three villages were compared with and were found lower than WHO’s provisional guideline values. However, the Fe, Zn, and Cr concentrations in hot springs were much higher than cold springs with as much as 100 ppb for Fe, 50 ppb for Zn, and 15 ppb for Cr.     

Lunar science: An overview

Before spacecraft exploration, facts about the Moon were restricted to information about the lunar orbit, angular momentum and density. Speculations about composition and origin were unconstrained. Naked eye and telescope observations revealed two major terrains, the old heavily cratered highlands and the younger mostly circular, lightly cratered maria. The lunar highlands were thought to be composed of granite or covered with volcanic ash-flows. The maria were thought to be sediments, or were full of dust, and possibly only a few million years old. A few perceptive observers such as Ralph Baldwin (Baldwin 1949) concluded that the maria were filled with volcanic lavas, but the absence of terrestrial-type central volcanoes like Hawaii was a puzzle. The large circular craters were particularly difficult to interpret. Some thought, even after the Apollo flights, that they were some analogue to terrestrial caldera (e.g., Green 1971), formed by explosive volcanic activity and that the central peaks were volcanoes. The fact that the craters were mostly circular was difficult to accommodate if they were due to meteorite impact, as meteorites would hit the Moon at all angles. The rilles were taken by many as definitive evidence that there was or had been, running water on the lunar surface. Others such as Carl Sagan thought that organic compounds were likely present (see Taylor 1975, p. 111, note 139).     

非均质土壤饱和稳定流中盐分运移的传递函数模拟

对室内人工构造的两种非均质土柱,以传递函数模型作为模拟手段,研究了稳定流场中饱和非均质土壤盐分优先运移的随机特征。首先计算了模型参数μ和σ2,获得了氯离子在非均质土壤中迁移时间的概率密度函数,然后应用传递函数模型对土柱中氯离子的出流浓度动态进行了随机模拟,并对非均质土壤中氯离子的均值和中值迁移时间及相应的运移体积与可动体积进行了分析和讨论,还依据质量守衡原理获得了土壤溶液中氯离子平均驻留浓度的变化。