德兴铜矿大坞河流域环境特征

文章主要研究德兴铜矿大坞河流域水、土壤、植物的重金属污染情况，分析重金属在水、土壤、植物体内的迁移和转化。发现大坞河流域水体、底泥和土壤中Cu元素含量严重超过国家标准，其他元素的污染较轻。而植物体内Cu没有超标，而Cd、Pb元素在植物体内得到富集。通过对土壤元素形态的研究发现Cd、Pb元素存在的形态容易被植物吸收，Cu元素存在形态较稳定，导致植物体内中Cd、Pb的富集。     

黔西北土法炼锌区典型植物体内重金属的积累研究

本文测定了黔西北土法炼锌引起的重金属严重污染地区的自然植被及其根部土壤的重金属.土壤重金属形态用连续提取法区分为有效态和强结合态,结果发现植物体内的重金属含量与土壤中有效态的重金属含量成正比.所分析的4种植物体内的Pb、Zn、Cd含量为Zn＞Pb＞Cd.接骨草(Sambucus Chinensis)和柳叶苦荬菜(Ixeris gracilis)富集、运输重金属元素的能力很强,是对污染区生态重建颇有前景的植物.     

洪湖市某地区农水产品重金属含量特征及其安全性分析

基于洪湖市某地区水土地质环境特点和农产品特色进行农作物和水产品样品的布置和采集。根据样品的汞、镉、铅、砷、铬等元素含量测试结果,分析研究区农水产品中主要重金属元素含量分布特征,利用富集系数探讨根系土和底积物重金属含量异常的生态效应,参照相应食品重金属安全指标限值评价农水产品的安全性。结果表明:该区重金属生态危害较大,具有一定程度的污染;不同种类的农水产品内重金属含量顺序不同,说明不同农水产品对重金属的累计存在差异,稻谷和螃蟹的重金属含量一般高于鱼、藕带、莲子;生物对Cr和Pb的富集能力高于对As、Cd和Hg的富集能力,这与生物体对重金属元素的主动吸收和代谢有关。     

岩溶地区公路路坡重金属污染垂向变化特征研究

随着公路交通业的发展,汽车尾气对周围环境的影响也越来越大,公路边坡污染问题也越来越受重视。对于岩溶区路侧的横向污染变化,在其它文献中已有报到,本文着重研究岩溶地区路坡垂向上汽车尾气的重金属污染。文章以贵新路为例,分析了公路边坡土壤重金属污染物的垂向污染状况和变化规律,得出了路坡重金属污染的富集带约分布在距地面5m处,随着高度的增加污染物含量减少,但到了路坡坡顶又出现小幅增高现象,这有可能与汽车尾气卷扬和淀积效应有关。      

蓖麻幼苗游离氨基酸组成对Cd-Pb-Zn复合胁迫的响应

<正>游离氨基酸是植物体内氮素代谢的中心物质,在胁迫条件下起着维持细胞水势、消除物质毒害和储存氮素的功能,在超富集植物富集重金属的机制中也起到关键作用。蓖麻(Ricinus communist L.)作为一种油料作物,在我国分布广泛,经济价值较高,适应性强,是植物修复多金属污染较理想的材料。为揭示游离氨基酸在蓖麻的重金属抗逆性和富集中的作用,笔者采用盆栽试验,分析低浓度和高浓度Cd-Pb-Zn复     

江苏盐城原生盐沼湿地大型底栖动物重金属含量及生物质量评价

以江苏盐城国家级自然保护区核心区为研究区域,分别于盐蒿滩、互花米草滩、光滩采集大型底栖动物沙蚕、泥螺和四角蛤蜊样品,测定其体内重金属Hg,As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,Zn和Ni含量,并运用统计分析、金属污染指数(MPI)、单因子污染指数(Pi)、生物-沉积物累积因子(BSAF)进行分析.结果表明,重金属元素在各类底栖动物体内的含量分布不同,Cd在光滩四角蛤蜊中富集最多,Zn在互花米草滩沙蚕中富集最多,Hg,As,Cr,Cu,Pb和Ni均在光滩泥螺体内富集最多.盐蒿沙蚕、米草沙蚕、光滩泥螺和光滩蛤蜊MPI值分别为1.984,2.085,4.320和1.618.泥螺受污染程度最重,超出沙蚕和四角蛤蜊的2倍.沙蚕、四角蛤蜊体内Zn的积累量、泥螺体内As和Cu的积累量均高于沉积物.按照海洋贝类生物质量标准中的第一类指标对样品进行生物质量评价,发现研究区泥螺体内Cr,Cu和Pb含量均超过此标准,尤以Pb超标最为严重,污染指数Pi值达7.628.四角蛤蜊生物质量总体良好,除Cd和Cr超标,分别为海洋贝类质量标准的1.812倍和1.408倍外,其余元素均未超过标准.方差分析显示不同大型底栖动物种类对重金属的富集能力差别较大.生物类型比环境背景对重金属在生物体内的富集影响更大.研究区泥螺和四角蛤蜊体内的多数重金属元素含量低于国内其他区域的同种底栖动物.     

广西岩溶区土壤铁锰结核重金属富集的地质特征

广西岩溶区农田土壤重金属污染形势严峻。该地区土壤含有大量铁锰结核,其主要成分为铁和锰的氧化物,对重金属有着较强的富集作用。铁锰结核伴随着土壤形成过程而产生,也是反映土壤形成过程及成土环境变化的良好载体。研究铁锰结核中重金属的富集特征有助于了解广西岩溶区土壤中重金属元素的富集过程和富集特征。文章对广西柳江和桂平的土壤与其中的铁锰结核进行了成分分析,通过微量元素分析得到铁锰结核对Ni、Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb、Co、Ba、As、Cr等重金属元素的富集特征,通过Ti/Al2O3的比值关系推断了铁锰结核与土壤的物质来源。此外,还对铁锰结核进行了激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪（Laser Microscopic Confocal Raman Spectrometer）、扫描电镜和能谱仪（SEM-EDS）分析。通过铁锰结核内部同心环带状圈层结构及其内部的元素分布周期性变化的特征,推测结核形成机制。铁锰结核的形成固定了大量重金属元素,减轻了土壤重金属污染负担;但如果铁锰结核发生了溶解则会导致Mn及受其控制的部分重金属（Co、Cu、Ni、Ba）重新释放回到土壤,加重重金属污染。     

济南泉域岩溶水水化学特征及其成因

济南泉域水质逐年变差,查明其污染来源和影响因素,对岩溶水资源开发利用及生态环境保护具有十分重要的意义,而对包含补给径流区的全区岩溶水系统分析尚未见报道.综合运用水化学(Piper三线图、离子比例系数、相关分析)和多元统计(因子分析、聚类分析)方法分析地下水水化学特征,探讨了不同区域水质影响因素及影响强度.因子分析反映了灰岩水岩作用、工业和生活污染、白云岩水岩作用、农牧业和生活污染对水化学组分的影响,贡献率依次为33.1%、28.4%、12.0%和11.8%.分析结果表明:研究区岩溶水水质受水岩作用和人类活动的双重影响;南部补给区、西郊及其以西排泄区水质优良,主要受碳酸盐岩溶解的影响;直接补给径流区部分岩溶水受农牧业和农村生活污染的影响,NO₃-含量较高;东郊排泄区、城区及近郊开采区受工业及城镇生活污染的影响,水质较差,少数地段SO₄2-、NO₃-、TDS和总硬度超标.      

泉州湾洛阳江河口桐花树和秋茄红树植物中重金属元素的分布与富集特征

通过测定泉州湾洛阳江河口红树林区表层沉积物中酸提重金属元素含量及桐花树、秋茄两种红树植物各部位中重金属元素含量,分析了重金属元素在两红树植物不同部位的分布特征及其富集和迁移能力,并初步探讨了两种红树植物体内各重金属元素的主要来源。红树林区各采样点表层沉积物中重金属元素酸提量顺序为:FeMnZnPbCuCrN iCo,Cu和Pb的平均酸提量超过第一类海洋沉积物质量标准限值。同种元素在两种红树植物不同部位中的含量顺序一致:Cu为根枝叶;N i为叶根枝;Fe、Mn、Cr、Zn、Pb、Co为根叶枝。两种红树植物对N i、Cr、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn的富集能力高于Co和Pb。秋茄对Cu、N i、Mn、Fe、Co的富集能力比桐花树略强些,而对Zn、Cr、Pb的富集能力则相对弱些;但两种植物对各元素的富集能力都达不到超富集植物的要求。两种植物对N i元素的富集能力都大于其他元素,且都集中在叶部,其他元素则主要集中在根部。除N i外,其余元素在两植物体内的迁移系数均小于1。桐花树中的Cr和秋茄中的Cu、Zn、Mn主要来源于林地沉积物,其他元素在两植物各部位均有不同的来源。     

冻结技术在水土重金属污染净化与修复中的应用及进展

随着工业化进程的加快,水土重金属污染事件逐渐增多,对其治理与修复成为当前的迫切工作。冻结技术在治理修复污染水土时,其修复过程只向地层输入“冷量”,属于绿色修复技术,无二次污染风险,受到越来越多的关注。详细总结了冻结技术的修复机理,及其在污水、污泥、重金属污染土壤治理修复中的应用现状和最新研究进展。冻结修复机理是通过冰的自净作用和固-液相平衡原理来实现污染物的定向驱赶和富集,而黏性土壤颗粒的吸附和阻滞作用使单一技术对重金属污染土壤的修复难度增大,其他修复手段与冻结技术联合处理成为一种新的思路。利用冻结土体的低渗透性,还可有效降低污染物的迁移速度,封闭不同种类污染物,形成阻隔污染物扩散的冻结屏障。冻结修复技术在水土重金属污染净化及修复领域具有良好的应用前景。     

重庆市南川区南部岩溶地下水水文地球化学特征

以重庆市南川区南部地区岩溶地下水为研究对象,通过野外调查和取样测试分析,对研究区内149件地下水样品进行水化学常规分析和微量重金属元素分析,结果表明:研究区内地下水化学类型以HCO3-Ca·Mg、HCO3-Ca和HCO3-SO4-Ca型为主。地下水中主要阴阳离子HCO3-、SO42-、Ca2+和Mg2+浓度均表现出与含水岩组相对应的关系,即碳酸盐岩类岩溶水＞碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩水＞碎屑岩水。地下水中Mg2+ /Ca2+摩尔比值表明研究区内绝大部分地下水径流过程中以方解石和白云石的共同溶解为主。地下水中微量重金属元素含量整体偏低,绝大部分水质都在Ⅲ类水标准以内,只有极个别点受到污染导致部分重金属组分偏高      

广西红水河中下游马山地区地下水重金属含量及分布特征

为了解红水河中下游马山地区地下水重金属含量及分布特征,以西南岩溶地下水污染调查评价中广西红水河中下游马山地区地下水数据为基础,对该地区27件样品的重金属含量特征、重金属间相关关系、重金属与其它化学组分的相关性以及地下水重金属分布特征进行了研究。结果表明:研究区地下水中重金属含量整体偏低,平均质量浓度顺序为Fe＞(Al)＞Zn＞Mn＞Pb＞Se＞As＞Cd,重金属平均质量浓度均小于中国生活饮用水标准值,且绝大部分重金属含量远远低于该标准值。Mn与Fe、As、Al存在显著或极显著的正相关关系,Zn与Pb、Cd存在明显的相关性,Se与其它７种重金属的相关性均不明显,可能是由于Se与其它重金属的来源差异较大所致。地下水的酸碱性对重金属的富集影响较小,但地下水中主化学成分HCO3-和Ca2+对重金属的富集有较大影响,TDS对绝大部分重金属的影响较小,对As和Cd具有一定的影响。地下水中Mn、Zn、As、Pb、Cd、Se、Al、Fe质量浓度在空间上表现出一定的地区分布特点,整体上重金属高浓度点主要集中在马山县城周围以及古寨、乔利街乡镇周围。      

桂江流域地下水污染途径及防控措施研究

对桂江流域开展岩溶地下水污染调查发现:流域内地下水污染源分为“三氮”污染源、重金属污染源、有机污染源三类;“三氮”污染源主要包括工业、养殖和生活三类污水、生活垃圾渗滤液、农业施用氮肥等;重金属污染主要来自工矿企业;有机污染来自工业、养殖业。污染途径主要有孤峰平原的分散入渗式、孤峰平原的脚洞灌入式、峰丛洼地的消水洞灌入式、溶丘谷地的入渗式和峰丛峰林谷地的天窗灌入式等五类。并对88组地下水样品测试结果进行多指标地下水污染综合评价,结果表明36.5%的水点为“三氮”污染,多以分散入渗进入地下水,其污染形态呈面状分布;15.3%的水点为重金属污染,主要通过峰丛洼地消水洞灌入式补给和溶丘谷地入渗补给两种途径,呈点状分布于污染场地附近;3.49%的水点为有机污染,主要为分散入渗补给途径,污染呈短线状或点状分布。      

黎塘岩溶区土壤铁锰结核的地球化学特征研究

对黎塘岩溶区土壤铁锰结核的地球化学特征研究表明:与土壤相比,铁锰结核的化学组成中仍以SiO2、Al2O3和Fe2O3为主,但Fe2O3的含量明显增加,成为铁锰结核中含量最多的氧化物,MnO含量也有一定程度增加,它们富集系数分别为5．19和3．40;铁锰结核对重金属具有明显的富集效应,其富集顺序为Cr（M）〉Pb〉Co〉Zn〉Ni〉Ba〉Li,它在土壤中的含量受成土母质及浅层地下水活动的影响。元素的相关分析及因子分析表明,铁锰结核在形成过程中还具有成核富集效应、专性吸附效应和成核易淋溶效应。      

黔西南Au-As-Hg-Tl矿化区毒害金属元素的水地球化学

研究了黔西南典型Ａｕ－Ａｓ－Ｈｇ－Ｔｌ矿化区内毒害金属元素在采矿活动和自然状态影响下的水地球化学特征及其环境效应。结果表明,已开采的Ｈｇ－Ｔｌ矿区地下水和地表水中均有很高的毒害金属元素,煤采区地下水中亦表现出类似的特征,而Ｈｇ－Ｔｌ矿区外围地下水中金属元素保持在较低的水平。Ｈｇ－Ｔｌ矿区地素水中Ａｓ和Ｔｌ的分布模式表明,其含量的变化受矿区地下水排泄和尾矿淋滤作用的控制。在尚未开采的金矿区,浅层地下     

Biogeochemistry of landfill leachate plumes

The literature has been critically reviewed in order to assess the attenuation processes governing contaminants in leachate affected aquifers. Attenuation here refers to dilution, sorption, ion exchange, precipitation, redox reactions and degradation processes. With respect to contaminants, focus is on dissolved organic matter, xenobiotic organic compounds, inorganic macrocomponents as anions and cations, and heavy metals. Laboratory as well as field investigations are included. This review is an up-date of an earlier comprehensive review. The review shows that most leachate contamination plumes are relatively narrow and do not in terms of width exceed the width of the landfill. The concept of redox zones being present in the plume has been confirmed by the reported composition of the leachate contaminated groundwater at several landfills and constitutes an important framework for understanding the behavior of the contaminants in the plume as the leachate migrates away from the landfill. Diverse microbial communities have been identified in leachate plumes and are believed to be responsible for the redox processes. Dissolved organic C in the leachate, although it appears to be only slowly degradable when the volatile organic acids are gone, apparently acts as substrate for the microbial redox processes. Several xenobiotic organic compounds have been found to be degradable in leachate contaminated groundwater, but degradation rates under anaerobic redox conditions have only been determined in a few cases. Apparently, observations in actual plumes indicate more extensive degradation than has been documented in the laboratory. The behavior of cations in leachate plumes is strongly influenced by exchange with the sediment, although the sediment often is very coarse and sandy. Ammonium seems to be subject to anaerobic oxidation, but the mechanisms are not yet understood. Heavy metals do not seem to constitute a significant pollution problem at landfills, partly because the heavy metal concentrations in the leachate often are low, and partly because of strong attenuation by sorption and precipitation. Although complexation of heavy metals with dissolved organic matter is significant, the heavy metals are in most cases still strongly attenuated in leachate-polluted aquifers. The information available on attenuation processes has increased dramatically during the last 15 a, but the number of well-documented full scale leachate plumes are still few and primarily from sandy aquifers. Thus, the diversity of attenuation processes in leachate plumes is probably not yet fully understood. Apparently, the attenuation processes in leachate plumes may for many contaminants provide significant natural remediation, limiting the effects of the leachate on the groundwater to an area usually not exceeding 1000 m from the landfill.     

垃圾填埋场对周边地质环境影响与防治对策

垃圾填埋场对周边地质环境的污染越来越受到研究人员的重视,其影响因素复杂,不仅与MSW的性质有关,还与垃圾填埋场的类型及其所处地质环境有密切关系。为分析垃圾填埋场中的渗滤液、重金属以及其他有害物质对周边地质环境(地下水环境、土壤环境)的影响规律,对大量相关文献和实验资料进行研究分析。研究结果表明:渗滤液是垃圾填埋场影响周围地质环境最为重要的因素,对渗滤液污染地表水及地下水情况和防治方法进行了探讨;同样渗滤液也是重金属污染土壤的载体,重金属在土壤剖面中的滞留量一般随深度的增加而逐渐减少;重金属对土壤的污染具有积累性和滞后性特点,随着填埋时间的延长污染加重。最后,根据其污染途径和污染规律,提出了相应具体防治对策。     

Heavy metal geochemistry and dispersion pattern in coastal sediments,soil, and water of Kedron Brook floodplain area,Brisbane, Australia

Hydrochemical monitoring and heavy metal speciation by sequential extraction techniques indicate direct relationships among enrichment of the heavy metals (copper, lead, zinc, iron, manganese, and cadmium), soil acidification, and salinization in Kedron Brook floodplain area of Brisbane, Australia. Assessment of modes of occurrence and distribution pattern of the heavy metals in soil, sediment, and water environments of this coastal plain indicates that the total concentrations and reactive fractions of these metals are elevated in soil and channel bed sediments. Such geochemical signatures reflect the complex influence of sources and a combination of natural and anthropogenic processes on concentration and dispersion within the coastal zone. According to a working model presented, the enrichment of the heavy metals, like cadmium, in the soil and sediment profiles is triggered by capillary pumping during low groundwater standing levels, when the metals are in a stable form associated with dry gels. During higher groundwater levels and occasional flood events, these metals become mobilized when the gel material is transformed into soluble colloidal phase.This study indicates that the potential impacts of heavy metal pollution on the coastal ecosystems can not be assessed and managed in isolation solely by considering the natural cause-effect relationships. The complex nature of sediment-soil-water interactions in the coastal hydrodynamic zones can produce a manifold of effects, including mobilization, concentration, and/or dispersion of heavy metals at both short and longer time scales. In the case of Kedron Brook, chemical erosion due to variation in natural climatic and hydrodynamic conditions contributes significantly to concentration of heavy metals in the coastal environments. Therefore, a sound understanding of the prevailing hydrogeochemical processes is essential for prediction of the fate of heavy metals and establishment of meaningful coastal zone management strategies.     

Statistical characteristics of heavy metals content in groundwater and their interrelationships in a certain antimony mine area

In recent years, most of domestic and foreign researches about heavy metal pollutions of metal mine mainly focus on water, soil and plants on the surface. There is lack of researches about heavy metal pollution in groundwater of metal mine. In this research, a certain antimony mine area is selected as a typical study area. Also, the study about statistical characteristics of heavy metals in groundwater has been carried out. Furthermore, the interrelationships have been preliminarily discussed through related analysis, such as relevant analysis, cluster analysis and principle component analysis. The results show that: the excessive elements in groundwater of study area are Sb, As, Pb, Se, and Ni. The average mass concentration of Sb, As, and Pb is higher than that of drinking water standards (GB5749-2006). The concentration of most heavy metals in dry season is lower than or equal to that in wet season for groundwater. Zn is the only metal in groundwater showing a different pattern, the concentration of which in dry season is higher than that in wet season. Under the impacts of stratum leaching and absorption effect, the concentration of heavy metals (except Pb and Ba) in groundwater are lower than or equal to that in surface water. As and Se, the two heavy metals have a significant positive correlation, which shows the two elements might have gone through similar environmental geochemical effect. Also, the connection among Zn, Hg, Pb, and Mn is not obvious; therefore, the sources of those elements are quite different. In addition, the elements of Se and As have obvious positive interrelationship with elements of CO32- and F-. Also, the Pb has significant positive correlation with PO43-, H2SiO3 and oxygen consumption. The results of cluster analysis show that 9 different heavy metals in the study area can be divided into 3 categories: Zn, Cd, Mn, Hg, Cu, and Cr belong to the first category, Se and As belong to the second one, and the last category is Pb. Also, the principle component analysis divides 6 heavy metals (Zn, As, Hg, Pb, Mn, and Se) into 4 different principle components, which can be utilized to assess heavy metals pollution situations in groundwater. The reliability of this method is higher than 91%. Moreover, the research provides theory basis and models for establishing evaluation index system and exploring the evaluation method of heavy mental pollution in groundwater.     

Tracing subsurface migration of contaminants from an abandoned municipal landfill

This paper aims at determining of inorganic leachate contamination for a capped unsanitary landfill in the absence of hydrogeological data. The 2D geoelectrical resistivity imaging, soil physicochemical characterization, and surface water analysis were used to determine contamination load and extent of selective heavy metal contamination underneath the landfill. The positions of the contaminated subsoil and groundwater were successfully delineated in terms of low resistivity leachate plumes of <10 Ωm. Leachate migration towards the reach of Kelang River could be clearly identified from the resistivity results and elevated concentrations of Fe in the river downslope toe of the site. Concentration of Fe, Mn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Cu, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, and Pb was measured for the subsoil samples collected at the downslope (BKD), upslope (BKU), and the soil-waste interface (BKI), of the landfill. The concentration levels obtained for most of the analyzed heavy metals significantly exceed the normal range in typical municipal solid waste landfill sites. The measured heavy metal contamination load in the subsoil is in the following order Fe ? Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu. Taking into consideration poor physical and chemical characteristics of the local soil, these metals first seem to be attenuated naturally at near surface then remobilize unavoidably due to the soil acidic environment (pH 4.2-6.18) which in turn, may allow an easy washing of these metals in contact with the shallow groundwater table during the periodic fluctuation of the Kelang River. These heavy metals are believed to have originated from hazardous industrial waste that might have been illegally dumped at the site.