精密单点定位估计GPS卫星的P1-C1码偏差及稳定性分析

给出了利用精密单点定位（PPP）技术估计GPS卫星P1-C1码偏差的数学模型,并以BRUS、GODE、SHAO和NIST四个跟踪站2010年10月份一个月的观测数据为例,采用PPP方法计算了所有GPS卫星的P1-C1码偏差,并与欧洲定轨中心提供的P1-C1码偏差进行了比较,结果表明：四个站估计的P1-C1码偏差精度均可达到几个厘米。一个月的计算结果表明：卫星的P1-C1码偏差在一个月内变化平缓。     

一种北斗卫星差分码偏差估计方法

卫星码偏差会降低卫星测量精度,因此本文就北斗卫星差分码偏差估计进行了研究和验证。首先将电离层作为一个单层,采用球谐函数来参数化电离层TEC值,然后利用最小二乘估算了北斗卫星的码偏差,根据北斗系统2014年4月1-29日间的实测数据计算了14颗北斗卫星的码偏差,最后将计算结果与IGS发布的码偏差参考值进行了对比分析。结果显示误差值在0~2 ns之间,符合度极高,从而验证了该估计方法的有效性。     

基于球谐函数模型的GPS差分码延迟估计

电离层延迟是GNSS观测值中最大的误差源,因此如何利用GNSS观测值确定高精度电离层模型逐渐成为实时导航、定位及大气相关研究的重要内容。在通常采用组合观测值建立模型的方法中,精确估计电离层总电子含量（TEC）的重要误差之一是差分码硬件延迟（DCBs）。为了实时得到P1、P2、C2相互间硬件差分码延迟偏差,本文采用IGS跟踪站的观测数据并利用载波平滑后的差分伪距建立观测方程,对卫星和接收机硬件差分码延迟偏差进行实时解算。经比较模型解算DCB值与IGS最大差异不超过0.8 ns,C1、P1码延迟偏差72%差异值小于0.3 ns,P1、P2的74%差异值小于0.3 ns。     

多系统融合全球电离层建模研究

近年来,我国BDS的建设和应用为GNSS电离层研究带来了新的机遇和挑战。本文采用中国测绘科学研究院i GMAS分析中心数据,构建了三系统融合全球电离层球谐函数模型,并对结果进行分析。研究表明:除去精度较差的海洋区域,在大陆地区,多系统融合全球电离层建模结果能较精确地表达电离层VTEC;对比三系统差分码偏差DCB的精度统计结果,GPS卫星系统C1P2码偏差均小于1 ns,大部分在0.5 ns以内,精度最高;GLONASS卫星系统C1P2码偏差均小于2 ns,精度比GPS系统略低;BDS卫星系统B1B2码偏差均小于1 ns,精度比GLONASS系统略高,但不如GPS系统稳定,码偏差随年积日变化较大,可能是BDS系统星座结构不完善的原因。     

利用GPS观测资料确定接收机差分码偏差的算法

仪器偏差是利用GPS观测资料确定总电子含量（Total Electron Content,TEC）的主要误差源之一,接收机P1和P2的仪器偏差称为差分码偏差。探讨了利用GPS资料计算接收机差分码偏差的算法,并进行了软件实现。实际观测数据的结果初步验证了算法的正确性。     

北斗三号卫星导航信号接收机端伪距偏差建模与验证

接收机端伪距偏差是指非理想的卫星导航信号在接收机前端带宽和相关器间隔不同时产生的伪距测量系统性偏差。研究表明,北斗二号、GPS和Galileo系统均存在与接收机类型相关的伪距偏差,影响基于混合类型接收机站网的精密数据处理。本文基于iGMAS网和MGEX网观测数据,采用MW组合、伪距残差和伪距无几何距离无电离层组合3种方法分析北斗三号接收机端伪距偏差特性。试验结果表明,北斗三号同样存在与接收机类型相关的伪距偏差,且无电离层组合的伪距偏差可以达到6 ns。根据偏差特性,按接收机类型建立了8类伪距偏差改正模型。将上述模型应用于卫星差分码偏差(DCB)估计与单频伪距单点定位,结果表明,模型改正后可以显著提升不同接收机类型估计的卫星DCB一致性,其中基于iGMAS网和MGEX网两个不同接收机站网估计得到的北斗三号C2I-C6I、C1P-C5P和C2I-C7D DCB差值分别平均降低了91.6%、64.7%和71.9%;模型改正后单频伪距单点定位水平方向和高程方向精度分别提升了13.9%和11.0%。     

双估计跟踪偏差的理论分析

BOC信号已被广泛选用于下一代卫星导航系统中,各种无模糊的码跟踪算法相继被提出。其中双估计算法由于其较好的码跟踪性能和健壮性很有可能成为BOC信号接收算法的标准。但该算法基于二维相关函数,难以对实际信道下的跟踪偏差进行理论分析。基于BOC信号的双边带信号模型首次分析了双估计算法的码跟踪偏差。理论分析证明,电离层的色散效应和通道非理想特性会导致较大的测距偏差。仿真结果验证了分析的正确性。该结论对BOC信号跟踪算法的研究具有参考价值。     

P1C1码偏差对精密单点定位收敛速度影响分析

本文分析卫星端差分码偏差(DCB)产生的原理,根据伪距观测方程推导了精密单点定位(PPP)的DCB改正公式。采用MGEX参考站数据及精密产品进行PPP解算,详细分析了P1C1码偏差对定位参数收敛时间的影响。结果表明,改正DCB对于提高PPP收敛速度效果明显,其中静态PPP收敛时间平均缩短10 min,动态PPP平均缩短20 min,改正P1C1-DCB对PPP精度影响一般在毫米级水平。      

基于钟差解耦的GNSS精密单点定位模糊度固定模型及效果分析

精密单点定位模糊度固定可以显著提升定位精度,钟差解耦模型作为一种重要的模糊度固定模型,却鲜有文献对其进行研究。本文首先给出了基于钟差解耦模型的用于模糊度固定的产品估计策略,分析了传统的消电离层模型和钟差解耦模型钟差重构形式的差异,导出了提取卫星码偏差的钟差估计模型。然后,深入研究了钟差解耦模型在钟差估计收敛速度等方面的优势。不同于其他模型将宽巷模糊度偏差视为天内常数,钟差解耦模型逐历元估计该偏差项,基于此展开对宽巷模糊度偏差天内时变特性的研究。最后,评价了解耦钟差的精度,并利用解耦钟差产品进行精密单点定位模糊度固定试验。结果表明,相比于提取卫星码偏差的卫星钟差估计模型,钟差解耦模型在钟差估计中的收敛速度更快,钟差产品更加稳定;宽巷模糊度偏差在天内较为稳定;解耦钟差产品具有较高的精度,相比于传统消电离层组合模型,基于该产品的精密单点定位模糊度固定可显著提升定位精度。     

星载GPS伪距多路径误差与观测噪声对自主定轨的影响分析

对搭载美国BlackJack接收机的CHAMP/GRACE-A/Jason-2卫星和搭载国产接收机的HY2A/ZY3/TH1卫星的星载GPS数据的伪距多路径误差与观测噪声进行了研究,重点分析了国产接收机伪距多路径误差的变化特性,并研究了多路径误差与观测噪声对星载GPS自主定轨的影响。结果表明:国产接收机的C/A码与P1码伪距观测精度要整体差于美国的BlackJack接收机,而P2码伪距观测精度要整体优于BlackJack接收机;国产接收机P1码伪距受多路径效应影响较大,其多路径误差随高度角减小存在单调递增的变化趋势,其中HY2A、ZY3与TH1卫星的多路径误差最大分别可达3.6 m、1.8 m与0.7 m;这种单调递增变化的多路径误差会导致星载GPS自主定轨位置结果在径向与切向产生系统性偏差。     

A new differential code bias (C1–P1) estimation method and its performance evaluation

The current satellite clock products are computed using the ionosphere-free phase (L1/L2) and code (P1/P2) observations. Thus, if users conduct undifferenced positioning using these clock products together with C1 and P2 observations, the differential code bias (DCB) (C1–P1) should be properly compensated. The influence of DCB (C1–P1) on the undifferenced ambiguity solutions is investigated. Based on the investigation, we propose a new DCB (C1–P1) estimation method. Using it, the satellite DCB (C1–P1) can be computed. A 30-day (DOY 205–234, 2012) dual-frequency GPS data set is processed to estimate the DCB (C1–P1). Comparing the estimated results with that of IGS DCB products, the accuracy is better than 0.13 m. The performances of DCB (C1–P1) in the code-based single-point positioning, precise point positioning (PPP) convergence and wide-lane uncalibrated phase delay (UPD) estimation are investigated using the estimated DCB (C1–P1). The results of the code-based single-point positioning show that the influence of DCB (C1–P1) on the up direction is more evident than on the horizontal directions. The accuracy is improved by 50 % and reaches to decimeter level with DCB (C1–P1) application. The performance of DCB (C1–P1) in PPP shows that it can accelerate PPP convergence through improving the accuracy of the code observation. The computed UPD values show that influence of DCB (C1–P1) on UPD of each satellite is different, and some values are larger than 0.3 cycles.     

随机模型对北斗DCB估计和电离层建模的影响

差分码偏差(DCB)作为电离层建模和导航定位中一项重要的误差源,对其进行估计求解至关重要. 为提高北斗卫星导航系统(BDS) DCB估计和电离层建模精度,提出了一种综合高度角、卫地距和测站纬度多因素的随机模型,并对比分析了不同随机模型对BDS DCB估计和电离层垂直总电子含量(VTEC)建模精度的影响. 结果表明:不同随机模型对卫星端DCB解算产生约0.2 ns差异. 相较于高度角随机模型,采用高度角、卫地距组合模型测站DCB估计精度平均提高0.13 ns,电离层建模精度提高了约0.2 TECU. 新提出的随机模型,在低纬度测站DCB解算精度上差于高度角模型和高度角、卫地距组合模型,但在高纬度测站DCB解算结果上更优,且对电离层VTEC建模精度提升效果明显,与前两种随机模型相比分别提升了0.88 TECU和0.68 TECU.      

A two-step ionospheric modeling algorithm considering the impact of GLONASS pseudo-range inter-channel biases

The Global Navigation Satellite System presents a plausible and cost-effective way of computing the total electron content (TEC). But TEC estimated value could be seriously affected by the differential code biases (DCB) of frequency-dependent satellites and receivers. Unlike GPS and other satellite systems, GLONASS adopts a frequency-division multiplexing access mode to distinguish different satellites. This strategy leads to different wavelengths and inter-frequency biases (IFBs) for both pseudo-range and carrier phase observations, whose impacts are rarely considered in ionospheric modeling. We obtained observations from four groups of co-stations to analyze the characteristics of the GLONASS receiver P1P2 pseudo-range IFB with a double-difference method. The results showed that the GLONASS P1P2 pseudo-range IFB remained stable for a period of time and could catch up to several meters, which cannot be absorbed by the receiver DCB during ionospheric modeling. Given the characteristics of the GLONASS P1P2 pseudo-range IFB, we proposed a two-step ionosphere modeling method with the priori IFB information. The experimental analysis showed that the new algorithm can effectively eliminate the adverse effects on ionospheric model and hardware delay parameters estimation in different space environments. During high solar activity period, compared to the traditional GPS + GLONASS modeling algorithm, the absolute average deviation of TEC decreased from 2.17 to 2.07 TECu (TEC unit); simultaneously, the average RMS of GPS satellite DCB decreased from 0.225 to 0.219 ns, and the average deviation of GLONASS satellite DCB decreased from 0.253 to 0.113 ns with a great improvement in over 55%.     

Impact of GPS differential code bias in dual- and triple-frequency positioning and satellite clock estimation

The features and differences of various GPS differential code bias (DCB)s are discussed. The application of these biases in dual- and triple-frequency satellite clock estimation is introduced based on this discussion. A method for estimating the satellite clock error from triple-frequency uncombined observations is presented to meet the need of the triple-frequency uncombined precise point positioning (PPP). In order to evaluate the estimated satellite clock error, the performance of these biases in dual- and triple-frequency positioning is studied. Analysis of the inter-frequency clock bias (IFCB), which is a result of constant and time-varying frequency-dependent hardware delays, in ionospheric-free code-based (P1/P5) single point positioning indicates that its influence on the up direction is more pronounced than on the north and east directions. When the IFCB is corrected, the mean improvements are about 29, 35 and 52% for north, east and up directions, respectively. Considering the contribution of code observations to PPP convergence time, the performance of DCB(P1–P2), DCB(P1–P5) and IFCB in GPS triple-frequency PPP convergence is investigated. The results indicate that the DCB correction can accelerate PPP convergence by means of improving the accuracy of the code observation. The performance of these biases in positioning further verifies the correctness of the estimated dual- and triple-frequency satellite clock error.     

On the optimal height of ionospheric shell for single-site TEC estimation

The ionospheric shell height has an impact on the estimated differential code bias (DCB) and total electron content (TEC) obtained by global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data, especially for a single site. However, the shell height is generally considered as a fixed value. Based on data from the international GNSS service (IGS), we propose the concept of optimal ionospheric shell height, which minimizes |ΔDCB| when compared to the DCB provided by Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE). Based on the data from five IGS stations at high, middle, and low latitudes during the time 2003–2013, we investigate the variation in the optimal ionospheric shell height and its relation with the solar activity. Results indicate that the relation between the mean of the optimal ionospheric shell height and the latitude is N-shaped. At the three stations at midlatitude, the mean value almost increases linearly with the latitude. The optimal ionospheric shell heights show 11-year and 1-year periods. The influences of the solar activity are related to the means of the optimal ionospheric shell height during the time 2003–2013. The slope of the linear fitting decreases with the mean value. Using the data from 2003 to 2013, we estimate the daily optimal ionospheric shell heights for 2014 by using the Fourier fitting method and then calculate the daily average of ΔDCB of the observed satellites by comparing to CODE results. The statistical results of the daily average in 2014 show that the optimal ionospheric shell height is much better than the fixed one. From the high-latitude station to the low-latitude station, the improvements in the mean value are about 75, 92, 96, 50, and 88% and the root-mean-squares are reduced by about 0.16, 2.09, 2.01, 1.01, and 0.02 TECu, respectively.     

Improving performance of GPS satellite DCB estimation for regional GPS networks using long-term stability

Compensation for differential code bias (DCB) is necessary because it is the major source of errors in total electron content (TEC) measurements. The DCB estimation performance is degraded when only the regional GPS network is used. Because DCB estimation is highly correlated with ionospheric modeling, this degradation is particularly evident for measurements concentrated in an area of high TEC concentration. This study proposes a DCB estimation method that uses the long-term stability of the DCB to improve the estimation performance of the regional GPS network. We estimate satellite DCBs by assuming their constancy over seven months. This extended period increases the number of measurements used in DCB estimation and changes the local time distribution of collected measurements. As a result, the unbalanced distribution of specific ionospheric conditions disappears. Tests are performed using both global and regional networks, and the estimation performance is evaluated based on the position error and pseudorange residuals. First, the difference between the global and regional networks when using the conventional method is analyzed. Second, proposed methods are applied to regional networks. The proposed method can improve the DCB estimation performance, and the results are similar to those obtained using one-day global network data.     

GIM和不同约束条件相结合的BDS差分码偏差估计

现阶段BDS卫星和地面跟踪站数量较少,用BDS单系统获取的DCB精度有限,针对此问题,本文基于CODE GIM,采用两种不同的"零均值"基准约束方案(分别称为约束1和约束2),选取2015年(DOY002-090)MGEX的BDS数据,求解BDS的DCB,并对其进行精度评估。结果表明,两种约束方案下,卫星DCB差值整体趋势一致,DCBC2I-C7I、DCBC2I-C6I的系统性偏差分别约为-3.3ns和1.2ns,接收机DCB的系统性偏差与卫星DCB大小相同,符号相反。相对于约束1,施加约束2后,IGSO和MEO卫星DCB估值更加稳定(DCBC2I-C7ISTD最大改善21%,DCBC2I-C6ISTD最大改善13%),IGSO和MEO卫星的稳定性(分别在0.1ns和0.2ns左右)优于GEO卫星(0.150.32ns)。约束2的DCB估值效果不仅与CAS/DLR产品有较好的一致性(Bias:-0.40.2ns),而且顾及了BDS卫星DCB间的稳定性差异。两种约束方案下,BDS接收机DCB的STD无明显变化,说明约束的选择对BDS接收机DCB的稳定性无明显影响。BDS接收机DCB稳定性整体上优于1ns,中高纬度区域较好(STD 0.4ns左右),低纬度区域稍差(STD 0.81ns)。