桩身应变线法监测新技术

随着国家建设的高速发展,桩基础由于其独特优点,得到了广泛的采用。为了保证设计参数准确,正确分析研究桩的应变、应力分布状况十分重要。文中主要讨论了滑动测微计线法监测桩身应变(内力)的原理、方法;监测桩身应变(内力)、确定桩身摩阻力有其独到优点。还给出了某实际工程静载试桩应变线法监测典型效果。     

锚索桩板式挡土墙治理高边坡分析与设计

结合柳州市柳东新区路网截洪沟及边坡支挡工程实例,分析其中一段高差25 m的高边坡,采用极限平衡理论的折线型滑动面的传递系数法对滑坡进行稳定性评价及剩余下滑力计算,探讨三层锚索桩板式挡土墙的设计思路;分别运用滑坡推力法和库伦土压力法计算抗滑桩桩身内力,通过分析桩身内力情况,选择桩板式挡土墙的结构方案;同时介绍了挡土墙以上边坡坡面防护方案,高边坡施工期间及完工之后的监测方案和建议。     

黄土地区抗拔单桩的受力及变形特性研究

在黄土地区抗拔桩现场试验的基础上,通过数值模拟,分析了等截面抗拔单桩在竖向上拔荷载作用下的变形特性,并探讨了桩长和桩身混凝土强度对抗拔单桩Q-s曲线、桩身轴力及桩侧摩阻力的影响,力图为黄土地区抗拔桩的设计及施工提供一定的参考.     

CFG桩复合地基在高层建筑中的应用

CFG桩复合地基处理技术是一种应用比较广泛的地基处理方式。根据郑州逸泉国贸酒店工程现场地质条件,结合工程实际情况,设计采取CFG桩进行地基处理。介绍了CFG桩的设计及施工情况。检测结果表明,在高层甚至是超高层建筑中,在保证施工质量的前提下,采用CFG桩复合地基处理技术是可行的基础方案。     

西安地区PHC管桩上浮问题初探及预防

在西安地区,随着预应力高强混凝土管桩（PHC）在工程中的广泛应用,施工中出现的质量问题也逐渐增多。个别工程项目甚至出现了在南方饱和软土地区常见的因桩身上浮导致单桩承载力大幅降低的工程病害。结合西安地区东郊某静压管桩（PHC）工程的特点,分析并阐述了挤土效应和桩身卸压回弹造成饱和黄土场地静压PHC管桩出现场地隆起、桩身上浮形成“吊脚桩”的原因和机理,并据此提出了针对饱和黄土场地管桩施工所应注意的关键环节和预防措施。     

滑动测微计技术在桩侧阻力测试中的应用与研究

阐述了滑动测微技术的基本原理与特点 ,并通过工程实例 ,说明了在考虑桩身混凝土应力应变的非线性问题和桩身横截面变化等因素下 ,滑动测微技术可使桩身侧阻力的测试结果更为精确 ,并讨论了桩身混凝土非均质问题的解决途径     

超高层建筑的基础桩承载性能研究及环境效应分析

以我国某超高层建筑桩基础工程为例,通过桩基础现场试验,利用Q-S曲线及桩身轴力分布对超长大直径灌注桩的承载性能进行研究,得到超长大直径灌注桩沉降及轴力传递特性。同时,作者还对超高层建筑的环境效应进行分析,认为应从地面沉降和边坡变形两个方面进行考虑。     

灌注桩桩身缺陷及桩端持力层注压浆补强处理技术

本文结合工程实践，阐述了岩溶地区冲（钻）孔灌注桩桩身缺陷及桩端持力层注压浆补强处理施工技术要点及施工体会。     

曹妃甸某大型工程钻孔灌注桩试桩施工及检测结果分析

曹妃甸某大型工程在工程桩施工前进行试桩,通过对后压浆钻孔灌注桩、三岔双向挤扩桩、支盘灌注桩3种试桩的竖向承载力试验、桩身内力试验、低应变检测、超声波检测及水平承载力试验等项目进行分析,检验成桩的可能性与可靠性,为工程桩桩型的选择及施工提供有效依据。     

锚索桩的主动支护作用及桩身初始内力分析

预应力锚索桩在桩身施工完毕且锚索施加了初始预应力时,因滑坡推力未及作用于桩上,初始预应力即刻对受荷段桩背的岩土体产生迎滑动方向反推的一种主动支护效应,同时使桩身产生初始内力。基于受荷段桩背岩土水平反力模数为常数的单向Winkler弹性地基梁模型,以及嵌入段桩周岩土水平反力双参数模式的Winkler弹性地基梁模型,以受荷段桩身挠曲线的有限差分式与嵌入段挠曲线的解析通解改进式在滑面处的协调条件联立,推导了锚索初始预应力所产生主动支护效果的半解析定量计算和桩身初始内力求解方法,该方法有助于建立应急抢险或施工期,锚索桩工程对滑坡稳定性及时作用的评估。     

Spatial and temporal changes in flooding and the affecting factors in China

Spatial and temporal changes in flood events in China are becoming increasingly important due to the rapid climate warming that is occurring. This study was conducted to consider changes in flood events and the factors affecting such changes. To accomplish this, China was divided into natural and social-economic flood regions: north China, northwest China, northeast China, southwest China, central China, east China, south China, and Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. Spatial and temporal changes in flood patterns were rebuilt during 1980?C2009, and Fast Fourier Transform Filtering was then employed to stimulate the changes in floods during this period. The factors affecting flooding were then analyzed quantitatively. The results showed that, based on the time series for China as a whole, flooding was more serious during 1990?C1999 than 1980?C1989 and 2000?C2009. However, in different regions, the trends in flooding differed greatly. Based on spatial changes, the areas hardest hit by floods were northeast China in the 1980s, northeast China, central China and east China in the 1990s, and central China after 2000. In China, the main flood-affecting factors were meteorological, ecological, population, water conservation facilities, and policy factors. However, the main affecting factors differed by region. Overall, the complex spatial and temporal features of flood variations and various affecting factors demand proper national and regional governmental action in the face of the changing flood patterns in China. The results of the present study provide valuable information to flood policymakers and flood disaster researchers.     

东北暴雨的研究

系统性研究东北暴雨将提高对东北灾害性天气的认识，有利于加深对中国暴雨的全面研究。对我国气象工作者在东北暴雨研究方面的工作进行了综述，并回顾了影响东北暴雨的几类主要天气系统，分别为气旋、台风、冷涡，着重回顾了在过去几十年中东北冷涡暴雨方面研究的进展。指出目前待解决的问题是：影响东北地区台风暴雨强度、分布及转向问题；东北冷涡的内部结构特征及其发生发展的物理机制、东北冷涡下中尺度对流系统的结构特征与暴雨的关系；引发东北地区强暴雨过程的水汽源地等问题。这些问题需要通过今后深入和细致的加密观测分析研究，以及利用长时间卫星遥感观测资料和雷达资料的论证才能逐渐认识清楚。     

40a来中国旱灾对ENSO事件的区域差异响应研究

利用中国各地区1949—1990年间旱灾的受灾面积比和成灾面积比,分别与ENSO指数进行相关分析.结果发现:ENSO指数与各地的旱灾事件有着一定的反相关关系,表明ENSO的发生对我国大部分地区有着显著的影响,特别是对华北、东北、华南、内蒙古和新疆等地区的相关性具有很好的显著水平.通过对比各个分区对ENSO事件的响应程度,分析了其空间差异性.ENSO指数的变化与中国各地的旱灾有密切的联系,全球升温通过影响ENSO事件而影响中国的旱灾面积:全球升温影响下,ENSO指数升高,旱灾减少.     

青藏高原春季土壤湿度与中国东部夏季降水之间的关系

应用SVD方法分析了青藏高原地区春季土壤湿度异常和中国东部地区夏季降水之间的关系.结果表明,青藏高原不同地区、不同深度的土壤湿度与中国东部夏季降水的相关特征不同.青藏高原东北部和西北部0~10cm深度(表层)土壤湿度与中国华北、东北地区的夏季降水为正相关,而与华南地区为负相关;青藏高原中部及南部0~10cm表层土壤湿度与华北地区夏季的降水有较强负相关;青藏高原北部及东部10~200cm深度(深层)土壤湿度与华北、东北地区的夏季降水为负相关,而与华南地区夏季降水为正相关;青藏高原中东部10~200cm深层土壤湿度与长江中下游和华南大部分地区夏季降水呈负相关关系.即青藏高原不同地区、不同深度层春季土壤湿度的变化,对中国东部地区的夏季降水具有显著影响.     

Current status and cause analysis of microplastic pollution in sea areas in China

As a new type of pollutants in the marine environment,microplastics have attracted increasing attention from scientific researchers and environmental protection workers in China and abroad.However,for the microplastic pollution in sea areas in China,there are a very limited number of studies on its current status and few reviews of research on the microplastics.This paper reviews the surveys and researches of microplastics in the Bohai Sea,the Yellow Sea,the East China Sea,the South China Sea,and main estuaries in China carried out in recent years and proposes an outlook for future work,aiming to provide research suggestions and solutions for ecological protection against microplastic pollution in sea areas in China.Previous studies have shown that microplastics are widely distributed in water bodies and sediments in sea areas and major estuaries in China.The Pearl River Estuary,in the South China Sea suffers the most serious microplastic pollution,followed by the Bohai Sea.In contrast,the microplastic pollution in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea is comparatively slight.Microplastics in sea areas in China are mainly fibrous and are concentrated in offshore areas with developed industry and a dense population(especially around estuaries and bays).In addition,they are widely affected by human activities,such as shipping,aquaculture,industry,and sewage discharge.Here the authors suggest unifying measurement units and research methods and developing related standard systems to carry out researches related to microplastics.Furthermore,this paper also suggests further deepening researches on both the source-sink process of microplastics and nanoscale microplastics while enhancing the development and implementation of related policies,aiming to promote researches and control of microplastics in sea areas in China.     

西非下刚果盆地、加蓬盆地裂陷期构造特征对比研究

为研究下刚果盆地和加蓬盆地盐下构造特征的差异性,指导其盐下勘探,通过不同构造位置的地震、地质剖面分析,对比两盆地裂陷期构造特征的异同。研究结果表明两者均经历了裂谷期、过渡期和漂移期三大构造演化阶段。在裂陷期,两者构造格局相同,但构造规模和隆坳格局有一定的差异性。下刚果盆地内裂谷盆地隆坳特征更为明显,加蓬盆地外裂谷盆地隆坳格局更加清楚。裂陷期的有利勘探区带,下刚果盆地主要集中在内裂谷盆地,加蓬盆地则主要集中在外裂谷盆地。裂谷作用的起始时间、转换断层和基底性质差异可能是造成两者异同的主要原因。     

东秦岭古生代古生物区与古地理变迁

本文根据对东秦岭古生代各纪古生物区的分析，指出在北美岭褶皱带，二郎坪海槽寒武纪放射虫和微浮游植物属华南区，奥陶纪头足类，腹足类、珊瑚为华北区，早志留世珊瑚为华南区，柿树园海槽中泥盆世至二叠纪孢子主要见于华南区，干江河海槽泥盆纪珊瑚，海百合为华南区。在南秦岭褶皱带，浙川陆棚寒武纪三叶虫有华北区和华南区的分子，奥陶纪牙形石、头足类由华南区变为华北区，晚奥陶世腕足类、三叶虫、珊瑚为华北区，而早志留世笔石，晚泥盆世珊瑚，腕足类和Ting、古植物以及早石炭世珊瑚和Ting均为华南区，南湾海槽泥盆纪孢子为华南区。在此基础上探讨了东秦岭古生代古地理变迁过程。     

Status of Stratigraphy Research in China

Scientific research and productive practice for earth history are inseparable from the accurate stratigraphic framework and time framework. Establishing the globally unified, precise and reliable chronostratigraphic series and geological time series is the major goal of the International Commission on Stratigraphy(ICS). Under the leadership of the ICS, the countries around the world have carried out research on the Global Standard Stratotype-section and Points(GSSPs) for the boundaries of chronostratigraphic systems. In the current International Chronostratigraphic Chart(ICC), 65 GSSPs have been erected in the Phanerozoic Eonothem, and one has yet been erected in the Precambrian Eonothem. Based on the progress of research on stratigraphy especially that from its subcommissions, the ICS is constantly revising the ICC, and will publish a new International Stratigraphic Guide in 2020. After continual efforts and broad international cooperation of Chinese stratigraphers, 10 GSSPs within the Phanerozoic Eonothem have been approved and ratified to erect in China by the ICS and IUGS. To establish the standards for stratigraphic division and correlation of China, with the support from the Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the China Geological Survey, Chinese stratigraphers have carried out research on the establishment of Stages in China. A total of 102 stages have been defined in the "Regional Chronostratigraphic Chart of China(geologic time)", in which 59 stages were studied in depth. In 2014, the "Stratigraphic Chart of China" was compiled, with the essential contents as follows: the correlation between international chronostratigraphy and regional chronostratigraphy of China(geologic time), the distributive status of lithostratigraphy, the characteristics of geological ages, the biostratigraphic sequence, the magnetostratigraphy, the geological events and eustatic sea-level change during every geological stage. The "Stratigraphical Guide of China and its Explanation(2014)" was also published. Chinese stratigraphers have paid much attention to stratigraphic research in south China, northeast China, north China and northwest China and they have made great achievements in special research on stratigraphy, based on the 1:1000000, 1:250000, 1:200000 and 1:50000 regional geological survey projects. Manifold new stratigraphic units were discovered and established by the regional geological surveys, which are helpful to improve the regional chronostratigraphic series of China. On the strength of the investigation in coastal and offshore areas, the status of marine strata in China has been expounded. According to the developing situation of international stratigraphy and the characteristics of Chinese stratigraphic work, the contrast relation between regional stratigraphic units of China and GSSPs will be established in the future, which will improve the application value of GSSPs and the standard of regional stratigraphic division and correlation. In addition, the study of stratigraphy of the Precambrian, terrestrial basins and orogenic belts will be strengthened, the Stratigraphic Chart of China will be improved, the typical stratigraphic sections in China will be protected and the applied study of stratigraphy in the fields of oil and gas, solid minerals, etc. will be promoted. On the ground of these actions, stratigraphic research will continue to play a great role in the social and economic development of China.     

中国区域干旱的持续性特征研究

利用1961-2012年中国区域586个气象站的降水、气温、日照时数、相对湿度、风速等资料计算了逐月K干旱指数, 在此基础上, 对全国16个区的干旱持续性特征进行了研究. 结果表明: 华北、河套、西北地区东部、西南地区北部、黄淮及新疆南部地区干旱的持续性较强, 常发生3个月以上的长期干旱过程, 并且容易在旱情解除后的短期内(1个月)再次出现干旱; 而南方、东北和新疆北部地区干旱的持续性较弱, 以1个月的短期干旱为主, 且干旱过程之间的时间间隔相对较长, 大多为3个月以上; 华北、河套、西北地区东部、西南地区北部和南部、以及华南地区的干旱过程在冬、秋季开始的频次最高, 且大部分在春季结束, 而冬、春两季的干旱明显比夏、秋两季偏多. 100°E以西(新疆北部除外)的广大地区干旱过程的开始时间主要集中在秋季, 结束时间集中在春、冬两季; 同时, 冬季和秋季干旱多发, 其次是春季, 夏季出现的干旱频次最少.     

近40年中国平均气候与极值气候变化的概述

随着中国气象局对近50年来逐日气象观测资料的释放,人们从不同的角度对中国平均气候和极端气候的分布特征有了更多的了解.从目前研究的结果来看,这些认识需要有一个集成,即需要有一个总体的归纳和解释.通过中国近40年来的温度极值和降水极值事件的分析认识到全球增暖和区域环流异常决定着气候极值事件的分布格局.与全球增暖相联系的是:我国微量降水在空间上表现为一致的减少趋势,我国北方寒潮事件显著减少,冷夜和冷日的减少与暖夜和暖日的增多并存,以及极端强降水有增多的趋势.与东亚季风气流和西风带气流异常对应的我国有效降水在区域分布上发生了显著变化,东部季风区中的"北涝南旱"从1970年代末转型为"南涝北旱",与华南的偏干一起形成了东部季风区降水从华南、长江到华北的"-、 、-"异常分布型,但华南在1991年出现了转湿的突变;东北和西北先后从1983年和1987年前后转为暖湿气候.极端温度和极端降水趋势的空间分布与平均温度和平均降水趋势的空间分布一致.