返包式土工格栅加筋土高挡墙现场试验研究

为了研究返包式土工格栅加筋土高挡墙结构的受力、变形状态,分析其作用机理,进行了包括加筋土墙体基底应力、墙背侧向土压力、拉筋拉力和墙面水平变形等内容的现场试验,研究了加筋土墙体基底垂直应力、不同层位的拉筋拉力沿筋长的分布规律,加筋土挡墙潜在的破裂面位置,墙背侧向土压力沿墙高的分布规律以及墙面水平变形规律。测试结果表明,加筋土挡墙基底垂直土压力沿土工格栅拉筋长度方向呈非线性分布,最大值发生在拉筋中部附近,向拉筋两端方向逐渐减少;实测墙背侧向土压力沿墙高呈非线性形式分布,其值小于主动土压力;上部墙体拉筋应变沿筋长呈单峰值分布,下部墙体拉筋应变沿筋长呈双峰值分布;上部墙体潜在破裂面形状与“0.3H法”接近,而下部墙体潜在的破裂面形状与朗肯主动土压力理论接近;施工期墙面最大水平变形位置在墙高的下部,竣工后墙面最大水平变形发生在墙顶处等结论。     

均布荷载下台阶式加筋土挡墙性能的试验分析

台阶式加筋土挡墙变形与力学特性尚待进一步深入研究。利用模型试验综合分析台阶宽度、上墙筋材长度和筋材层间距对两级台阶式加筋土挡墙性能的影响,试验结果表明:当台阶宽度由1.3H₁(H₁为下墙高度)减至0.4H₁、筋材层间距减小或上墙筋材长度增加时,挡墙顶部沉降明显减少,且墙顶极限承载力显著增加;台阶式加筋土挡墙水平变形受台阶宽度和上墙筋材长度的影响显著,顶部加载时以上墙中部“鼓肚”和下墙沿墙高逐渐增大为主;增加台阶宽度使上墙底部垂直土压力增加,而下墙靠近墙面侧垂直土压力显著减小,增加上墙筋材长度和减少层间距使垂直土压力向远离墙面一侧发展;顶部加载时台阶式加筋土挡墙滑动面始于加载板后缘,绕过上墙墙底承台并贯通于下墙顶部土体,其破坏模式以上墙深层滑动破坏为主。     

基坑潜在隆起破裂面的Dijkstra组合优化搜索法

运用弹塑性有限元程序计算基坑围护结构与土体任意一点在开挖前后的应力状态,根据选定的屈服准则计算其极限状态函数值,通过有限元网格节点及其坐标,采用“人机对话”的优化方法选择坑底最大可能的隆起破裂面的起点和终点,通过Dijkstra算法找出基坑土体最可能发生坑底隆起破坏的潜在破裂面的形状及位置,并求出相应的安全系数。大量数值计算和实测资料表明：潜在破裂面终点的位置对围护桩插入比不敏感,而潜在破裂面起点位置则随围护桩入土深度的增加而逐渐靠近围护桩。搜索法得到的潜在破裂面突破了以往人为给定破裂面形状和极限土压力假定的限制,工程算例证实了基于组合优化Dijkstra算法的潜在破裂面搜索法的有效性和实用性。     

加筋土挡墙静动力学特性大模型试验研究

为了研究加筋土挡墙在交通荷载作用下的受力变形特性,分别设计了在静载和动载作用下的加筋土挡墙大模型试验,分析了加筋土挡墙的竖向土压力、挡墙面板变形、加载板沉降以及动力加速度等参数的分布规律。试验结果表明：静、动荷载作用下加筋土挡墙受振源荷载的水平影响范围约为0.16H～0.54H（H为墙高）,挡墙土压力均呈现水平方向上由振源中心向两侧减小的趋势;同时静动荷载下挡墙面板水平位移的主要影响范围为墙顶往下约为0.55H;加载前期加筋土挡墙内部结构是一个逐渐压密的过程,动荷载作用下加载板沉降量在整个逐级荷载值变化临界处随荷载值的增大呈斜坡“阶梯”式发展;筋土结构对加速度响应有着显著的消散作用,且随着离荷载作用点距离的增大而减小。     

基于上限定理的边坡潜在破裂面确定方法与稳定性判识研究

边坡潜在破裂面的确定与稳定性判识一直是岩土工程界研究的热点问题。将边坡潜在破裂面看成是由若干段组合而成的复合破裂面,并沿各段将边坡垂直条分为多块体,在假设边坡岩土体服从摩尔-库仑屈服准则条件下,根据极限分析上限定理,分别计算各块体外功率与内能耗散,并建立边坡稳定系数的多元函数。利用数学优化方法给出边坡稳定系数的最优解,可以方便地给出边坡潜在破裂面形状及其对应的边坡稳定系数。通过算例分析并与前人研究成果比较,结果表明：理论方法是合理有效的,可以用于边坡潜在破裂面的确定与稳定性判识。     

新庄黏土加筋挡墙失稳破坏研究

到目前为止,加筋土挡墙采用的填土大多是砂性土,在这种情况下取得的结果与实测结果较相吻合,但当填土为黄土、中低液限黏土及高液限黏土时,加筋土挡墙失败的例子较多,还有待于进一步的研究。通过对黏土与聚丙烯土工带在不同含水率下进行了不同法向荷载作用的直剪试验,讨论了法向应力、含水率对高液限黏土与筋带之间剪切特性的影响。基于试验结果,对312国道宁镇公路某桥头引道黏性土加筋挡墙的设计及工后状况进行了数值模拟,分析了柔性加筋材料的加筋土挡墙破裂面分布形状,并与规范进行对比。分析了了该加筋挡墙失稳破坏的原因,并对黏土作为加筋土挡墙填土材料时,提出相关的改善措施与建议,对今后类似挡墙的修建具有一定的指导和参考意义。     

有限填土加筋土挡墙的稳定性及破坏模式分析

有限填土加筋土挡墙是短加筋土挡墙的一种特殊情况,其工作性状还没有被清晰地认识。文章在离心模型试验成果的基础上,采用FLAC软件建立有限填土加筋土挡墙的二维数值模型,讨论了加筋间距、加筋长度以及墙面与竖直平面的夹角对挡墙稳定性和破坏模式的影响。结果表明:（1）墙后有限填土情况下主动土压力约为库伦主动土压力的1/2~1/3;（2）在稳定地基工况下,挡墙均为复合破坏模式,滑动面呈折线型,在挡墙中下部,滑动面同时穿过了加筋区和填土区,从墙趾处滑出;在挡墙上部,滑动面基本沿着填土与稳定墙面的接触面向上发展;（3）潜在滑动面是自下向上逐渐形成的,体现为下部剪切、上部拉张的特征;（4）在墙后有限填土情况下,加筋长度减小到0.4H时,挡墙仍能保持稳定,加筋间距在控制挡墙稳定性方面具有重要作用。     

加筋土挡墙静动力学特性大模型试验研究

为了研究加筋土挡墙在交通荷载作用下的受力变形特性,分别设计了在静载和动载作用下的加筋土挡墙大模型试验,分析了加筋土挡墙的竖向土压力、挡墙面板变形、加载板沉降以及动力加速度等参数的分布规律。试验结果表明:静、动荷载作用下加筋土挡墙受振源荷载的水平影响范围约为0.16～0.54H(墙高),挡墙土压力均呈现水平方向上由振源中心向两侧减小的趋势;同时静动荷载下挡墙面板水平位移的主要影响范围为墙顶往下约为0.55H;加载前期加筋土挡墙内部结构是一个逐渐压密的过程,动荷载作用下加载板沉降量在整个逐级荷载值变化临界处随荷载值的增大呈斜坡“阶梯”式发展;筋土结构对加速度响应有着显著的消散作用,且随着离荷载作用点距离的增大而减小。     

基于二楔块法的加筋土挡墙屈服加速度及破坏模式极限分析

加筋土挡墙具有优越的抗震性能,并在土建工程中被广泛应用,因此,加筋土挡墙抗震设计方法的研究尤为重要。为了能够分析加筋体内部筋材布置方式、筋材抗拉强度等对屈服加速度的影响,假定破坏模式为双楔块模式,根据极限分析理论推导了加筋土挡墙屈服加速度系数表达式。与规范计算值相比,计算结果更接近模型测试值与数值模拟结果,同时计算方法可以反映模型的真实破坏模式。参数分析表明：屈服加速度随着筋材抗拉强度的增大而增大,特别是筋材长度较长时;随着筋材竖向间距的增大,屈服加速度逐渐减小;面板的宽度对屈服加速度几乎不产生影响;与面板宽度相比,筋材抗拉强度与竖向间距对加筋土挡墙破裂面形状的影响更大。     

绿色加筋格宾挡墙工程特性试验研究

为研究绿色加筋格宾挡墙的工程特性,分析其作用机制,进行了包括加筋土体垂直土压力、墙背侧向土压力、拉筋受力变形和面墙变形等内容的测试。在挡墙顶面施加6个荷载水平的加、卸循环荷载,研究了加筋土体中垂直土压力和墙背侧向土压力的大小和分布情况、拉筋应变沿筋长的分布情况、绿色加筋格宾挡墙潜在破裂面以及面墙变形规律等。试验结果表明：挡墙垂直土压力沿筋材方向大致呈均匀分布,墙背侧向土压力沿墙高呈曲线分布,其值小于理论值;第3层筋材应变沿筋长方向呈单峰值分布,第5层呈双峰值分布;与0.3H法和朗肯法相比,试验得到的挡墙潜在破裂面更加靠后;面墙的变形在加、卸循环荷载作用下呈现出弹塑性,最大侧向变形发生在第5层。     

挡墙加固非饱和土边坡整体稳定性分析

在对挡墙加固边坡进行设计和评价时应综合考虑基质吸力和挡墙对边坡整体稳定性的影响。应用可以考虑基质吸力的弹塑性强度折减有限元程序,分析了挡墙加固非饱和土边坡的整体稳定性,揭示了基质吸力对加固边坡整体稳定性的影响程度,同时亦分析了整体潜在滑动面位置的变化情况,并进行了关于吸力摩擦角的敏感性分析。     

加筋土挡墙静载模型试验及其力学性能研究

为研究加筋土挡墙在墙顶荷载作用下土体受力和变形形态,通过改变筋材层数、筋材长度和替换加筋材料等方式对加筋土挡墙进行了4种工况的模型试验。对4种工况下的加筋土墙体内竖向土压力、墙面水平位移、墙顶竖向位移和筋材应变等进行对比研究。研究表明,挡墙上部竖向土压力增长较快且各层竖向土压力最大值由加载点下部向墙面处移动;墙顶荷载超过130 kPa时,由于不均匀沉降,第5层筋材对应墙面处有向内收缩趋势,墙面水平位移最大值大约在上三分点位置;整个加载阶段,筋材总体应变值增幅不大且远小于筋材设计应变峰值;增加挡墙内筋材层数和增加筋材长度均可提升挡墙各方面性能,但增加筋材层数提高效果要优于增加筋材长度;使用废旧轮胎代替单向格栅进行加筋可有效提高挡墙整体性能,分散超载引起的附加应力,有效减小墙面水平位移和墙顶竖向位移。     

Evaluation of the environmental impacts of extreme floods in the Evros River basin using Contingent Valuation Method

India is among the top ten countries with the highest percentage of landslide fatalities for the past few years. Intense rainfall during the 2009 monsoon in the hilly district of Nilgiris, in the state of Tamilnadu in India, triggered landslides at more than 300 locations which affected road and rail traffic, destroyed buildings, caused the death of more than 40 people and left hundreds homeless. In this paper, three case histories from Nilgiris district are investigated: the slope failure of a railway track at Aravankadu, failure of retaining walls supporting buildings at Coonoor, failure of the slope and retaining wall along national highway (NH67) at Chinnabikatty. Laboratory investigations are carried out on soil samples collected at these sites. Soils at all the three locations have high fine content and low values of coefficient of permeability. Finite element analyses of all the three case histories were carried out using PLAXIS2D software in order to understand the failure mechanism and contributing factors. Slope stability analysis using strength reduction technique is carried out for the slope at Aravankadu to determine the critical slip surface and factor of safety. Results reveal that the increase in pore pressures led to a reduction in shear strength of the soil and consequently resulted in progressive failure of slope at Aravankadu site. Displacement analysis is carried out for Coonoor and Chinnabikatty sites. The results show that combined effect of surcharge load of building and high pore pressure led to intense shearing behind the retaining walls at Coonoor site. Results indicate occurrence of large displacements along the face and at toe of the slope at Chinnabikatty site.     

动载下土工格栅加筋桥台挡墙承载性能分析

为研究加筋土桥台结构在顶部条基动载作用下的动力响应问题,通过MTS伺服加载系统施加循环动载,开展室内加筋桥台挡墙动载破坏试验,对比分析3种格栅长度和3类格栅型式的加筋土挡墙沉降及面板水平位移、土压力、筋材应变等参数的分布规律,揭示加筋桥台挡墙的动力承载性能。试验结果表明：在循环动载下不同格栅长度及型式的加筋桥台挡墙破坏模式存在差异,M、A、B型格栅加筋长度 1.0H（H为挡墙高）的挡墙破坏模式均为冲切剪切破坏,A、B型格栅 0.7H和 0.4H的挡墙破坏模式为局部剪切破坏。加筋桥台挡墙面板侧移随筋材长度增加依次减小,A型格栅加筋土挡墙侧移系数总体上相比B型小。桥台挡墙因加筋格栅长度及型式不同导致动土压力衰减规律差异明显,当 1.0H时M型及A型筋材竖向动土压力衰减系数沿墙高呈抛物线函数模型,当 0.7H时,A型和B型筋材竖向动土压力衰减系数沿墙高皆呈指数函数模型。     

桩及桩板墙加固路基边坡的对比室内模型试验研究

设计了尺寸相似比为1:25的室内试验模型,对两组不同支护方式下预设滑面的边坡模型进行逐级水平推移式加载,对比分析了在横向荷载作用下抗滑桩及桩板式挡墙（后置式挡土板）两种支护结构的受力及变形特点（考虑深层滑坡）。研究发现:边坡-支护结构系统的破坏明显分为3个阶段,即滑体土压密阶段、支护结构主要变形阶段及支护结构失效阶段;距桩顶14cm的同一水平位置桩后土压力传递效率较低,与距加载板位置远近成反比,呈指数变化规律;抗滑桩仍是两种支护结构的主要受力构件,挡土板延长了模型破坏的主要变形阶段,加固效果显著;桩板支护结构较抗滑桩支护多承受一级荷载（0.5kN）,承载力提高了14.29%;挡土板优化了桩后土压力的分布形式,使作用在整个桩背侧土压力合力的作用点更靠近锚固端,有利于抵抗桩身的挠曲变形。本研究可为这两种边坡支护结构形式的选择提供参考。     

Analysis of resistance factors for LFRD of soil nail walls against external stability failures

This paper presents reliability analyses of soil nail walls against two external ultimate limit states, global and sliding stabilities, which are related to the external stability failures of soil nail walls. Reliability analyses are conducted using Monte Carlo simulation technique. Soil nailing is a popular retaining system in highway construction and slope stabilization, and its current design practice is still based on the working stress design. There remains a need to establish a more rational design framework—load and resistance factor design—based on the concept of limit state design and reliability analysis for soil nail walls. The development of load and resistance factor design approach must consider multiple ultimate limit states, associated with external, internal, and facing failures. The analyses of resistance factors against two external failures are conducted in this study considering various influencing factors, including statistical parameters of soil friction angle, ultimate bond strength between soil and nails, soil type, wall geometry (wall height, back slope angle, and face batter angle), and nail configurations (nail inclination angle, drillhole diameter, and nail spacing). In the end, a series of resistance factors are proposed for potential application of load and resistance factor design approach against external failures for soil nail walls according to different design codes.     

Slope Stability Problems and Back Analysis in Heavily Jointed Rock Mass: A Case Study from Manisa, Turkey

This paper presents a case study regarding slope stability problems and the remedial slope stabilization work executed during the construction of two reinforced concrete water storage tanks on a steep hill in Manisa, Turkey. Water storage tanks of different capacities were planned to be constructed, one under the other, on closely jointed and deformed shale and sandstone units. The tank on the upper elevation was constructed first and an approximately 20-m cut slope with two benches was excavated in front of this upper tank before the construction of the lower tank. The cut slope failed after a week and the failure threatened the stability of the upper water tank. In addition to re-sloping, a 15.6-m deep contiguous retaining pile wall without anchoring was built to support both the cut slope and the upper tank. Despite the construction of a retaining pile wall, a maximum of 10 mm of displacement was observed by inclinometer measurements due to the re-failure of the slope on the existing slip surface. Permanent stability was achieved after the placement of a granular fill buttress on the slope. Back analysis based on the non-linear (Hoek–Brown) failure criterion indicated that the geological strength index (GSI) value of the slope-forming material is around 21 and is compatible with the in situ-determined GSI value (24). The calculated normal–shear stress plots are also consistent with the Hoek–Brown failure envelope of the rock mass, indicating that the location of the sliding surface, GSI value estimated by back analysis, and the rock mass parameters are well defined. The long-term stability analysis illustrates a safe slope design after the placement of a permanent toe buttress.     

包裹式土工格栅加筋土挡墙水平位移研究

包裹式土工格栅加筋土挡墙在工程中的设计分析仍采用基于极限平衡理论的锚固楔体法,而没有考虑在达到极限平衡之前加筋土挡墙所发生的变形发展和积累过程。加筋土挡墙面板的水平位移是墙体内外部稳定的重要体现。通过采用有限元数值方法,分析了不同工程因素对包裹式土工格栅加筋土挡墙面板处工后水平位移的影响,分析结果表明,FEM计算值和实测值接近,说明了有限元计算分析的适用性;包裹式土工格栅加筋土挡墙面板处的工后水平位移呈由下向上增大趋势;拉筋刚度、长度、竖向间距对水平位移具有明显的影响并应选择适宜数值,以实现加筋土挡墙的良好工程性能;挡墙墙顶处外荷载大小及位置对水平位移具有相应影响,位于加筋区外的外荷载对墙面水平位移影响不明显。