Nino C区秋季海温异常对东亚冬季大气环流的影响

研究了秋季赤道中东太平洋（Nino C区:0～10°S,180～90°W）的SST异常对东亚冬季大气环流的可能影响。在揭示二者联系的基础上,通过分析海温异常所引起的500hPa高度、经向风及纬向风的异常特征,探讨了秋季海温异常影响东亚冬季大气环流的可能途径。研究发现,Nino C区秋季SST异常,能够对东亚及西太平洋地区的大气环流及风场产生显著影响,进而影响东亚冬季风活动:秋季SST正（负）异常,引起西太平洋地区出现类似负（正）WP遥相关型的环流异常,中纬度纬向西风加强（减弱）,东亚及沿海地区出现异常南（北）风分量,经向风减弱（加强）,最终导致偏弱（强）的东亚冬季风活动。这是海温异常影响东亚冬季大气环流的一种可能途径。     

热带太平洋和印度洋海温异常对东亚冬季风影响的一个物理机制

本文利用NCEP／NCAR提供的大气环流资料和海表温度异常资料,在分析热带太平洋和印度洋海温异常与冬季大气环流之间关系的基础上提出了一个综合反映热带太平洋和印度洋海温异常的综合指数。分析表明,冬季太平洋和印度洋海温异常指数的值越大（小）,东亚冬季风指数的值越大（小）,东亚地区将出现异常的南（北）风的响应,东亚冬季风将越弱（强）。应用加热强迫影响热带环流的简单模式研究r热带太平洋印度洋异常海温对东亚冬季风影响的物理机制。结果表明,当冬季热带太平洋和印度洋海温异常指数处于正（负）位相时,西太平洋区域强迫出异常南（北）风。这是使得东亚冬季风偏弱（强）的重要原因之一。冬季热带太平洋和印度洋海温异常对东亚冬季风影响最为显著的关键区是赤道西太平洋。     

北太平洋冬季海-气耦合的主模态及其与瞬变扰动异常的联系

利用45年的ECMWF再分析资料,使用SVD方法研究了冬季北太平洋地区表层海温(SST)异常与大气环流异常间的主要耦合模态,探讨了大尺度海-气耦合型与天气尺度瞬变扰动的相互关系。分析结果表明,中纬度北太平洋地区冬季存在两种主要的海-气耦合型,第1种耦合型反映了与ENSO紧密相关的中纬度北太平洋冬季海温异常分布型以及大气的PNA型,第2种耦合型SST异常集中在东亚沿海以及中纬度北太平洋海流区,相应的大气场则为暖(冷)SSTA上空东西向带状区域内位势高度偏高(低),明显独立于ENSO型。进一步的合成分析表明,在第1种耦合型SST正(负)异常年里,冬季阿留申低压主体位置偏西南(东北),从东北亚到北美西海岸的西北—东南向带状区域内是低层大气温度正(负)异常区和高层西风负(正)异常区,西风负(正)异常中心位于西风急流出口处的北太平洋中东部,而西风急流主体区的风速变化很小。在第2种耦合型东亚沿海至中纬度北太平洋海流区SST偏暖(冷)时,阿留申低压整体偏弱(强),SST暖(冷)异常上空的大气温度偏暖(冷),高层西风急流区西风偏弱(强)。两种耦合型均显示出在北太平洋中纬度地区大气和海洋的异常相关中心有很好的空间对应性。在两种耦合型下,中纬度北太平洋冬季的大气斜压性也发生截然不同的改变,引起中纬度天气尺度瞬变扰动活动异常。瞬变扰动异常的动力强迫作用对北太平洋西风异常的形成存在正反馈作用,而其热力作用则试图破坏与两种海-气耦合模态相关的大气温度异常型。     

异常东亚冬季风激发ENSO的数值模拟研究

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的热带太平洋环流模式（OGCM）和海－气耦合模式（CGCM）分别就冬半年东亚冬季风异常对赤道太平洋的作用进行了数值模拟研究。结果清楚地表明,无论在 OGCM 中还是在 CGCM 中,持续的冬季风强异常将引起赤道中东太平洋海表水温（SST）的明显正异常,其分布类似观测到的El Ni?o事件;而持续的冬季风弱异常将引起赤道中东太平洋SST的明显负异常,其分布十分类似观测到的La Ni?a事件。因此,数值模拟进一步证实了我们过去从资料诊断和理论分析中得到的结论,即东亚冬季风异常是激发产生 ENSO 的重要机制。对模式资料的分析还清楚表明,异常东亚冬季风将激发异常海洋Kelvin波和使热带大气季节内振荡出现强异常,它们是激发ENSO的重要物理因素,这与观测资料的分析结果相一致。     

贵州冬季冻雨的大尺度环流特征及海温异常的影响

利用1981-2013年贵州冬季冻雨资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA海温资料等,分析了影响贵州冬季冻雨日数的大尺度环流系统,讨论了海温异常对冬季冻雨日数的可能影响。基于赤道中东太平洋海温异常建立冬季冻雨日数的预测模型,并检验了模型的预测能力。研究表明:贵州冬季冻雨日数偏多(少)年,大气环流异常呈现出西伯利亚高压偏强(弱)、东亚地区海陆气压差偏大(小)的强(弱)东亚冬季风环流特征,同期印缅槽偏强(弱)、东亚副热带急流偏强(弱)。贵州冬季冻雨日数多寡与ENSO事件存在密切联系,秋、冬季赤道中东太平洋冷(暖)海温发展有利于冬季冻雨日数偏多(少)。前期秋季赤道太平洋Ni?o区海温异常是显著影响贵州冬季冻雨日数的年际预报信号,对贵州冬季冻雨日数的多寡具有较好的预测指示意义。     

中纬度海温对北方冬季寒潮强度异常的协同影响

利用中国气象局国家信息中心提供的1980-2019年日最低温度资料、 NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料和Hadley中心提供的逐月海表温度（SST）资料,分析了北方冬季寒潮强度异常时空特征及北半球中纬度海温异常（SSTA）对其影响机制。结果表明：（1）北方单站寒潮强度存在年际和年代际变化;1998年之前寒潮强度年代际变化更明显,1999年之后寒潮强度的年际变率更大。华北地区寒潮最强,内蒙古、甘肃和新疆交界处次之。（2）寒潮强度主要有全区一致型、东西反位相型及三极型异常分布,且全区一致型异常基本能反映强度总体时空变化特征。（3）北太平洋前春到冬季的类似太平洋年代际振荡负位相型（类“-PDO”型）SSTA、北大西洋前秋与冬季负SSTA有利于北方寒潮增强。秋季两大洋SSTA对寒潮强度的作用相当,冬季北大西洋SSTA影响更显著。（4）前春到前秋北太平洋类“-PDO”型SSTA及秋冬季北大西洋SSTA,激发出冬季负北极涛动（“-AO”）、正欧亚太平洋（“+EUP”）型、类太平洋-北美（“PNA”）型、负北大西洋涛动（“-NAO”）等遥相关型或波列异常;两大洋SSTA存在类似跨季节“接力”的关系,...     

冬季北太平洋大气低频环流的年际和年代际变化特征及其与大气环流和海温异常的联系

利用1979—2015年ECMWF逐日再分析资料,通过EOF分解和回归分析研究了冬季北太平洋大气低频环流的年际和年代际变化特征及其与海表面温度异常(SSTA)和大气环流异常之间的联系。研究结果表明:冬季中纬度北太平洋地区850 h Pa低频尺度环流存在3个明显的变化模态:第一模态为海盆尺度的单极型异常气旋(反气旋)式环流,同期太平洋SSTA呈现El Ni1o(La Ni1a)以及PDO暖位相(冷位相)空间分布,阿留申低压强度增强(减弱),对流层中高层是正位相(负位相)的PNA型遥相关,北太平洋天气尺度风暴轴中东部南压(北抬);第二模态为在白令海峡和副热带地区呈气旋式与反气旋式环流南北向偶极型变化,同时中纬度北太平洋SSTA呈现NPGO(North Pacific Gyre Oscillation)正位相(负位相)的空间分布,黑潮区域SSTA偏暖(偏冷),北太平洋SSTA经向梯度加大(减小),对流层中高层为负位相(正位相)的WP型遥相关,北太平洋天气尺度风暴轴整体偏北(偏南),强度增强(减弱);第三模态为北太平洋中西部和北美西岸呈气旋式与反气旋式环流东西向偶极型异常,黑潮区域SSTA偏冷(偏暖)而北太平洋东部SSTA偏暖(偏冷),SSTA纬向梯度加大(减弱),同时赤道东太平洋出现类似La Ni1a(El Ni1o)的SSTA分布,北太平洋天气尺度风暴轴中东部明显减弱(加强)而西部略有加强(减弱)。     

北太平洋海-气相互作用的季节变化

本文统计分析了中纬度大气环流与北太平洋两个主要的海表温度(SST)距平型之间季节性相互作用。SST Ⅰ型对冬季太平洋/北美型(PNA)的形成和演变有作用。而SST Ⅱ型的形成,部分地由于东亚冬季寒流的影响,与盛行低指数环流紧密相伴。SST Ⅱ型时,500 hPa高度场上为西太平洋型(WP)。进一步说,该型受极地冷空气暴发(初夏开始积累,盛夏向东亚释放)的影响。在中纬度,40°N附近的SST Ⅰ型负距平主要是大气的动力作用造成的,而西太平洋上SST Ⅱ型负距平是由大气热力作用(寒流)造成的。     

秋季区域海冰面积异常与冬季大气环流及东亚区域气候的关系

利用北极海冰面积资料和NCEP／NCAR再分析逐月高度场、风场资料以及中国160站气温资料，探讨秋季区域海冰异常与冬季大气环流及区域气候的关系，结果表明，秋季东西伯利亚海海冰的年际变化与北半球冬季大气环流及东亚冬季风有着密切的关系，秋季该海区海冰偏多（偏少），相应冬季东亚冬季风偏强（偏弱）；进一步分析发现秋季该海区海冰面积偏大（偏小），相应冬季中国大部地区气温明显偏低（偏高）。     

冬夏东亚季风环流对太平洋热状况的响应

冬夏隔季韵律关系一直是我国长期天气预报和短期气候预测的一个重要依据,然而迄今为止对它们之间的物理过程及成因机理并不十分清楚。利用NCEP/NCAR全球2.5°×2.5°网格月平均再分析资料,研究1951~2000年冬夏东亚季风环流异常变化与太平洋海面温度(SST)的关系及对关键海温区响应机理。研究指出:冬夏东亚季风环流隔季韵律关系及其年际变化与赤道东太平洋海面温度异常(SSTA)变化密切相关,冬季赤道东太平洋出现La Ni~na(El Ni~no)型的SST分布,有利冬、夏东亚季风环流加强(减弱),其影响过程通过赤道Walker环流强(弱)以及东亚地区Hadley环流强(弱)过程完成。冬季赤道东太平洋海温变化是冬、夏东亚环流季节以及年际变化的一个重要外强迫因子。     

THE CONTRASTS BETWEEN STRONG AND WEAK MJO ACTIVITY OVER THE EQUATORIAL WESTERN PACIFIC IN WINTER

This paper investigates the contrasts between strong and weak Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) activity over the equatorial western Pacific during winter using the NCEP reanalysis data. It is shown that the MJO over the equatorial western Pacific in winter shows significant interannual and interdecadal variabilities. During the winters with strong MJO activity, an anomalous cyclonic circulation lies east of the Philippines, strong anomalous easterlies control the equatorial eastern Pacific, and anomalous westerlies extend from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific in the lower troposphere, which strengthens the convergence and convection over the equatorial western Pacific. The moisture convergence in the lower troposphere is also enhanced over the western Pacific, which is favorable to the activity of MJO. Eastward propagation is a significant feature of the MJO, though there is some westward propagation. The space-time spectral power and center period of the MJO are higher during strong MJO activity winters. The anomalous activity of MJO is closely related to the sea surface temperature (SST) and East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). During strong MJO activity winters, there are positive/negative anomalies at high/low latitudes in both sea level pressure and 500 hPa geopotential height, and the temperature is lower over the central part of the Chinese mainland, which indicates a strong EAWM. China experiences more rainfall between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers, but less rainfall south of the Yangtze River. The SSTA is negative near the Taiwan Island due to the impact of strong EAWM and shows a La Ni?a pattern anomaly over the eastern Pacific. During the weak MJO activity winters, the situation is reversed.     

Atmospheric Circulation Cells Associated with Anomalous East Asian Winter Monsoon

Atmospheric circulation cells associated with anomalous East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) were studied using the 1948/49 to 2002/03 NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and NCAR CAM3 AGCM simulations with monthly global sea surface temperatures from 1950 to 2000. Several atmospheric cells in the Pacific [i.e., the zonal Walker cell (ZWC) in the tropic, the Hadley cell in the western Pacific (WPHC), the midlatitude zonal cell (MZC) over the central North Pacific, and the Hadley cell in the eastern Pacific (EPHC)] are associated with anomalous EAWM. When the EAWM is strong, ZWC, WPHC, and MZC are enhanced, as opposed to EPHC. The anomalous enhanced ZWC is characterized by air parcels rising in the western tropical Pacific, flowing eastward in the upper troposphere, and descending in the tropical central Pacific before returning to the tropical western Pacific. The enhanced MZC has characteristics opposite those of the enhanced ZWC in the central North Pacific. The anomalous WPHC shows air parcels rising in the western Pacific, as in the case of ZWC, followed by flowing northward in the upper troposphere and descending in the west North Pacific, as in the case of the enhanced MZC before returning to the western tropical Pacific. The anomalous EPHC is opposite in properties to the anomalous WPHC. Opposite characteristics are found during the weak EAWM period. The model simulations and the observations show similar characteristics and indicate the important role of sea surface temperature. A possible mechanism is proposed to link interannual variation of EAWM with the central-eastern tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA).     

“短期气候预测专刊”

A premonitory sign of an anomalous SST over the eastern equatorial Pacific shows up in the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) 18 months earlier,and the air-sea relationship between the STMW and the anomalous SST over the eastern equatorial Pacific is shown.This premonitory connection involves an air-sea coupling between the longtime persistent mid-latitude sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) induced by the remote re-emergence of the STMW and the following spring subtropical atmospheric circulation anomalies.An examination of the air-sea interaction reveals that the following spring subtropical atmospheric circulation,which responds to the longtime persistent SSTA,is dominated by the anomalous negative (positive) geopotential height downstream of the negative (positive) SSTA in the strong (weak) STMW case.Thus,the tropics adjust to these anomalies through coupled dynamics,producing positive (negative) SST anomalies over the eastern equatorial Pacific.A cold water event that occurred over the eastern equatorial Pacific during winter 2008-09 was successfully forecasted by the weak summer STMW index in 2007.The evolution of this process for the air-sea interactions from the autumn of 2007 to December 2008 is presented.     

EFFECTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC COLD SOURCE OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE QUASI 4-YEAR OSCILLATION OF OCEAN-ATMOSPHERIC-LAND INTERACTION

Using correlation analyses, composite analyses, and singular value decomposition, the relationship between the atmospheric cold source over the eastern Tibetan Plateau and atmospheric/ocean circulation is discussed. In winter, the anomaly of the strong (weak) atmospheric cold source over the eastern plateau causes low-level anomalous north (south) winds to appear in eastern China and low-level anomaly zonal west (east) winds to prevail in the equatorial Pacific from spring to autumn. This contributes to the anomalous warm (cold) sea surface temperature the following autumn and winter. In addition, the anomalous variation of sea surface temperature over the equatorial middle and eastern Pacific in winter can influence the snow depth and intensity of the cold source over the plateau in the following winter due to variation of the summer west Pacific subtropical high.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS FOR THE IMPACT OF ANTARCTIC ICE COVER AND SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON CLIMATE VARIABILITY*

By using a three-level atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM),we have completed several numerical experiments to study the impacts of sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) and antarctic ice cover anomaly(AICA) during 1981-1983 on climate variability.The results show that during the El Nino period of 1982-1983 the impact of SSTA overrides that of AICA.SSTA mainly affects equatorial zonal circulation and produces PNA wave train,and SE-NW wave train in East Asia to influence the weather of China.AICA produces west-east anomalous vortex streets in the middle latitudes of both hemispheres and affects the intensity of the polar vortex of Southern Hemisphere.     

东亚冬季风气候变率对SSTA响应特征的研究

基于1951/1952—2012/2013年冬季Hadley气候中心的月平均海表层温度(SST)和中国160个台站冬季逐月平均气温等资料,利用最新发展的广义平衡反馈方法(GEFA),结合EOF,相关分析等,诊断东亚冬季风对多个海盆海表温度异常(SSTA)的响应特征,探讨其成因。结果表明:热带印度洋海盆一致模(TI1,95%置信水平)和热带太平洋SSTA第三模(TP3,90%置信水平)对东亚冬季风的强迫最为显著,方差贡献率分别为18.44%和9.19%。当热带印度洋海盆一致变冷或TP3出现正位相时,东亚冬季风增强。热带印度洋一致变冷使局地大气冷却,对流层高层出现辐合中心。西伯利亚地区对流层高层辐合,低层辐散,且高层辐合强于低层辐散,使该区域的海平面气压(SLP)升高显著。阿留申地区对流层高、低层都出现辐散,SLP降低。赤道西太平洋的对流层高层出现辐散,低层为辐合,SLP变化弱。3个关键区SLP的变化导致了东亚冬季风增强。     

The characteristics of longitudinal movement of the subtropical high in the western Pacific in the pre-rainy season in South China

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the China rainfall data of the China Meteorological Administration, and the sea surface temperature (SST) data of NOAA from 1951-2000, the features of the anomalous longitudinal position of the subtropical high in the western Pacific (SHWP) in the pre-rainy season in South China and associated circulation and precipitation are studied. Furthermore, the relationship between SHWP and SST and the eastern Asian winter monsoon is also investigated. Associated with the anomalous longitudinal position of SHWP in the pre-rainy season in South China, the flow patterns in both the middle and lower latitudes are different. The circulation anomalies greatly influence the precipitation in the pre-rainy season in South China. When the SHWP is in a west position (WP), the South China quasi-stationary front is stronger with more abundant precipitation there. However, when the SHWP is in an east position (EP), a weaker front appears with a shortage of precipitation there. There exists a good relationship between the longitudinal position of SHWP and SST in the tropical region. A negative correlation can be found both in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean.This means that the higher (lower) SST there corresponds to a west (east) position of SHWP. This close relationship can be found even in the preceding autumn and winter. A positive correlation appears in the western and northern Pacific and large correlation coefficient values also occur in the preceding autumn and winter. A stronger eastern Asian winter monsoon will give rise to cooler SSTs in the Kuroshio and the South China Sea regions and it corresponds to negative SST anomaly (SSTA) in the central and eastern Pacific and positive SSTA in the western Pacific in winter and the following spring. The whole tropical SSTA pattern, that is, positive (negative) SSTA in the central and eastern Pacific and negative (positive) SSTA in the western Pacific, is favorable to the WP (EP) of SHWP.     

前冬印度洋海盆一致模对ENSO衰减期华南春季降水的影响

利用逐月台站观测降水、HadISST1.1海温和ERA5大气再分析资料,研究了前冬印度洋海盆一致模（Indian Ocean Basin,IOB）对华南春季降水（SCSR）与ENSO关系的影响,并分析了IOB通过调控ENSO环流异常进而影响SCSR的可能机制。结果表明:当前冬El Ni?o（La Ni?a）与IOB暖（冷）位相同时发生时,SCSR显著增多（减少）;而当El Ni?o或La Ni?a单独发生而IOB处于中性时,SCSR并无明显多寡倾向。其原因在于,当El Ni?o与IOB暖相位并存时,前冬热带印度洋和赤道中东太平洋均为正海温异常（Sea-Surface Temperature Anomaly,SSTA）,且印度洋SSTA强度可一直维持至春季。在对流层低层,春季赤道中东太平洋的正SSTA激发出异常西北太平洋反气旋（Western North Pacific Anticyclone,WNPAC）。而热带印度洋的正SSTA在副热带印度洋激发出赤道南北反对称环流,赤道以北的东风异常有利于异常WNPAC西伸;赤道以南的西风异常与来自赤道西太平洋的东风异常在东印度洋辐合上升,气流至西北太平洋下沉,形成经向垂直环流,有利于春季WNPAC维持。在对流层高层,印度洋的正SSTA在热带印度洋上空激发出位势高度正异常,随之形成的气压经向梯度加强了东亚高空副热带西风急流,进而在华南上空形成异常辐散环流。WNPAC的西伸和加强可为华南提供充足的水汽,同时高空辐散在华南引发水汽上升运动,共同导致SCSR正异常。而若El Ni?o发生时IOB处于中性状态,El Ni?o相关的SSTA衰减较快,春季WNPAC不显著,SCSR无明显多寡趋势。      

冬季太平洋SSTA对北太平洋风暴轴年际变化的影响

研究了冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年际异常及其与500hPa高度以及热带和北太平洋海温的联系。结果发现，冬季北太平洋风暴轴中心有线性增强、偏北、偏东的趋势。对15个冬季北太平洋风暴轴区域 500 hPa天气尺度滤波位势高度方差与同期热带和北太平洋海温的 SVD分析表明，第一对空间典型分布反映了 ENSO区海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响，而第二对空间典型分布反映了黑潮区域海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响。进一步的合成分析显示，ENSO区海温异常可以通过激发500hPa高度场上的PNA遥相关型影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴的东西摆动和中、东端的强度变化，而黑潮区域海温异常则通过激发 500 hPa高度场上的 WP遥相关型，主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴中、西端的强度变化和南北位移。