基于物联网的大型地震区域监控系统设计

当前大型地震区域监控系统采用有线网络对人工指挥台进行数据传输,易导致灾害条件下受损无法及时有效地传通监控结果,存在地震实时监测信息准确性低、系统稳定性差的问题。因此设计基于物联网的大型地震区域监控系统。该设计系统进行数据采集交换的网络拓扑采用ZIGBEE实现通信。基于VS.NET基础设计系统架构,通过地震的现场指挥部建设支持可视化的调度指挥台,实现综合调度和集中指挥的目的。系统中智能地震救灾控制中心采用服务器进行数据存储和智能运算,实现对地震检测区的精准、高效检测和工作指导。通过数据采集交换与应急调度平台,监测地震实时监控与设备使用情况。采用地震救灾数据采集分析软件对物联网中地震区域监测数据进行全面、准确分析,系统采用多源信息融合技术实现地震救灾信息多视角的全面处理。实验结果说明,所设计系统测算结果实时性高、功耗低,具有较高的准确度和稳定性。     

总强度在地震磁效应观测中的有效性

质子旋进磁强计(PPM)作为地磁场总强度标量测量的仪器, 具有稳定、操作简便、测量迅速等优点.其性能很适于地震磁现象的观测.可是, 总强度在震磁现象观测中是否有效, 中外从事此项研究工作的学者看法不一.本文以区分局部地磁异常的源场公式为基础, 论证了在地表地震磁异常的全域内, 总强度的变化不能为零, 其变化幅度ΔF与垂直分量的变化幅度ΔZ应大体相当, 这与实际震例和地震磁效应模型计算结果相吻合.这就使我们有可能充分利用PPM 作为总强度标量测量仪器的优越性, 在重点地区布署以总强度测量为主的台站和流动测网, 以尽力捕捉地震磁现象时空变化的全过程.      

两层半子结构框架试验方法研究

本文以两Ping异型柱框架结构为研究对象，设计了专门的两层半子结构试验装置。通过低周反复加载试验，分别从试验现象、破坏特征和变形特点等方面研究了两层半子结构试验方法。分析结果表明，两层半子结构试验方法能较好地模拟多层结构的受力特点，是值得推广的。     

Interactive DIMAS program for processing seismic signals

The DIMAS program is designed for detailed processing and visual analysis of digital seismic signals from digital seismic stations. It is specially designed for users whose task is to quickly determine the parameters of an earthquake from one or a group of seismic stations in the system of seismic monitoring and tsunami warning services. The program allows for a variety of operations with seismic signals in the temporal and spectral ranges. It has a simple and functional user interface.     

Turbulent behaviour within a coastal boundary layer,observations and modelling at the Isola del Giglio

The hydrodynamics of coastal areas is characterized by the interaction among phenomena occurring at different spatial and temporal scales, such as the interaction of a large-scale ocean current with the local bathymetry and coastline, and local forcing conditions. In order to take into account all relevant phenomena, the study of the hydrodynamics of coastal zones requires a high-spatial and temporal resolution for both observations and simulation of local currents. This resolution can be obtained by using X-band radar, which allows simultaneous measurement of waves and currents in a range of 1–3 miles from the coastline, as well as high-resolution numerical models implemented in the area and configured through multiple nesting techniques in order to reach resolutions comparable to such coastal observations. Such an integrated monitoring system was implemented at the Isola del Giglio in 2012, after the accident of the Costa Concordia ship. Results can be used as a cross-validation of data produced independently by radar observations and numerical models. In addition, results give some important insights on the dynamics of the coastal boundary layer, both for what concerns the attenuation in the profile of the depth-averaged velocities which typically occur in turbulent boundary layers, as well as for the production, detachment and evolution of vorticity produced by the interaction of large-scale ocean currents with the coastline and the subsequent time evolution of such boundary layer. This transition between large-scale regional currents and the coastal boundary layer is often neglected in regional forecasting systems, but it has an important role in the ocean turbulence processes.     

Ten Years of Development of Equipment for Measurement of Atmospheric Radioactive Xenon for the Verification of the CTBT

Atmospheric measurement of radioactive xenon isotopes (radioxenon) plays a key role in remote monitoring of nuclear explosions, since it has a high capability to capture radioactive debris for a wide range of explosion scenarios. It is therefore a powerful tool in providing evidence for nuclear testing, and is one of the key components of the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). The reliability of this method is largely based on a well-developed measurement technology. In the 1990s, with the prospect of the build-up of a monitoring network for the CTBT, new development of radioxenon equipment started. This article summarizes the physical and technical principles upon which the radioxenon technology is based and the advances the technology has undergone during the last 10 years. In contrast to previously used equipment, which was manually operated, the new generation of radioxenon monitoring equipment is designed for automated and continuous operation in remote field locations. Also the analytical capabilities of the equipment were strongly enhanced. Minimum detectable concentrations of the recently developed systems are well below 1 mBq/m³ for the key nuclide ¹³³Xe for sampling periods between 8 and 24 h. All the systems described here are also able to separately measure with low detection limits the radioxenon isotopes ^131mXe, ^133mXe and ¹³⁵Xe, which are also relevant for the detection of nuclear tests. The equipment has been extensively tested during recent years by operation in a laboratory environment and in field locations, by performing comparison measurements with laboratory type equipment and by parallel operation. These tests demonstrate that the equipment has reached a sufficiently high technical standard for deployment in the global CTBT verification regime.     

宽频带流动地震台站中地震计浅井式安装研究

在井下地震观测中,各种地表背景噪声具有显著衰减作用,针对中国地震科学台阵现有大量非专用浅井式设计的Guralp CMG系列地震计,以及目前多个新获批项目在高背景噪声区域的观测需求,设计一种野外实用浅井观测方式,在北京国家地球观象台进行不同深度、不同井壁材质的观测对比实验,分析研究观测数据的背景噪声功率谱密度,结果表明,随着浅井深度的增加,地震背景噪声在垂直、水平向得到改善,改善程度随频率变化有所不同。分析认为,在华北现有地质环境下,6 m浅井是较为经济的观测方式,性价比高、占地小、施工简便,可用于后续多个项目的宽频带流动地震台阵观测。     

东亚赤道异常区电离层CT诊断──实验及初步结果

国际上第一个低纬电离层层析（ＣＴ）探测台链于１９９３年１１月建成，并开始数据采集．该ＣＴ台链沿１２０°Ｅ子午圈由６个卫星信标差分多普勒接收站组成，北起我国上海，南至菲律宾的马尼拉，纬度覆盖范围约２０°．该台链专为电高层赤道异常区电子密度大尺度结构ＣＴ成像而设计，其目的是监测研究赤道异常形态与动力学、电离层等离子体泡、行优以及暴时磁层－电离层－热层耦合过程等重要的赤道与低纬区电离层现象．本文介绍该低纬电离层ＣＴ实验的有关技术问题，包括接收台站布设、实验设备、数据采集软件和数据预处理方法．文中还给出利用ＣＴ技术，由实测斜电子含量数据反演电离层电子密度二维分布图像的几个实例．结果表明，利用低纬电离层ＣＴ台链可以有效地监测电离层赤道异常及其它低纬电高层电子密度大尺度结构的时空变化．     

TSP\|203在隧道超前预报中的应用

TSP\|203系统是瑞士Amberg工程技术公司最新研制并拥有专利的隧道地震探测仪，专门为隧道超前地质预报而设计的.该系统从数据采集、处理和成果评估高度智能化，采用该系统可以预报隧道工作面前方100 m左右围岩地质体的性质、位置和规模,并可推算出其岩石物理力学参数，为确定合理的支护参数提供依据，确保隧道施工安全和质量.本文对TSP\|203系统、工作原理、数据采集及资料解释方面做了系统的阐述.     

TSP 203在云南元磨高速公路隧道超前地质预报中的应用

TSP203系统是瑞士Amberg工程技术公司最新研制并拥有专利的隧道地震探测仪，专门为隧道超前地质预报而设计的。该系统从数据采集、处理和成果评估高度智能化。采用该系统可以预报隧道工作面前方至少100m围岩地质体的性质、位置和规模，并可算出其岩石物理力学参数，为确定合理的支护参数提供依据，确保隧道施工安全和质量。本文是TSP203系统在云南元磨高速公路隧道超前地质预报中的应用实例。     

768无线地震遥测设备h

768无线地震遥测设备是为在电信传输地震台网的网点间不易架设明线,或线路容量不足的场合使用而专门设计的,当然,也可用于受大地震破坏的现场.该设备是由一对超短波发射机与接收机构成,采用二次调频.它既可直接与单分向短周期地震计连接传输0.5HZ-25HZ 的地震模拟信号,也可直接与专门设计的多路数字前兆遥测设备配合使用传输0.2HZ-20HZ 的 CHDB4码（相容高密度二进制码）.因而可用来传输地电、地磁、地应力、地倾斜等多种地球物理量.该仪器自1977年7月起先后在北京、上海、天津台网进行了实地传输试验,其后又在昆明地震台网使用了一年多.结果表明,该仪器轻便、灵活、稳定、可靠,有较强的抗干扰性.当天线架设高度足够时,最远传输距离可达115公里.      

Northern landscapes in transition: Evidence,approach and ways forward using the Krycklan Catchment Study

Improving our ability to detect changes in terrestrial and aquatic systems is a grand challenge in the environmental sciences. In a world experiencing increasingly rapid rates of climate change and ecosystem transformation, our ability to understand and predict how, when, where, and why changes occur is essential for adapting and mitigating human behaviours. In this context, long-term field research infrastructures have a fundamentally important role to play. For northern boreal landscapes, the Krycklan Catchment Study (KCS) has supported monitoring and research aimed at revealing these changes since it was initiated in 1980. Early studies focused on forest regeneration and microclimatic conditions, nutrient balances and forest hydrology, which included monitoring climate variables, water balance components, and stream water chemistry. The research infrastructure has expanded over the years to encompass a 6790 ha catchment, which currently includes 11 gauged streams, ca. 1000 soil lysimeters, 150 groundwater wells, >500 permanent forest inventory plots, and a 150 m tall tower (a combined ecosystem-atmosphere station of the ICOS, Integrated Carbon Observation System) for measurements of atmospheric gas concentrations and biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of carbon, water, and energy. In addition, the KCS has also been the focus of numerous high resolution multi-spectral LiDAR measurements and large scale experiments. This large collection of equipment and data generation supports a range of disciplinary studies, but more importantly fosters multi-, trans-, and interdisciplinary research opportunities. The KCS attracts a broad collection of scientists, including biogeochemists, ecologists, foresters, geologists, hydrologists, limnologists, soil scientists, and social scientists, all of whom bring their knowledge and experience to the site. The combination of long-term monitoring, shorter-term research projects, and large-scale experiments, including manipulations of climate and various forest management practices, has contributed much to our understanding of boreal landscape functioning, while also supporting the development of models and guidelines for research, policy, and management.     

地震前兆与短临预报探索

针对地震短临预报面临的科学问题,分析研究了地震前兆(近场前兆、远场前兆和大尺度动态前兆)预报地震的物理基础;总结了地震短临前兆时空演化特征和同步耦合现象。高空技术在地震前兆观测中的应用将有利于短临预报实践与探索。     

流域化数字水库地震台网监测系统

雅砻江数字水库地震台网技术系统按照流域化建设和运行模式,以科学合理的测震台站布设、多样化及时通信组网方式和现代化台网中心,构成一个台站流域化布局、地震数据传输通信方式多元化、监测成果实时共享的水库地震监测系统,为工程安全监测和区域防震减灾及相关研究工作提供准确详实的基础资料,并为同类工程及大规模水库地震台网的设计和建设提供参考依据。     

地震台站管理与仪器装备运行保障系统

为了提高地震观测台站的信息化管理水平,保障仪器装备高效稳定运行,促进台网数据交互共享,针对台站管理和装备保障业务关于省地震局-市县地震局-中心台的三级用户需求,以台站基础信息管理、仪器运行状态监控、技术保障信息管理为设计主线,利用ASP.NET 4.0和SQL Server 2008技术,以B/S模式采用Visual C#语言设计一套基于Web的地震台站和技术设备管理保障系统。用户根据不同权限,通过局域网即可实现对台站和仪器设备的基本信息管理、仪器安装运行管理、设备维护维修登记、实时设备运行监控、运行统计评估报表产出、信息展示等功能,具有较好的实用价值和推广前景。     

3次大理历史地震的预测、预报和预防

《大理古佚书钞》收编的《三迤随笔》 《淮城夜语》 《叶榆稗史》等笔记作品中,分别记述了法端、光明、杨景浩等人,依据多种宏观异常现象,预测、预报和预防了779年、1111年、1341年的大理地震。宏观前兆现象较多的地震,是可以预测、预报和预防的,但需要加强宏观前兆机理的探索研究,揭示宏观前兆现象的物理本质,研发能够有效捕捉临震宏观前兆现象的高灵敏度、高分辨率、高精度的地震前兆监测仪器,精心设计地震前兆监测网格节点。通过网络,将连续监测到的各种信号,实时发送到地震监测中心,使用高速的计算机网络和云平台,进行综合分析研究,提取可靠的地震前兆信息,才有望对宏观前兆现象较多的地震,实现预测、预报和预防。      

Modeling,ray tracing,and block nonlinear travel-time inversion in 3D

We describe an integrated forward and inverse three-dimensional modeling system that can deal with complex geological structures. The system has been designed to handle large-scale problems by using a distributed approach. It uses seismic ray tracing for forward simulation, time-to-depth mapping, and nonlinear travel-time inversion.A novel decomposition method is our tool to attack large-scale problems in a parallel approach. The system is fully implemented and we demonstrate its performance with synthetic examples.This research was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under SBIR Grant III-9300992.     

Management of coral reefs: we have gone wrong when neglecting active reef restoration

The current best management tools employed in coral reefs worldwide do not achieve conservation objectives as coral reefs continue to degrade. Even improved reef management helps, at best, to reduce the degradation pace, whereas the worsening global changes foretell a dismal fate for coral reefs. The assertion made here is that the prospect for reefs' future is centered on omnipresent acceptance of restoration, an 'active' management instrument. A recent promising such tool is the 'gardening concept', influenced by the well-established scientific discipline of terrestrial forestation. This notion is supported by a two-step protocol. The first step entails rearing coral "seedlings", in specially designed underwater nurseries, to transplantable size, before applying the second step, out-planting into damaged areas of the nursery-farmed coral colonies. Only the establishment of large-scale nurseries and transplantation actions, together with conventional management tools, will be able to cope with extensive reef degradation on the global scale.     

地震流动观测实用技术研究

根据地震流动观测实践经验,归纳总结了地震流动观测在提升地震监测能力,开展地震科学研究方面的作用和意义。着重介绍根据不同地区日照情况和设备功耗水平,确定流动地震台站关键设备参数的方法;针对流动观测特点设计制作地震流动观测防护装置、专用底座和集成装置;通过开展软土场地和水泥地面对比观测,分析两种观测环境下背景噪声特点,为改进和发展地震流动观测实用技术拓宽思路。