海藻生物吸附金属离子的机理和影响因素

本文在前文“海藻生物吸附金属离子技术的特点和功能”的基础上，进一步阐述了生物吸附的机理，影响生物吸附的因子，生物吸附剂的洗脱及固定化等问题．通过对这些工作的了解，使我们对正在发展的海藻生物吸附技术理论基础和实际应用研究有更确切的认识、这些理论基础研究工作正是为对该项技术发展的进一步研究打下实际应用基础。     

海藻吸附重金属离子的研究

介绍了目前国内外采用藻类做吸附剂吸附分离废水中重金属离子的研究状况，从不同海藻吸附能力的比较、吸附机`理吸附模型、吸附剂预处理和吸附操作方式等方面进行了详细的描述，指出了目前研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

活性污泥和颗粒污泥生物吸附废水中Pb~(2+)的对比研究

采用序批式实验,分别以活性污泥和颗粒污泥为吸附材料,考察接触时间、pH等因素对废水中Pb2+生物吸附效果的影响.结果表明,活性污泥和颗粒污泥对低浓度Pb2+(0～20 mg/L)能在30 min内达到吸附平衡,当Pb2+浓度在20～100 mg/L时,浓度越低,达到平衡时间越快,以被动吸附为主.在Pb2+低浓度条件下(0～20 mg/L),初始pH为4～5时,Pb2+的去除率达99%以上,且初始pH值是影响活性污泥和颗粒污泥生物吸附Pb2+的重要因素.活性污泥和颗粒污泥对Pb2+的生物吸附符合朗缪尔(Langmuir)方程,在pH为4及25 ℃下,活性污泥饱和吸附量为59.88 mg/g,颗粒污泥饱和吸附量为80.65 mg/g.因此,活性污泥和颗粒污泥可作为有效的生物吸附剂处理低浓度(0～20 mg/L)含铅废水,且颗粒污泥比活性污泥的生物吸附效果好.     

化学处理海带粉对La3,Ce3的吸附

海带中含有大量的褐藻胶，褐藻胶是一种多糖，分子中含有 -ＣＯＯＨ， -ＯＨ有机官能团，此外海带细胞壁上存在 -ＳＯ３Ｈ， -ＯＨ等［１］，因此能与多种金属离子形成配位化合物，利用此性质，可以用来吸附溶液中的重金属离子［２ ,３］ 。理论上海带也能与稀土金属元素形成配位化合物，即可吸附溶液中的稀土金属离子，有关的研究尚不多见，本文初步研究海带对稀土Ｌａ３ +,Ｃｅ３ +的吸附作用，旨在为该方面的应用提供理论依据。海带直接作为吸附剂使用，尚有活性低、粘连、不宜重复使用的缺点，因此，借鉴多糖类方面的处理经验，对人工养…     

固定化海带粉吸附剂对污水中3种重金属离子吸附的模拟研究

为了探讨海带粉吸附剂工业运用的可能性,采用海藻酸钙包埋法对海带粉进行固定,在合适的反应条件下对Ni2+、Cu2、pb2+三种重金属离子进行吸附.采用二级动力学方程、Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程对吸附过程进行模拟.结果显示二级动力学方程能很好地对固定化海带粉吸附剂吸附Ni2+、Cu2+、pb2+过程进行拟合,平衡时的吸附量分别达到0.317 4、0.465 9、0.501 5 mg/g,对应的二级动力学常数为0.128、0.116、0.114 g/(mg·min),即三种离子的吸附速率Ni2+＞ Cu2+＞ Pb2+;Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程都能较好地模拟Ni2+、Cu2+、pb2+的吸附过程,根据Langmuir方程Ni2+、Cu2、pb2+的最大吸附量分别达到2.786、13.699、39.063 mg/g,即吸附效果pb2+＞Cu2+＞ Ni2+,该实验对日后开发海藻生物吸附剂并将其大量制成应用产品有一定的意义.     

发制品废水处理优化方法探索

发制品生产工艺废水只有经过净化处理后排入海洋，才不污染环境，但在发制品废水处理中单独采用Ｘｐ法或生物鼓风曝气法均不能达到理想的处理效果。本文采用生物鼓风曝气和Ｘｐ混凝沉淀及炉渣吸附相结合的综合治理方法，取得了较好的结果。     

栉孔扇贝壳粉对刚果红的吸附性能研究

栉孔扇贝是中国养殖量最大的扇贝,其废弃的贝壳资源利用也成为了关注的热点。贝壳粉是一种天然的生物吸附剂,本文通过高温煅烧处理,进一步优化了栉孔扇贝壳的吸附性能,采用扫描电镜分析、红外光谱分析表征手段对其形貌、组成进行分析;同时探讨了不同贝壳粉煅烧温度、反应时间、反应温度、刚果红初始浓度对其吸附性能的影响以及吸附动力学模型和等温吸附模型。结果表明, 900℃下煅烧的贝壳粉吸附性能最好;吸附反应在5 min内迅速发生,在150 min后基本达到平衡;该反应符合准二级吸附动力学过程(R2=0.999 1),吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,属于多相吸附,低温更有利于刚果红在煅烧栉孔扇贝壳粉上的吸附。以上结果对于解决印染废水的净化处理具有重要意义,也为栉孔扇贝壳废弃资源综合利用奠定理论基础。     

污水污泥对染料废水的吸附脱色性能研究

为探讨污泥的资源化利用和开发新型的染料废水吸附剂 ,在对污水污泥吸附处理染料废水的工艺条件进行优化的基础上 ,得到污水污泥对 3种染料 (中性橙、中性黑BL ,元青 )的最大吸附量及其吸附类型。结果表明 ,污泥焙烧温度、废水pH值和吸附时间对吸附效果有影响 ,而废水温度的变化则不会引起脱色率的较大改变。在最佳工艺条件 (污泥经 40 0℃焙烧 ,废水pH值为 1,吸附时间为 3 0min ,水温为 3 0℃ )下 ,3种染料废水的脱色率均达到 98% ,其最大吸附量都在 2 9mg·g-1左右 ,与活性炭的效果相当 ,而高于其它种类的吸附剂。焙烧后的污泥对中性黑BL的吸附符合Langmuir方程 ,对中性橙和元青的吸附符合Henry方程。焙烧污泥的优良脱色性能使其在染料废水处理方面具有较好的应用前景。     

养殖海带对Pb2+、Ni2+吸附性能的初步研究

人工养殖海带经交联和酸处理，制得颗粒状况吸附剂，研究该吸附剂与铅，镍离子的交换行为，结果表明：配比，pH、温度，时间等条件影响吸附性能，其吸附行为在一定的温度和浓度范围内较好地符合freundlich等温吸附线。     

海岸线溢油污染的生物修复

1 生物修复技术概述 生物修复(Bioremedliation)指利用生物特别是微生物来催化降解环境污染物,减小或最终消除环境污染的受控或自发过程,是在微生物降解基础上发展起来的新兴的环保技术[1].早在100多年前就有利用好氧微生物处理污水与废水的记载,但有史料记载的首次使用生物修复技术是在1972年美国清除宾夕法尼亚州的Ambler管线汽油泄露事件,而大规模应用生物修复技术是在1989年的美国应用生物修复技术成功处理阿拉斯加海滩的石油污染[2],从此生物修复技术开始成为环境科学的研究热点与前沿.     

海带对重金属的吸附位点研究

用甲醇、甲醛处理海带藻粉,对其吸附重金属时羧基和氨基的作用进行研究,经藻粉的红外光谱及吸附实验的分析结果表明;羧基和氨基均参入了吸附过程;化学处理降低了重金属的吸附量。     

Heavy Metal Biosorption Sites Studies of Laminaria japonica

The role played by the functional groups of Laminaria japonica treated by methanol and formaldehyde in biosorption of the heavy metals was investigated. Infrared spectroscopy analysis and biosorption experiments show that both carboxyl and amino groups join in the sorption; chemical treatment decreased the biosorption efficiency of the heavy metals.     

Novel technology in pollutant removal at source and bioremediation

Sewage disposal is a major environmental issue in both developed and developing countries and removal of pollutants such as organic matter, nutrients, heavy metals and persistent organic compounds is required to protect the environment. Novel biological systems using constructed mangrove wetland and immobilized microalgal beads have been developed as alternative systems for treating different types of sewage and pollution at source. The feasibility and efficiency of constructed mangrove wetland to remove organic matter and nutrients from primary settled municipal sewage were demonstrated through a series of greenhouse experiments and a pilot-scale field trial. The treatment efficiency of constructed mangrove wetland was comparable to, or higher than, the conventional constructed wetland. An immobilized microalgal system was developed to remove toxic persistent pollutants from industrial wastewater. Pollutant-resistant microalgal species were selected for culture in domestic wastewater. The harvested biomass was immobilized in alginate beads. Bench-scale experiments showed the algal beads were effective in removing industrial pollutants such as heavy metals (e.g. Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, etc.), organometallic compounds (e.g. tributyltin, TBT), and persistent organic compounds (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) through biosorption and biodegradation. The adsorbed metals could be recovered by desorption process, and the beads could be used repeatedly for many adsorption–desorption cycles.     

The research on the adsorption effect on metal ions by immobilized marine algae

1 IntroductionBiosorption is a processthatutilizes biomasstoabsorb heavy metalsand isparticularly usefulfortheremoval of contam inants from industrial effluents.Inartificialorganism scannotbe used in practicalpro-ductionbecauseoftheirlow density,low inten…     

Handling and launching of heavy concrete caissons in a marine environment

Handling of heavy structures demand unusual crane capacity. Availability of such cranes may be limited in developing countries. An innovative way to construct and launch heavy concrete structures in a developing country, where crane availability is rare, to lift, transport and handle heavy structures, is discussed in this paper. Heavy caissons are used in the marine environment as breakwaters, as berthing facilities for vessels, as gravity structures to absorb energy from waves, etc. The methodology for constructing multi-caissons on-board a barge and then on-board a floating dock is the subject of this paper. The respective feasibilities are discussed.The free floating condition of the caisson and its righting arm stability are described. At first the caisson was considered as its lip wall opened to the sea. The case of lip wall closed for more buoyancy is also considered. The stability of the barge and floating docks is shown for various stages of completion of construction. After investigating many factors, a safe procedure for construction and launching thereafter is described in this paper. The problem of handling a heavy concrete structure from the view point of a naval architect is highlighted.     

利用市政污水厂尾水培养产油微藻——营养盐去除与生物质生产

将1株产油淡水微藻——微拟球藻(Nannochloropsis sp.MASCC 11)分别接种到青岛市2家市政污水处理厂(STP)的尾水中,根据其生长、油脂产率和营养盐去除情况,评价了利用STP尾水培养微藻以生产富油的藻生物质同时深度净化尾水的可行性。结果表明,团岛污水处理厂(TD-STP)和李村河污水处理厂(LC-STP)尾水中无机氮和磷酸盐的浓度虽然远低于BG11培养基,但仍能支持微藻生长,而且以未经稀释的尾水更具优势,培养8 d后,藻生物量分别达到BG11培养基中生长微藻的65.23%和44.77%。STP尾水经稀释后处于营养盐缺乏状态,有利于藻细胞内脂质积累,但是油脂产率最大值(10.5 mg·L^-1·d^-1)仍出现在未经稀释的TD-STP尾水中,为未稀释LC-STP尾水的1.37倍。LC-STP尾水中微藻的油脂产率较低,可能与该处理厂接纳工业废水而在尾水中残留较多有害物质有关。在微藻的直接和间接作用下,TD-STP和LC-STP尾水中磷酸盐的去除率分别达到94.5%和100%;无机氮的去除率较低(分别为59.2%和45.4%),与尾水中初始N/P较高有关。上述结果表明,与接纳工业废水的污水厂相比,处理生活污水的污水厂所排尾水较适于培养产油微藻,能够实现产油微藻低耗培养与尾水深度净化相耦合。     

固定化海藻对金属离子吸附效果的研究

研究了固定化海带吸附含铜、镉溶液的过程,结果表明:非活性海带吸附水溶液中铜、镉离子的动力学过程可以用班厄姆吸附速率方程描述,铜和镉的吸附速率常数分别为0.1078和0.03028min-1;生物吸附过程符合Langmuir模型,根据Langmuir吸附等温模型的计算结果,得到固定化海带对铜和镉离子的最大吸附量分别为83.3和112.4mg/g,海带对铜离子的亲和性比对镉离子强.     

Oil refineries: a review of their ecological impacts on the aquatic environment

Pollution of the aquatic environment occurs from many different sources including from oil refineries. Oil refinery effluents contain many different chemicals at different concentrations including ammonia, sulphides, phenol and hydrocarbons. The exact composition cannot however be generalised as it depends on the refinery and which units are in operation at any specific time. It is therefore difficult to predict what effects the effluent may have on the environment. Toxicity tests have shown that most refinery effluents are toxic but to varying extents. Some species are more sensitive and the toxicity may vary throughout the life cycle. Sublethal tests have found that not only can the effluents be lethal but also they can often have sublethal effects on growth and reproduction. Field studies have shown that oil refinery effluents often have an impact on the fauna, which is usually restricted to the area close to the outfall. The extent of the effect is dependent on the effluent composition, the outfall's position and the state of the recipient environment. It is possible to detect two effects that oil refinery effluent has on the environment. Firstly it has a toxic effect close to the outfall, which is seen by the absence of all or most species. Secondly there is an enrichment effect which can be distinguished as a peak in the abundance or biomass. These effects are not limited to just oil refinery effluents, which makes it difficult to distinguish the effects an oil refinery effluent has from other pollution sources. The discharge from oil refineries has reduced in quantity and toxicity over recent decades, allowing many impacted environments in estuaries and coasts to make a substantial recovery.     

基于多源观测技术的海堤变形监测方法研究

海堤是沿海地区抵御潮水、防御台风的重要基础设施,海堤变形监测对于维护海堤安全至关重要。随着技术的进步,海堤变形监测技术在自动化、精细化及实时化的方向上,还有发展的空间,本文针对目前海堤变形监测技术手段,从空间、地面和水下三个方面入手,简述各技术手段的特性及其在海堤监测中的应用,客观分析各技术手段的特点、优势和不足;在对海堤监测技术手段综合比较的基础上,提出了建立空间、地面和水下一体化的海堤变形监测系统的建议。