| 台风利奇马(1909)极端强降雨观测特征及成因 |
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| 引用本文： | 何立富,陈双,郭云谦.台风利奇马(1909)极端强降雨观测特征及成因[J].应用气象学报,2020,31(5):513-526. |
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| 作者姓名： | 何立富 陈双 郭云谦 |
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| 作者单位： | 国家气象中心, 北京 100081 |
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| 摘 要： | 利用自动气象站资料、FY-2G卫星TBB（black body temperature）产品、多普勒雷达组网资料和NCEP FNL分析资料对超强台风利奇马（1909）极端强降雨观测特征、热动力结构演变和水汽输送进行分析。结果表明:此次台风大暴雨覆盖华东大部,极端强降雨区（过程雨量超过350 mm）位于浙江东部和山东中部,21个国家级气象站突破日雨量历史极值;副热带高压、台风和西风槽相互作用以及华东沿海强劲东南风急流为台风利奇马（1909）长时间维持与强降雨发生提供了有利的环境条件。浙江东部极端强降雨主要由发展极为强盛的台风本体产生,垂直深厚涡旋系统强烈的上升运动和台风眼墙区密实的深对流系统导致雨强大且降雨集中;而山东中部极端强降雨则与台风非对称结构演变和冷空气侵入密切相关。倒槽锋生、台风北侧3条螺旋雨带北移汇入及地形迎风坡处的列车效应导致山东中部远距离暴雨发生,随着500 hPa干冷空气从低层不断侵入,在台风西侧118°E附近形成向西倾斜的假相当位温锋区,暖湿气流爬升引发第2阶段稳定性降雨。
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| 关 键 词： | 超强台风利奇马(1909) 极端强降雨 非对称结构 列车效应 假相当位温锋区 |
| 收稿时间： | 2020-04-12 |
Observation Characteristics and Synoptic Mechanisms of Typhoon Lekima Extreme Rainfall in 2019 |
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| Affiliation: | National Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081 |
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| Abstract: | Observation characteristics of extreme heavy rainfall with its thermodynamic structure evolution and water vapor transmission of super-typhoon Lekima in 2019 is comprehensively diagnosed and analyzed, in terms of automatic weather station data, FY-2G TBB and the microwave hygrometer channel inversion data of FY-3D MWHSⅡ, radar networking data and NCEP FNL 1° by 1° analysis data. Results show that heavy rain covers most parts of East China when Lekima heading north, its extreme rainfall (process rainfall amount more than 350 mm) occur in eastern Zhejiang and central Shandong, with the maximum rainfall point of 833 mm and 612 mm, respectively. The average rainfall of the whole province ranks first or second in the history of process rainfall in Zhejiang and Shandong, and daily rainfall values of 21 national stations are new historical records. The interaction of the typhoon, subtropical high, mid-latitude westerly trough and the abundant water vapor transport of the strong southeast low-level jet (over 25-35 m·s-1 in speed) along the coast of East China provide favorable environmental conditions for the long-term maintenance of Lekima and the occurrence of extreme heavy rainfall as the typhoon northward. The extreme heavy rainfall in eastern Zhejiang is mainly caused by the development of powerful typhoon body, its deep vertical vortex system (over 60×10-5 s-1 in vorticity) and the strong upward movement breaking through the tropopause, as well as the dense deep convection system (TBB of -80--72 K) with high-efficiency rainfall and latent heat feedback in the eye-wall area of typhoon. The extreme heavy rainfall in the middle part of Shandong is closely related to the evolution of Lekima's asymmetric structure and the invasion of cold air during the typhoon heading northward. The extremity of rainfall comes from the combined action of the long-distance heavy rainfall originated from the easterly inverted trough and a long time "frontal properties" rainfall. The inverted trough frontogenesis, the convergence of southeast low-level jet and the easterly wind provide good dynamic and water vapor conditions for the long-distance rainstorm. Three main spiral rain belts in the north of the typhoon move anticlockwise, new convective systems constantly induce on warm side and merge in the inverted trough area, leading to train effect on the windward slope of terrain in central Shandong. With the continuous invasion of 500 hPa dry and cold air from the lower layer, a θse frontal zone inclining westward with height is formed near 118°E on the west side of typhoon. The warm and humid flow climb causes the second stage of long-time stable rainfall during Lekima's arrival in Shandong and the slow circle round in the Laizhou Bay. |
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