Vegetational and climatic changes in the Hurleg Lake, Qinghai, during the last 14000 years
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摘要:
末次冰消期以来，我国东部季风区和西部干旱区分别呈现出"季风"和"西风"的两种降水模式。柴达木盆地位于二者的过渡区，由于缺乏可靠年代控制下的定量古气候记录，末次冰消期以来该盆地植被和降水变化的过程和模式，以及全新世适宜期季风降水是否影响到该区域至今仍存争议。本研究通过柴达木盆地东北部可鲁克湖西侧湿地深520 cm的沉积物钻孔14 cal.ka B.P.以来的孢粉记录，重建了植被和降水演化历史。结果显示青藏高原东北部干旱-半干旱区末次冰消期和早全新世（约14.1~8.0 cal.ka B.P.）以旱生灌丛-荒漠草原植被为主，降水量从约28 mm增至约249 mm；中全新世（约8.0~3.9 cal.ka B.P.）草原植被扩张到末次冰消期以来的最高水平，降水显著增加，最高值可达约292 mm；晚全新世（约3.9~0.3 cal.ka B.P.）荒漠草原再次扩张，降水量大幅度下降至约20 mm。可鲁克湖区降水过程呈现典型的东亚"季风模式"，显示在全新世适宜期东亚季风的影响范围可以向西推进到柴达木盆地东北部。分析认为，柴达木盆地东北部的降水变化受北半球太阳辐射量变化、高纬冰盖及青藏高原热动力强迫的协同影响。
Abstract:There are "monsoonal" and "westerlies" precipitation patterns in Eastern and Northwestern China since the Last Deglaciation. But the comprehensive history of variations in vegetation and precipitation over the transition area and whether the monsoonal precipitation has been imposed on this region in the "Holocene Climatic Optimum"(HCO) remains controversial. Quantitative paleoclimatic reconstruction is crucial for understanding the dominant atmospheric circulations which controlled northeastern Tibetan Plateau(NETP) during the Holocene. In this study, the Locally weighted weighted averaging(LWWA) method was applied to the pollen archive from a 520 cm long peatland core (37°15'10.91″N, 96°51'06.06″E) on the west side of Hurleg Lake (37°14'~37°19'N, 96°50'~96° 58'E) in NETP and the vegetational succession and mean annual precipitation history have been yielded. An opening landscape of vegetation dominated by xerophytic shrubs and desert grassland was showed in the last glacial period and the Early Holocene(about 14.1~8.0 cal.ka B. P.), the precipitation increased markedly from 28 mm to 249 mm. During the Middle Holocene(about 8.0~3.9 cal.ka B. P.), a wettest climate prevailed over the lake area, the steppe vegetation expanded substantially and the precipitation reached the maximum value of 292 mm, which matched the HCO. A degenerated trend in the late Holocene(about 3.9~0.3 cal.ka B. P.) was noted by increased desert grassland composition, precipitation decreased steeply to 20 mm. The precipitation variation of Hurleg Lake area exhibited canonical East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) pattern and the variations of Northern Hemisphere insolation, the magnitude of ice-sheet as well as the thermodynamic forcing of the Tibetan Plateau orchestrated the "monsoonal" precipitation pattern of northeastern Qaidam Basin during the Holocene. The EASM rain belt has been migrated northwestward to the eastern Qaidam Basin during the HCO. Our finding shows there would be more precipitation in the northeastern Qaidam Basin, thriving the steppe vegetation thus increasing the productivity of plants and animals, in the upcoming future under the global warming situation.
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图 2
德令哈市1956~2010年温度、降雨量和蒸发量逐月数据
Figure 2.
Monthly averaging datasets of temperature, precipitation and evaporation in Delingha
图 3
HL-1钻孔岩性和年龄模式图
Figure 3.
Lithology of core HL-1 and Bacon age model for the study.
图 6
排序分析和定量重建MAP结果
Figure 6.
Ordination analysis and quantitative MAP reconstruction results.
图 7
末次冰消期以来青藏高原东(北)部与东亚季风区有效湿度变化比较
Figure 7.
Comparison of effective moisture changes in north(northeastern)Tibetan Plateau with East Asia summer monsoon(EASM) region since the last deglacial period.
表 1
可鲁克湖HL-1钻孔AMS14C测年结果*和碳库校正
Table 1.
AMS14C dating results and reservoir correction of core HL-1
实验室编号 深度(cm) 测年材料 AMS14C年代a B. P. 校正年龄(95.4%区间) (cal.a B. P.) 中值年龄(cal.a B. P.) 碳库估值(a) 碳库误差(a) Beta-500846 9 有机质淤泥 2490±30 2724~2435 2584 2522** 79 Beta-500847 50 有机质淤泥 3500±30 3868~3650 3767 2767* 69 Beta-498158 272 有机质淤泥 4230±30 4859~4646 4807 25* 81 Beta-500849 380 有机质淤泥 7220±30 8168~7960 8014 16** 54 Beta-527480 400 植物残体 7460±30 8355~8189 8269 0** 49 Beta-498157 482 有机质淤泥 11340±40 13310~13124 13224 0** 44 Beta-500851 500 有机质淤泥 12780±40 15421~15095 15241 875** 77 *根据14C与RPI年龄差值推算
**根据Bacon模型[52]推算
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表 2
可鲁克湖HL-1钻孔古地磁相对强度对比定年结果*
Table 2.
RPI comparative dating result of core HL-1
编号 深度(cm) RPI年龄(a) 测年材料 HL-49 50 1000 淤泥 HL-75 75 1400 淤泥 HL-109 110 2200 淤泥 HL-205 205 4000 淤泥 HL-272 272 4832 淤泥 *马贺，王永莉，靳春胜未发表数据
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表 3
748个现代花粉组合与环境变量的典型对应分析结果
Table 3.
Result of CCA analysis between 748 modern pollen compositions and environmental variables
环境变量 单变量占比(%) P 方差膨胀因子(VIF) 年均降水(MAP(mm)) 3.25 0.001 10.53 年均温(MAAT(℃)) 1.58 0.001 11.60 湿度(Humi(%)) 0.87 0.001 11.14 1月降水(MAPJan(mm)) 0.68 0.001 2.52 1月均温(MAATJan(℃)) 0.48 0.001 11.77 蒸发量(Evap(mm)) 0.43 0.001 7.91
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表 4
MAT、WA、LWWA和WA-PLS4种定量降水重建的参数
Table 4.
Parameters of MAP reconstructions by MAT, WA, LWWA and WA-PLS
转换函数(Method) 决定系数(R2) 检验后的决定系数(Boot_R2) 均方根误差RMSE (mm) 检验后的误差RMSEPBoot (mm) MAT 0.81 0.81 85.41 91.26 WMAT 0.85 0.84 72.99 81.30 WA_Inv 0.73 0.72 99.36 102.18 WA_Cla 0.73 0.72 116.46 118.16 WATOL_Inv 0.75 0.73 94.41 100.90 WATOL_Cla 0.75 0.74 108.71 112.18 LWWA_Inv 0.86 0.85 72.87 81.08 LWWA_Cla 0.82 0.85 82.70 90.38 WA-PLS Component 1 0.75 0.74 94.98 97.67 WA-PLS Component 2 0.79 0.76 87.74 96.48 WA-PLS Component 3 0.80 0.76 85.11 98.39
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