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摘要:
喜马拉雅造山带中部的吉隆岩体出露有大量淡色花岗岩和花岗质伟晶岩, 已有文献报道该岩体英雄沟和扎龙沟淡色花岗岩和伟晶岩中有铁锂云母、锂云母、锂辉石等锂矿物产出。本次研究对吉隆岩体北部扎龙沟的伟晶岩进行了岩相学和矿物学研究, 厘定了锂辉石伟晶岩和锂云母-锂电气石伟晶岩(含细晶岩)两种类型的富锂伟晶岩。研究结果显示, 在锂辉石伟晶岩中主要的富锂矿物除了已知的锂辉石和锂云母, 还发现了透锂长石, 同时锂云母的边部出现的铯锂云母((Cs, K)Li2Al[Si4O10]F2, Cs/(Cs+K)原子比>0.5)中Cs2O含量达16.9%, 该矿物首次在喜马拉雅发现, 推测是由锂云母与后期富Cs流体作用后形成。在锂云母-锂电气石细晶岩中主要的富锂矿物包括锂云母和锂电气石, 锂云母中的Li2O含量为0.9%~6.7%;锂电气石中Li2O含量最高可达2.4%, 且FeO、MgO和CaO含量较低(分别 < 1.1%、 < 0.01%和 < 2.6%), 接近锂电气石端元成分。结合吉隆扎龙沟含锂伟晶岩中大量产出铯沸石和细晶石, 确认这些伟晶岩是典型的LCT(Li-Cs-Ta)型伟晶岩, 矿物组成和成分显示它们具有极高的分异演化程度。
Abstract:Massive leucogranites and granitic pegmatites were exposed in the Gyirong region, the middle of Himalayan orogen. Recent studies reported that the Li minerals, such as zinnwaldite, lepidolite and spodumene, were found in the leucogranites and granitic pegmatites from the Yingxionggou and Tsalung district in Gyriong pluton. In this study, two-type lithium-rich pegmatites from the Tsalung district were identified by the detailed petrographic and mineralogical studies, including spodumene pegmatite and lepidolite-elbaite pegmatite (aplite included). The major Li-rich minerals in spodumene pegmatites are spodumene, lepidolite and petalite which is new-found in this study. Especially, sokolovaite ((Cs, K)Li2Al[Si4O10]F2, Cs/(Cs+K) atomic ratio >0.5), Cs-analogue lepidolite, is firstly discovered in the Himalayan orogen, with the marginal occurrence adjacent to the lepidolite and Cs2O content up to 16.9%. It is suggested that sokolovaite is the product of lepidolite reacting with late Cs-rich fluids by the mineral texture. In the lepidolite-elbaite aplite, the main Li-rich minerals include lepidolite and elbaite. Lepidolite contains 0.9%~6.7% Li2O content. Tourmaline contains Li2O content up to 2.4%, and low FeO, MgO, and CaO contents (< 1.1%, < 0.01% and 2.6%, respectively), close to the end-member of elbaite. Combined with abundant pollucite and microlite found in the Tsalung Li-mineralized pegmatites in Gyirong pluton, it is confirmed that the Tsalung pegmatite is typical LCT(Li-Cs-Ta)-type pegmatite, and the mineral constitution and their chemical compositions demonstrate that the pegmatite is extremely high-evolved.
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Key words:
- Granitic pegmatite /
- Aplite /
- Cs-rich lepidolite /
- Sokolovaite /
- Elbaite
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图 1
喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩分布图显示锂成矿信息的岩体及其富含的共生稀有元素(a, 据吴福元等，2015修改)和吉隆地区地质图(b，据王晓先等，2017修改)
Figure 1.
The distribution of Himalayan leucogranites showing plutons related to Li mineralization and the associated rare-metal elements enriched (a, modified after Wu et al., 2015) and geological map of the Gyirong region (b, modified after Wang et al., 2017)
图 2
吉隆地区锂辉石伟晶岩及锂云母-锂电气石细晶岩岩相学特征
Figure 2.
Hand specimen and petrographic characteristics of spodumene-bearing pegmatite and lepidolite-elbaite aplite
图 3
吉隆地区锂辉石伟晶岩中锂辉石的背散射电子图像及阴极发光图像
Figure 3.
Back-scattered electron images and cathodoluminescence images of spodumene in the spodumene pegmatite from Gyirong region
图 4
吉隆锂辉石伟晶岩中的锂辉石成分特征
Figure 4.
Compositions of spodumene from the Gyirong spodumene pegmatites
图 5
吉隆地区锂辉石伟晶岩中的透锂长石背散射电子图像
Figure 5.
Back-scattered electron images of petalite in the spodumene pegmatite from Gyirong region
图 6
吉隆地区锂辉石伟晶岩和锂云母-锂电气石细晶岩中云母的背散射电子图像
Figure 6.
Back-scattered electron images of micas in the spodumene-bearing pegmatite and lepidolite-elbaite aplite from Gyirong region
图 7
吉隆扎龙沟锂辉石伟晶岩和锂云母-锂电气石细晶岩中云母的分类图
Figure 7.
Classification of the micas within the Tsalung spodumene pegmatites and lepidolite-elbaite aplite from Gyirong region
图 8
吉隆地区锂云母-锂电气石细晶岩中锂电气石的背散射电子图像和电气石成分分类图
Figure 8.
Back-scattered electron images and compositional classification of tourmaline in the lepidolite-elbaite aplite from Gyirong region
表 1
吉隆锂辉石伟晶岩中代表性锂辉石主量元素分析结果(wt%)
Table 1.
Representative chemical compositions (wt%) of the spodumene from the Gyirong spodumene pegmatite
产状 自形柱状 SQI 序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SiO2 64.39 64.27 64.05 63.73 63.99 64.53 63.47 64.41 64.19 64.14 64.10 63.84 Al2O3 27.60 27.39 27.64 27.42 27.34 27.60 27.51 27.38 27.63 27.65 27.78 27.65 MgO - 0.01 0.01 - - - - - 0.01 0.02 - - CaO 0.01 0.01 - n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MnO 0.03 - 0.03 0.07 0.10 0.07 0.19 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.18 0.12 FeO - 0.01 - 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.22 0.06 0.08 0.02 0.07 0.06 Na2O 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.13 0.16 0.14 0.17 0.11 0.14 0.17 0.14 0.14 K2O 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 - 0.04 - 0.01 - 0.03 0.01 - Li2O* 7.91 7.88 7.87 7.85 7.88 7.95 7.81 7.95 7.91 7.88 7.90 7.87 Total 100.14 99.80 99.80 99.29 99.52 100.37 99.36 100.02 100.04 99.98 100.18 99.68 根据2个Si原子计算 Al 1.010 1.005 1.017 1.014 1.007 1.008 1.022 1.002 1.015 1.016 1.022 1.021 Mg 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 Ca 0.000 0.000 Mn 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.003 Fe 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.006 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.002 Na 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.008 0.010 0.008 0.010 0.007 0.008 0.010 0.009 0.008 K 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.000 Li* 0.988 0.987 0.988 0.991 0.990 0.990 0.989 0.993 0.992 0.989 0.991 0.991 注：n.a.：未测；-：低于检测限；*：Li2O含量根据完全化学配比计算获得，Li=1-K-Na 
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表 2
吉隆锂辉石伟晶岩中代表性透锂长石主量元素分析结果(wt%)
Table 2.
Representative chemical compositions (wt%) of the petalite from the Gyirong spodumene pegmatite
产状 自形粒状 脉状 后成合晶 产状 自形粒状 脉状 后成合晶 序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 SiO2 77.64 77.43 78.81 78.12 77.30 79.67 77.81 78.52 根据4个Si原子计算 Al2O3 16.85 16.79 17.27 16.87 16.93 17.30 17.06 16.84 Al 1.023 1.022 1.033 1.018 1.033 1.024 1.034 1.011 MgO - - - - 0.01 - - 0.01 Mg 0.001 0.001 CaO 0.01 0.01 - 0.01 0.01 0.01 - - Ca 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 MnO 0.06 - 0.01 - 0.03 - - - Mn 0.003 0.000 0.001 FeO - 0.01 0.02 - 0.02 - 0.03 - Fe 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 Na2O 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.03 - 0.01 - Na 0.003 0.006 0.005 0.002 0.003 0.001 K2O 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.03 - K 0.005 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.000 Li2O* 4.79 4.78 4.87 4.83 4.78 4.95 4.82 4.88 Li* 0.992 0.992 0.994 0.996 0.995 0.999 0.997 1.000 Total 99.46 99.09 101.06 99.89 99.13 101.93 99.76 100.25 注：n.a.：未测；-：低于检测限；*：Li2O含量根据完全化学配比计算获得，Li=1-K-Na
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表 3
吉隆锂辉石伟晶岩和锂云母-锂电气石细晶岩中代表性云母族矿物的化学成分(wt%)
Table 3.
Representative chemical compositions (wt%) of the micas within the spodumene pegmatite and lepidolite-elbaite aplite from Gyirong region
岩性 锂辉石伟晶岩 锂云母-锂电气石细晶岩 云母类型 白云母 锂云母 白云母 锂云母 铯锂云母 白云母 白云母 锂云母 锂云母 产状 核部 边部 核部 边部 Lpd边 Lpd边 Lpd边 序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 SiO2 47.30 52.69 46.84 49.98 57.66 52.83 55.65 48.27 48.27 52.20 52.35 TiO2 0.01 0.01 0.02 - - - - - 0.03 0.06 0.07 Al2O3 36.94 24.00 38.70 25.98 13.87 14.50 17.20 37.29 36.06 29.17 29.97 FeO 1.65 2.79 0.71 3.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.09 0.10 MnO 0.58 2.46 0.53 2.55 0.05 - 0.10 0.17 0.15 0.51 0.50 MgO 0.02 - - - 0.04 0.03 0.05 - - 0.01 - CaO 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.08 - 0.01 0.03 - Na2O 0.45 0.16 0.45 0.19 0.17 0.21 0.09 0.51 0.54 0.31 0.31 K2O 6.70 6.92 7.72 7.45 3.29 2.77 4.77 8.83 9.03 9.11 8.06 Rb2O 0.42 0.50 0.28 0.54 0.28 0.13 0.45 0.22 0.35 0.42 0.45 Cs2O 0.08 0.86 0.11 0.85 12.84 16.94 8.83 0.04 0.10 0.12 0.05 F 0.47 7.46 - 5.49 8.10 6.02 5.97 0.25 0.61 5.21 6.07 Cl - - 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.06 0.03 - - 0.01 - Li2O* 0.14 5.65 - 3.76 6.30 4.25 4.21 0.06 0.21 3.51 4.30 H2O* 4.33 1.05 4.60 1.85 0.44 1.10 1.40 4.49 4.27 2.16 1.82 O=F, Cl 0.20 3.14 - 2.31 3.43 2.55 2.52 0.11 0.26 2.19 2.56 Total 98.91 101.44 100.00 99.41 99.77 96.35 96.33 100.02 99.43 100.70 101.50 根据22个O原子计算 Si 6.231 6.878 6.108 6.726 8.039 7.984 7.869 6.286 6.345 6.758 6.675 Aliv 1.769 1.122 1.892 1.274 0.000 0.016 0.131 1.714 1.655 1.242 1.325 Alvi 3.968 2.569 4.058 2.847 2.279 2.567 2.736 4.009 3.933 3.209 3.178 Ti 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.006 0.007 Fe 0.182 0.304 0.078 0.341 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.005 0.010 0.010 Mn 0.065 0.272 0.059 0.290 0.006 0.012 0.018 0.017 0.055 0.054 Mg 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.011 0.001 Li* 0.076 2.969 2.036 3.535 2.585 2.392 0.033 0.109 1.827 2.206 Ca 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.009 0.006 0.012 0.001 0.003 Na 0.114 0.041 0.113 0.050 0.046 0.062 0.025 0.128 0.138 0.078 0.076 K 1.126 1.151 1.284 1.278 0.585 0.534 0.860 1.466 1.514 1.505 1.311 Rb 0.036 0.042 0.024 0.047 0.025 0.013 0.041 0.019 0.030 0.035 0.037 Cs 0.005 0.048 0.006 0.048 0.763 1.092 0.532 0.002 0.006 0.007 0.003 OH* 3.806 0.918 3.999 1.662 0.412 1.107 1.323 3.897 3.745 1.867 1.551 F 0.194 3.081 2.335 3.572 2.877 2.670 0.103 0.255 2.132 2.449 Cl 0.001 0.003 0.017 0.015 0.007 0.001 0.001 注：n.a.：代表未测；-：低于检测限；*：Li2O含量根据经验公式获得，Li2O=0.3935×F1.326(wt%)
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表 4
吉隆锂云母-锂电气石细晶岩中代表性锂电气石的化学成分(wt%)
Table 4.
Representative chemical compositions (wt%) of the elbaite in the Gyirong lepidolite-elbaite aplite
序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 最大值 最小值 平均值 SiO2 37.16 37.25 37.68 37.23 37.04 37.14 38.02 36.79 37.29 TiO2 - - 0.02 - 0.01 0.01 0.03 - 0.01 Al2O3 40.52 40.45 40.34 40.39 40.63 40.36 41.30 38.92 40.27 Cr2O3 - - - 0.05 - - 0.06 - 0.01 FeO 0.19 0.31 0.65 0.26 0.51 0.63 1.12 0.18 0.59 MgO - - - - 0.01 0.01 0.01 - 0.01 CaO 2.27 2.18 2.39 2.15 1.75 2.36 2.59 1.68 2.19 MnO 0.79 1.15 1.47 0.92 1.02 1.51 1.65 0.74 1.25 Na2O 1.37 1.43 1.34 1.38 1.51 1.45 1.57 0.93 1.43 K2O 0.01 0.02 - 0.01 - - 0.02 - 0.01 F 0.67 0.60 0.68 0.69 0.56 0.73 0.80 0.55 0.66 Cl - 0.01 - - - - 0.01 - - H2O* 3.48 3.52 3.52 3.47 3.52 3.47 3.56 3.41 3.49 B2O3* 11.01 11.03 11.13 11.00 10.99 11.06 11.14 10.90 11.03 Li2O* 2.30 2.25 2.24 2.26 2.13 2.21 2.36 2.12 2.22 O=F 0.28 0.25 0.29 0.29 0.24 0.31 Total 99.49 99.95 101.17 99.53 99.45 100.62 以31个阴离子(O-，OH-，F-，Cl-)计算 T: Si 5.867 5.869 5.885 5.880 5.860 5.839 Al 0.133 0.131 0.115 0.120 0.140 0.161 B 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 Z: Al 6.000 6.000 6.000 6.000 6.000 6.000 Mg 0.000 0.000 Cr 0.000 Y: Al 1.407 1.380 1.311 1.399 1.436 1.317 Ti 0.002 0.001 0.001 V 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Cr 0.006 Mg 0.002 0.002 Mn 0.106 0.153 0.194 0.123 0.137 0.201 Fe2+ 0.025 0.041 0.085 0.034 0.067 0.083 Zn 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Li* 1.463 1.426 1.407 1.438 1.356 1.396 X: Ca 0.384 0.368 0.400 0.364 0.297 0.398 Ba 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Na 0.419 0.437 0.406 0.423 0.463 0.442 K 0.002 0.004 0.002 Rb 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Cs 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 X□ 0.195 0.191 0.194 0.212 0.240 0.161 OH 3.665 3.698 3.664 3.655 3.720 3.637 F 0.335 0.299 0.336 0.345 0.280 0.363 Cl 0.003 注：-：低于检测限；*：计算值，B2O3*和H2O*含量分别是基于B=3和OH+F+Cl=4计算获得，Li2O*根据Li=15-(T+Z+Y)计算获得
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表 5
世界上一些主要的锂矿物
Table 5.
The main Li-minerals in the world
矿物名称 化学式 Li2O含量(wt%) 硅酸盐 锂霞石(Eucryptite) LiAl[SiO4] 9~12 锂电气石(Elbaite) Na(Al1.5Li1.5)Al6[BO3]3[Si6O18](OH)3OH 4.07 锂辉石(Spodumene) LiAl[Si2O6] 6~9 铁锂云母(Zinnwaldite) KLiFeAl[AlSi3O10](F, OH)2 3.42 锂白云母(Trilithionite) K(Li1.5Al1.5)[AlSi3O10](F, OH)2 5.61 铯锂云母(Sokolovaite) CsLi2Al[Si4O10]F2 6.17 多硅锂云母(Polylithionite) KLi2Al[Si4O10](F, OH)2 6.46 硅铝锂石(Virgilite) LixAlx[Si3-xO6] 4.08 透锂长石(Petalite) LiAl[Si4O10] 4.73 磷酸盐 磷锂铝石(Montebrasite) LiAl[PO4](OH) 10.21 锂磷铝石(Amblygonite) LiAl[PO4]F 7.40 磷铁锂矿(Triphylite) LiFe[PO4] 9.47 磷锰锂矿(Lithiophilite) LiMn[PO4] 9.53 羟磷锂铁石(Tavorite) LiFe3+[PO4](OH) 8.55 碳酸盐 扎布耶石(Zabuyelite) Li2[CO3] 40.44 氟化物 格里塞矿(Griceite) LiF 57.60 氧化物 铌钽锂矿(Lithiotantite) Li(Nb, Ta)3O8 2.44 硼酸盐 贾达尔石(Jadarite) LiNaSi[B3O7(OH)] 7.28 注：据Grew, 2020; Bowell et al., 2020 以及http://www.webmineral.com 数据汇总
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