花岗岩结晶分离作用问题——关于花岗岩研究的思考之二
Does fractional crystallization occur in granitic magma? Some crucial questions on granite study(2)
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摘要: 岩浆结晶分离作用是一个古老的话题,很早就有学者指出,地球内部生成的岩浆大多是玄武质岩浆,大多数花岗岩是由玄武岩结晶分离形成的.本文在考察了岩浆结晶分离作用的制约因素、比较了不同性质岩浆结晶分离作用的特征之后指出：玄武质岩浆可以发生结晶分离作用,因为有与其相关的堆晶岩产出;安山质岩浆也可以发生结晶分离作用,因为也有与其相关的堆晶岩产出.但是,花岗质岩浆似乎不大可能发生结晶分离作用,因为,很少见到有与（富硅的）花岗质岩浆相伴的堆晶岩产出.花岗质岩浆之所以不大可能发生结晶分离作用的原因在于：（1）岩浆的黏性大,它不仅阻滞了矿物的结晶作用（使斜长石不能发育为自形晶）,而且阻止了密度大的矿物（例如角闪石）下沉;（2）主要造岩矿物（例如斜长石）的密度与花岗质岩浆的密度相差无几,使结晶分离作用难以进行.本文详细考察了花岗质岩浆中斜长石的行为,指出在花岗质岩浆中斜长石结晶分离几乎是不可能的.那么,文献中大量充斥的花岗岩结晶分离作用的说法是依据什么呢？作者认为,文献中的许多说法可能主要是根据哈克图解得出的,而不是根据实际观察和理论研究得出的.作者认为,玄武岩和花岗岩不仅来源不同,成分不同,而且解释也不同.哈克图解中许多适合玄武岩的解释未必适合花岗岩.由于鲍文反应原理是结晶分离作用的理论基础,因此,文中也对鲍文反应原理进行了评述,并指出文献中存在的一些需要认真对待的问题,例如,从玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩-流纹岩的连续演化序列是不可能的;单元-超单元填图方法是不科学的;中国东部中生代大规模花岗岩不可能是玄武质岩浆结晶分离形成的等等.本文还以Ajaji et al.（1998）报道的摩洛哥Tanncherfi花岗岩为例,指出结晶分离作用的解释是不可能的.作者认为,花岗岩类的成分变化大,主要可能与源区组成、温度、压力、挥发分、部分熔融程度和过程、混合作用、岩浆分异及结晶分离作用有关.其中,源区组成可能是花岗岩多样性的最重要的原因,而结晶分离作用的影响可能是微乎其微的.本文认为,花岗岩结晶分离作用对于花岗岩成因的意义已经被大大地夸大了,我们应当重新思考结晶分离作用对于花岗质岩浆的意义.由于花岗岩的极端复杂性,许多问题还得不到比较合理的解释,本文的认识只是初步的.
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