Compositional characteristics of garnet in granite-pegmatite system in Mufushan area and its implications for magmatic evolution and rare metal mineralization
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摘要:
幕阜山地区是我国重要的伟晶岩型稀有金属矿集区, 区内大规模的岩浆作用形成了众多稀有金属矿床。为了研究幕阜山地区花岗岩-伟晶岩岩浆分异演化过程, 建立岩浆演化各阶段和稀有金属成矿的矿物学指标, 本文对区内各类型花岗岩和伟晶岩中的石榴石进行了电子探针和LA-ICP-MS原位微区主、微量元素研究。结果表明, 幕阜山地区花岗岩-伟晶岩系统中石榴石均为岩浆成因, 属于铁铝榴石-锰铝榴石固溶体系列。区内花岗岩-伟晶岩岩浆呈连续分异演化的特征, 早期花岗岩浆已开始富集稀有金属元素, 且在岩浆多阶段分异演化过程中, 稀有金属元素逐渐富集, 稀有金属矿化强度逐渐增大, 显示出幕阜山地区具有极好的稀有金属成矿潜力。在岩浆演化过程中, 石榴石逐渐富Mn和HREE。花岗岩阶段中, 受黑云母结晶的影响石榴石Mn含量演化趋势与岩浆演化程度相反; 伟晶岩晚阶段的石榴石HREE含量"断崖式"下降的成分特征, 标志着成矿体系由岩浆阶段向富流体阶段转变。伟晶岩阶段中石榴石Mn含量与岩浆演化呈正相关, 高Mn含量石榴石(MnO>27.1%)是幕阜山地区高分异矿化伟晶岩的标志, 也是伟晶岩Li矿化的有效矿物学标志。此外, 低HREE含量(< 66.3×10-6)且高稀碱总量(大于572×10-6)的石榴石也可作为晚期高分异矿化伟晶岩的标志。
Abstract:Mufushan area is an important pegmatite type rare metal concentration area in China, where large-scale magmatism formed many rare metal deposits. In order to study the magmatic evolution process of granites-pegmatites in this area and acquire the mineralogical indicators of magmatic evolution and rare metal mineralization, the garnets in various granites and pegmatites have been studied by EPMA and LA-ICP-MS. The results show that the garnets studied in the granite-pegmatite system belong to the solid solution series of almandine-spessartine, and they all belong to magmatic type. The magma of granite and pegmatite shows characteristics of a continuous evolution. The granitic magma has begun to enrich rare metal elements in the early stage, and in the process of multi-stage magmatic evolution, rare metal elements gradually enriched in magma and the intensity of mineralization gradually increased, showing that the Mufushan area has a great potential for rare metal mineralization. In the process of magmatic evolution, garnets are gradually rich in Mn and HREE. The evolution trend of Mn content of garnet in the granite stage, influenced by the crystallization of biotite, is opposite to the degree of magmatic evolution. The "cliff-like" decrease of HREE content of garnet in the late pegmatite stage indicates the metallogenic system has changed from magmatic stage to fluid-rich stage. The Mn content of garnet in pegmatite stage are positively related to the magmatic evolution, garnet with high Mn content (MnO>27.1%) is a sign of highly fractionated and mineralized pegmatite. At the same time, it is also a mineralogical sign of Li mineralization. In addition, garnet with low HREE content (< 66.3×10-6) and high dilute alkali content (>572×10-6) can also be used as a sign of highly fractionated and mineralized pegmatite.
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Key words:
- Mufushan area /
- Garnet /
- Granite /
- Pegmatite /
- Magmatic evolution
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图 1
幕阜山矿集区大地构造位置(a)和幕阜山稀有金属矿集区地质矿产简图(b)(据李鹏等，2017修改)
Figure 1.
The tectonic location of Mufushan rare metal ore concentration area (a) and geological and mineral resources map of Mufushan rare metal ore concentrated area (b) (modified after Li et al., 2017)
图 2
湖北通城县麦埚-黄泥洞伟晶岩密集区地质简图(据姜鹏飞等, 2021修改)
Figure 2.
Geological map of Maiguo-Huangnidong pegmatite concentrated area in Tongcheng County, Hubei Province (modified after Jiang et al., 2021)
图 3
湖北通城县麦埚伟晶岩密集区内花岗岩与伟晶岩的过渡接触关系(a)及湖南平江县仁里矿床内二云母花岗岩中的似伟晶岩相(b)
Figure 3.
The transitional contact relationship between granite and pegmatite in Maiguo pegmatite concentrated area, Tongcheng County, Hubei Province (a) and pegmatoid in two-mica granite of Renli deposit, Pingjiang County, Hunan Province (b)
图 4
湖南省平江县长庆伟晶岩密集区地质简图(据许畅等，2019修改)
Figure 4.
Geological map of Changqing pegmatite concentrated area in Pingjiang County, Hunan Province (modified after Xu et al., 2019)
图 5
湖南平江县仁里矿床地质简图(a)及地质剖面图(b)(据李鹏等，2021修改)
Figure 5.
Geologic sketch map (a) and geologic section (b) of Renli deposit in Pingjiang County, Hunan Province (modified after Li et al., 2021)
图 6
幕阜山地区典型伟晶岩矿区中花岗岩和伟晶岩样品的手标本及野外照片
Figure 6.
Hand specimen and field photos of granite and pegmatite samples from typical pegmatite mining area
图 7
幕阜山地区各类型花岗岩和伟晶岩中石榴石的背散射图像
Figure 7.
BSE images of garnets from various types of granites and pegmatites in Mufushan area
图 8
幕阜山地区花岗岩和伟晶岩中石榴石的三角分类图解
Figure 8.
Triangle classification diagram of garnet from granites and pegmatites in Mufushan area
图 9
幕阜山地区花岗岩和伟晶岩中石榴石的Fe-Mn(a)和Ca-Mg(b)含量图解
Figure 9.
Diagrams of Fe vs. Mn (a) and Ca vs. Mg (b) values of garnets from granites and pegmatites in Mufushan area
图 10
幕阜山地区各类型花岗岩和伟晶岩中石榴石Fe-Mn含量变化的特征
Figure 10.
Variation of Fe vs. Mn content in garnets from various types of granites and pegmatites in Mufushan area
图 11
幕阜山地区花岗岩和伟晶岩中石榴石的原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图和球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分图(标准化值据Sun and McDonough, 1989)
Figure 11.
Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns and chondrite-normalized REE patterns of garnets from granites and pegmatites in Mufushan area (normalized values from Sun and McDonough, 1989)
图 12
幕阜山地区花岗岩和伟晶岩中石榴石微量元素含量变化的特征
Figure 12.
Variation of trace element content in garnets from various types granites and pegmatites in Mufushan area
图 13
石榴石的CaO-MnO成分图解(据Javanmard et al., 2018修改)
Figure 13.
CaO-MnO composition diagram of garnets (modified after Javanmard et al., 2018)
图 14
幕阜山地区花岗岩和伟晶岩中石榴石Mn/(Mn+Fe)-Mg图解
Figure 14.
Mn/(Mn+Fe) vs. Mg diagram of garnets from granites and pegmatites in Mufushan area
图 15
幕阜山地区花岗岩和伟晶岩中石榴石的(Gd/Yb)N-Y/Yb(a)和HREE-Y(b)图解
Figure 15.
(Gd/Yb)N vs. Y/Yb (a) and HREE vs. Y(b) diagrams of garnets from granites and pegmatites in Mufushan area
图 16
幕阜山地区花岗岩-伟晶岩岩浆演化模式简图
Figure 16.
Sketch diagram of magmatic evolution of granite-pegmatite in Mufushan area
图 17
不同稀有金属矿化类型伟晶岩中石榴石的FeO-MnO成分图解
Figure 17.
Diagram of FeO vs. MnO composition of garnets in pegmatites of different rare metal mineralization types
图 18
幕阜山地区花岗岩和伟晶岩中石榴石Be含量(a)和Li-Be-Nb-Ta总量-稀碱总量(b)图解
Figure 18.
Diagrams of Be content of garnets (a) and Li-Be-Nb-Ta content vs. dilute alkali content of garnets (b) in granites and pegmatites in Mufushan area
表 1
幕阜山地区各类型花岗岩和伟晶岩样品特征及石榴石产状
Table 1.
Characteristics of granite and pegmatite samples and the occurrence characteristics of garnets in different stages of magmatic evolution in Mufushan area
演化阶段 岩性 采样位置及样品号 岩石样品特征 石榴石产状特征 黑云母花岗岩 似斑状中粒黑云母二长花岗岩(图 6a) 长庆伟晶岩密集区CQG 灰黑色，斑晶为钾长石(10%)和斜长石(13%)；基质为花岗结构，矿物组成有钾长石(28%)、斜长石(12%)、黑云母(10%)、石英(25%)、白云母(2%)，副矿物有锆石及少量的石榴石等 石榴石很少，石榴石粒度较为均一，在0.5mm左右，部分石榴石晶形完好的常呈菱形十二面体和四角三八面体的聚形 二云母花岗岩 中粒二云母花二长岗岩(图 3b) 仁里矿床RLG 灰黑色，主要矿物有钾长石(32%)、斜长石(30%)、石英(25%)、黑云母(7%)、白云母(6%)，副矿物有石榴石、磷灰石等 石榴石较少，粒径在0.8mm左右，破裂较为严重，与长石、石英共生，且裂隙内部还充填了后期生成的石英(图 7a) 白云母花岗岩 中粒白云母二长花岗岩(图 6b) 麦埚伟晶岩密集区HS 浅灰白色，主要矿物有钾长石(38%)、斜长石(27%)、石英(25%)、白云母(10%)，副矿物有石榴石、磷灰石、锆石、绿柱石等 石榴石呈暗红色(图 6b)，石榴石的数量相较于黑云母和二云母花岗岩明显增多，石榴石粒径在0.8mm左右，零散分布于造岩矿物之间，裂隙发育且裂隙内部充填了部分后期生成的白云母(图 7b) 微斜长石伟晶岩 中粗粒微斜长石伟晶岩(图 6c) 黄泥洞伟晶岩密集区 三岔埚微斜长石伟晶岩脉SCGG 灰白色，主要矿物有微斜长石(50%)、石英(25%)、白云母(10%)、钠长石(15%)，副矿物有石榴石、锆石等 石榴石较为完整，零散的分布于白云母和其他造岩矿物之间，部分空隙被后期生成的石英充填(图 7c) 微斜长石-钠长石伟晶岩 粗粒微斜长石-钠长石伟晶岩(图 6d) 1号伟晶岩脉含石榴石二长石伟晶岩带HNDS 灰白色，主要矿物有微斜长石(32%)、石英(20%)、白云母(13%)、钠长石(35%)，副矿物有石榴石、锆石等 石榴石呈黑红色，颗粒粗大(图 7d)，部分呈团块状集合体，部分自形程度较好，呈菱形十二面体(图 6d) 钠长石伟晶岩 细粒含石榴石钠长石伟晶岩(图 6e) 仁里矿床 5号伟晶岩脉含石榴石钠长石伟晶岩带RL5M 灰白色，主要矿物有钠长石(58%)、石英(20%)；少量片状白云母(8%)，少量微斜长石(9%)以及石榴石(5%)，副矿物有磷灰石、锆石、铌钽铁矿等 石榴石数量相对较多，呈暗红色(图 6e)，粒径在0.5mm左右，颗粒相对完整自形程度较好，部分石榴石显示交代残余结构(图 7e) 钠长石-锂辉石伟晶岩 粗粒钠长石-锂辉石伟晶岩(图 6f) 206号钠长石-锂辉石伟晶岩脉YX 灰白色，主要矿物有钠长石(32%)、石英(25%)、白云母(8%)、锂辉石(35%)，锂辉石颗粒较为粗大，呈自形粒柱状或板状，颜色呈黄绿色或肉红色，副矿物有石榴石，铌钽铁矿等 石榴石较少，粒径在0.6mm左右，裂隙较为发育，分布于白云母、长石等造岩矿物之间(图 7f) 
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